Unidentified Polar Lipids Research Articles

Glycomyces anabasis sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinobacterium isolated from roots of Anabasis aphylla L.

A novel endophytic actinobacterium, designated strain EGI 6500139T, was isolated from the surface-sterilized roots of Anabasis aphylla L., collected from Xinjiang, northwest PR China, and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic characterization. Strain EGI 6500139T formed sparse aerial mycelium with rod-like spores. Whole-cell hydrolysates of the isolate contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the cell-wall diamino acid, glucose as major sugar, and mannose, galactose, xylose and ribose as minor sugars. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, one unidentified glycolipid, one unidentified phospholipid and four unidentified polar lipids. The major fatty acids identified were anteiso-C17 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The predominant menaquinones detected were MK-11 and MK-11(H2). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain EGI 6500139T was 70.4 mol%. Strain EGI 6500139T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Glycomyces lacisalsi XHU 5089T (96.3 %). Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain EGI 6500139T fell within the clade of the genus Glycomyces, and formed a clade with G. lacisalsi XHU 5089T and G. albus CCTCC AA 2013004T. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain EGI 6500139T represents a novel species of the genus Glycomyces, for which the name Glycomyces anabasis sp. nov. (type strain EGI 6500139T=JCM 30088T=KCTC 29495T) is proposed.

Stackebrandtia soli sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from a soil sample.

An aerobic actinobacterium, strain AN130378T, was isolated from a soil sample collected in Korea and subjected to taxonomic investigation using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data showed that strain AN130378T is a member of the genus Stackebrandtia, with sequence similarities of 97.3 % to Stackebrandtia albiflava YIM 45751T and 97.1 % to Stackebrandtia endophytica YIM 64602T. The whole-cell hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, and galactose, glucose and xylose. The major menaquinones were MK-11(H4), MK-10(H4) and MK-11(H6), while the major fatty acids were identified as iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c). The polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, an unidentified aminophospholipid, four unidentified glycolipids, three unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 67.7 mol%. All chemotaxonomic and genotypic data indicated that the strain belongs to the genus Stackebrandtia. On the basis of morphological, chemotaxonomic data and phylogenetic analysis, strain AN130378T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Stackebrandtia, for which the name Stackebrandtia soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AN130378T (=DSM 103573T=KCTC 39809T).

Pedobacter mongoliensis sp. nov., isolated from grassland soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, motile by gliding and strictly aerobic bacterial strain, named 1-32T, was isolated from soil of the Ordos grassland in Inner Mongolia, PR China. Strain 1-32T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Pedobacter luteus N7d-4T (95.4 %), Pedobacter oryzae DSM 19973T (95.3 %), 'Pedobacter xinjiangensis' 12157T (95.2 %) and Pedobacter tournemirensis TF5-37.2-LB10T (95.1 %). Phylogenetic analyses clustered strain 1-32T with 'P. xinjiangensis' 12157T and P. tournemirensis TF5-37.2-LB10T. The DNA G+C content was 43.4 mol%. Menaquinone 7 was the main respiratory quinone. The predominant fatty acids (>5 %) were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH and C16 : 1ω5c. The polar lipids of strain 1-32T comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified polar lipids, one unidentified glycolipid and two unidentified phospholipids. Strain 1-32T could be distinguished from the other members of the genus Pedobacter based on its phylogenetic distance and physiological and biochemical characteristics such as being negative for the assimilation of rhamnose and the activity of α-glucosidase. Therefore, strain 1-32T represents a novel species of the genus Pedobacter, for which the name Pedobacter mongoliensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1-32T (=KCTC 52859T=CCTCC AB 2017084T).

Aquimarina spongiicola sp. nov., isolated from spongin.

A Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, motile by gliding, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated 122CH820-2T, was isolated from spongin. This bacterium was characterized to determine its taxonomic position by using a polyphasic approach. Strain 122CH820-2T grew well at 25-30 °C on marine agar. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain 122CH820-2T belonged to the family Flavobacteriaceae and was closely related to Aquimarina mytili PSC33T (96.8 % sequence similarity) and A. penaei P3-1T (96.7 %). Lower sequence similarities (<96.5 %) were found with all of the other recognized members of the genus Aquimarina. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 35.2 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-6 and the major fatty acids were C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 1 G and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one aminophospholipid and five unidentified polar lipids. Strain 122CH820-2T could be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from recognized species of the genus Aquimarina. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Aquimarina spongiicola sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 122CH820-2T (=KACC 19274T=LMG 30078T).

Tessaracoccus aquimaris sp. nov., isolated from the intestine of a Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, from a marine aquaculture pond.

A novel coccus-shaped, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile and aerobic bacterium, designated strain NSG39T, was isolated from the intestine of a Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the newly isolated strain NSG39T was closely related to Tessaracoccus flavus RP1T (98.0 %). The isolate grew at 15-37 °C, pH 7-9 and 0-4 % (w/v) salinity, with optimal growth at 30 °C, pH 8 and 0 % (w/v) salinity. The cell wall of the organism contained ll-diaminopimelic acid as a diagnostic diamino acid, and ribose, mannose, glucose and galactose as diagnostic sugars. The polar lipid comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, three glycolipids and four unidentified polar lipids. The major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0 (47.2 %). The major menaquinone was MK-9 (H4). The DNA G+C content of the isolate was 68.8 mol%. The genome-based orthologous average nucleotide identity value for strain NSG39T and T. flavus RP1T was 76.6 %. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and its biological characteristics, strain NSG39T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tessaracoccus, for which the name Tessaracoccus aquimaris is proposed. The type strain is NSG39T (=KACC 17540T=JCM 19289T).

Microbacterium telephonicum sp. nov., isolated from the screen of a cellular phone.

A cultivation-based study of the microbial diversity of cellular phone screens led to the isolation of a Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-endospore-forming bacterium, designated S2T63T, exhibiting phenotypic and genotypic characteristics unique to the type strains of closely related species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain is a member of Microbacterium, and most closely related to Microbacterium aurantiacum IFO 15234T and Microbacterium kitamiense Kitami C2T. The DNA-DNA relatedness values of the strain S2T63T to M. aurantiacum KACC 20510T, M. kitamiense KACC 20514Tand Microbacterium laevaniformans KACC 14463T were 65 % (±4), 29.5 % (±3) and 55.9 % (±4), respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content was 71.8 mol%. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified polar lipids. The peptidoglycan contained the amino acids glycine, lysine, alanine and glutamic acid, with substantial amounts of hydroxy glutamic acid detected, which is characteristic of peptidoglycan type B1α. The predominant menaquinones were MK-12 and MK-13. Rhamnose, fucose and galactose were the whole-cell sugars detected. The strain also showed biofilm production, estimated by using crystal violet assay. Based on the results of the phenotypic and genotypic characterizations, it was concluded that the new strain represents a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacteriumtelephonicum is proposed, with S2T63T (=MCC 2967T=KACC 18715T=LMG 29293T) as the type strain.

Spirosoma pomorum sp. nov., isolated from apple orchard soil

A Gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterial strain, designated S7-2-11T, was isolated from apple orchard soil from Gyeongsangnam-do Province, Republic of Korea, and was characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain S7-2-11T belongs to the family Cytophagaceae in phylum Bacteroidetes, and is closely related to Spirosoma luteolum 16F6ET (94.2% identity), Spirosoma knui 15J8-12T (92.7%), and Spirosoma linguale DSM 74T (91.0%). The G + C content of the genomic DNA of strain S7-2-11T was 49.8 mol%. Strain S7-2-11T contained summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c; 35.1%), C16:1 ω5c (22.4%), C15:0 iso (13.9%), and C17:0 iso 3-OH (10.6%) as major cellular fatty acids, and MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone. The main polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminophospholipid, and two unidentified polar lipids. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain S7-2-11T with the genus Spirosoma. The results of physiological and biochemical tests showed the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of the isolate from recognized Spirosoma species. On the basis of its phenotypic properties, genotypic distinctiveness, and chemotaxonomic features, strain S7-2-11T represents a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma pomorum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S7-2-11T (= KCTC 52726T = JCM 32130T).

Ponticaulis profundi sp. nov. isolated from a deep-sea seamount.

A Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped, strictly aerobic, motile bacterial strain, designated YC239T, was isolated from a seamount near the Yap Trench in the tropical western Pacific. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain YC239T is related to the genus Ponticaulis and has high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with the type strain of Ponticaulis koreensis GSW-23T (97.9%). The predominant cellular fatty acids were C18:1ω7c, C16:0, C17:0 and C17:1ω6c. Strain YC239T had Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone. The polar lipid profile contained phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified aminolipids and six unidentified polar lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain YC239T was 52.8mol%. Strain YC239T shared DNA relatedness of 38% with Ponticaulis koreensis KCTC 22146T. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain YC239T represents a novel species of the genus Ponticaulis, for which we propose the name Ponticaulis profundi sp. nov. (type strain YC239T=KACC 19027T=CGMCC 1.15741T).

Lysobacter spongiae sp. nov., isolated from spongin.

A Gram-negative, motile, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterial strain designated 119BY6-57T was isolated from spongin. The taxonomic position of the novel isolate was confirmed using the polyphasic approach. Strain 119BY6-57T grew well at 25-30°C on marine agar. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain 119BY6-57T belongs to the family Xanthomonadaceae and is related to Lysobacter aestuarii S2-CT (99.8% sequence similarity), L. maris KMU-14T (97.5%), and L. daejeonensis GH1-9T (97.3%). Lower sequence similarities (97.0%) were found with all of the other recognized members of the genus Lysobacter. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 69.9 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was Q-8 and the major fatty acids were C16:0 iso, C15:0 iso, summed feature 9 (comprising C17:1 iso ω9c and/or C16:0 10-methyl), summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c), and C11:0 iso 3-OH. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified phospholipids, and an unidentified polar lipid. DNADNA relatedness values between strain 119BY6-57T and its closest phylogenetically neighbors were below 48.0 ± 2.1%. Based on genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, it is concluded that strain 119BY6-57T is a new member within the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter spongiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 119BY6-57T (= KACC 19276T = LMG 30077T).

Dokdonia flava sp. nov., isolated from the seaweed Zostera marina.

A non-motile, proteorhodopsin-containing, yellow and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated ZODW10T, was isolated from the seaweed Zostera marina collected from the West Sea, Republic of Korea. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic and non-motile. The isolate required sea salts for growth. A carotenoid pigment was produced. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain ZODW10T forms an evolutionary lineage within the radiation enclosing members of the genus Dokdonia with Dokdoniadiaphoros CIP 108745T (96.7 % sequence similarity) as its nearest neighbour. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1 G. Strain ZODW10T contained menaquinone 6 (MK-6) and phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified polar lipid as the only isoprenoid quinone and the major polar lipids, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain ZODW10T was 36 mol%. On the basis of the present polyphasic characterization, it is suggested that the isolate represents a novel species of the genus Dokdonia, for which the name Dokdonia flava sp. nov. (type strain, ZODW10T=KCTC 52953T=JCM 32293T) is proposed.

Nocardioides astragali sp. nov., isolated\xa0from\xa0a nodule of wild Astragalus chrysopterus in northwestern China

A Gram-positive, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated HH06T, was isolated from a nodule of Astragalus chrysopterus in northwestern China. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the strain is closely related to Nocardioides alpinus Cr7-14T and Nocardioides furvisabuli DSM 18445T with 98.5 and 98.1% similiarity, respectively. Growth was observed at 4–28 °C in R2A medium (optimum at 25 °C), at 10–30 °C in YMA and LB medium (optimum in both at 28 °C) and at pH 5.0–10.0 in R2A medium (optimum at pH 7.0–8.0). The cell wall peptidoglycan was found to contain LL-diaminopimelic acid as the principal diamino acid and MK-8(H4) was identified as the predominant menaquinone. The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, two unidentified glycolipids and two unidentified polar lipids. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C16:0 (32.8%) and C18:1ω9c (15.1%). The DNA G+C content of strain HH06T was determined to be 71.4 mol%. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic properties and DNA–DNA relatedness, it is concluded that strain HH06T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides astragali sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HH06T (= CGMCC 4.7327T = NBRC 112322T).

Spirosoma agri sp. nov., Isolated from Apple Orchard Soil.

A Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterial strain, designated S7-3-3T, was isolated from apple orchard soil in Gyeongsangnam-do province, South Korea, and was characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16SrRNA gene sequence showed that strain S7-3-3T belonged to the family Cytophagaceae in the phylum Bacteroidetes was most closely related to Spirosoma rigui WPCB118T (94.3%), Spirosoma pulveris JSH5-14T (93.9%), and Spirosoma linguale DSM 74T (93.7%). The strain showed typical chemotaxonomic characteristics of the genus Spirosoma with a predominant respiratory quinone of menaquinone MK-7 and the major fatty acids of summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c; 43.9%) and C16:1 ω5c (25.6%). The G+C content of genomic DNA was 49.6mol%. The polar lipid profile contained major amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminophospholipid, and an unidentified polar lipid. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain S7-3-3T with the genus Spirosoma. The results of physiological and biochemical tests showed the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of the isolate from recognized Spirosoma species. On the basis of its phenotypic properties, genotypic distinctiveness, and chemotaxonomic features, strain S7-3-3T represents a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma agri sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S7-3-3T (= KCTC 52727T = JCM 32199T).

Flavobacterium ovatum sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from an Antarctic intertidal sandy beach.

A rod-shaped, Gram-staining-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile bacterium with no flexirubin-type pigment, designated as W201ET, was isolated from an intertidal sandy beach in Antarctica. The organism formed faintly yellow, round colonies on marine agar 2216E. The strain required sea salts for growth and grew optimally in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl at pH 7.0, 20 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain W201ET belonged to the genus Flavobacterium and showed the highest sequence similarity to Flavobacterium algicola NBRC 102673T (96.5 %). The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone 6, and the predominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (which comprises C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The polar lipids of strain W201ET comprised one phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified polar lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain W201ET was 34.1 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic analyses, this isolate was considered to represent a novel species in the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium ovatum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is W201ET (=KCTC 52693T=MCCC 1K03251T=CGMCC 1.16053T).

Larkinella knui sp. nov., isolated from soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, motile by gliding, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated 15J6-3T6T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from Jeju Island, South Korea, and characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 15J6-3T6T belongs to the family Cytophagaceae and is related to Larkinella harenae 15J9-9T (93.9 % similarity), Larkinella arboricola Z0532T (93.6 %), Larkinella bovis M2TB15T (93.3 %), and Larkinella insperata LMG 22510T (93.3 %). The DNA G+C content of strain 15J6-3T6T was 50.6 mol%. The detection of phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified polar lipid as major polar lipids, menaquinone-7 as the predominant quinone, and C16 : 1ω5c, iso-C15 : 0, and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids also supports the affiliation of the isolate to the genus Larkinella. Based on its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, we propose that strain 15J6-3T6T should be classified in the genus Larkinella as a representative of a novel species, for which the name Larkinella knui sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J6-3T6T (=KCTC 42998T=JCM 31989T).

Chryseobacterium salipaludis sp. nov., isolated at a wild ass sanctuary.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, aerobic bacterium was isolated from a sediment sample obtained from a wild ass sanctuary in Gujarat, India. The strain designated JC490T was oxidase- and catalase-positive. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and sequence comparison data indicated that strain JC490T was a member of the genus Chryseobacterium and was closely related to Chryseobacterium jeonii AT1047T (96.4 %) and with other members of the genus Chryseobacterium (<96.3 %). The DNA G+C content of strain JC490T was 34 mol%. Strain JC490T had phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, two unidentified phospholipids and five unidentified polar lipids. Menaquinone-6 was the only respiratory quinone found. Iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH were the major fatty acids of strain JC490T. On the basis of physiological, genotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic analyses, it is concluded that strain JC490T constitutes a novel species of the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the name Chryseobacterium salipaludis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC490T (=KCTC 52835T=LMG 30048T).

Paraburkholderia azotifigens sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from paddy soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated NF2-5-3T, was isolated from a paddy soil in Anseong city, Republic of Korea. This bacterium was characterized to determine its taxonomic position using a polyphasic approach. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain NF2-5-3T had a close relationship with, and was related most closely to, members of the genus Paraburkholderia, namely Paraburkholderia caribensis MWAP64T (98.8 % similarity), P. sabiae Br3407T (98.8 %), P. hospita LMG 20598T (98.5 %), P. terrae NBRC 100964T (98.3 %) and P. phymatum STM815T (98.1 %). Growth of strain NF2-5-3T occurred at 15-37 °C, at pH 6.0-8.0 and at NaCl concentrations of 0-2 % (w/v). The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8) and the major fatty acids were C16 : 0, summed feature 8 (comprising C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), C17 : 0 cyclo and C16 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified phospholipid, unidentified aminophospholipids, unidentified aminolipids and unidentified polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 64.2 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain NF2-5-3T and its closest phylogenetic neighbours were much lower than 70 %. Strain NF2-5-3T could be differentiated phylogenetically and phenotypically from recognized species of the genus Paraburkholderia. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Paraburkholderia azotifigens sp. nov. is proposed, with NF2-5-3T (=KACC 18968T=LMG 29961T) as the type strain.

Phenylobacterium hankyongense sp. nov., isolated from ginseng field soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated HKS-05T, was isolated from ginseng field soil. This bacterium was characterized to determine its taxonomic position by using the polyphasic approach. HKS-05T grew at 10-37 °C and at pH 6.0-8.0 on R2A agar. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, HKS-05T was shown to represent a member of the family Caulobacteraceaeand to be related to Phenylobacterium lituiforme FaiI3T (98.1 % sequence similarity), 'Phenylobacterium zucineum' HLK1 (97.9 %), Phenylobacterium muchangponense A8T (97.7 %), Phenylobacteriumcomposti 4T-6T (97.2 %) and Phenylobacterium immobile ET (97.1 %). The major respiratory quinone was Q-10 and the major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (comprising C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0, and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, unidentified glycolipids and unidentified polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 70.4 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness values between HKS-05T and its closest phylogenetically neighbours were low. HKS-05T could be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from the species of the genus Phenylobacterium with validly published names. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Phenylobacteriumhankyongense sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain HKS-05T (=KACC 18628T=LMG 30081T).

Flavobacterium commune sp. nov., isolated from freshwater and emended description of Flavobacterium seoulense.

A Gram-stain-negative, yellow, facultatively-anaerobic, short, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium, designated PK15T, was isolated from freshwater. Growth was observed at 4-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 6-9 (optimum, 8), and in the presence of 0-0.8 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.4 %). Strain PK15T exhibited both catalase and oxidase activities and was able to reduce nitrate. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, strain PK15T was shown to belong to the genus Flavobacterium with close similarities to Flavobacterium palustre S44T (97.9 %) and Flavobacterium seoulense EM1321T (97.7 %). Menaquinone-6 (MK-6) was the major respiratory quinone, while the G+C content of the genomic DNA was 35.5 (±0.9) mol%. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids, one unidentified aminophospholipid and three unidentified polar lipids. The predominant cellular fatty acids (≥10 %) were anteiso-C15 : 0 (17.3 %), a summed feature comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c (15.1 %) and iso-C15 : 0 (10.0 %). Chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain PK15T to the genus Flavobacterium. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain PK15T from strains of closely related species. It was, therefore, evident that PK15T represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium commune sp. nov. is proposed with strain PK15T (=KCTC 52562T=JCM 32115T) as the type strain. Based on the results of the chemotaxonomic characterization in the present study, an emended description of Flavobacterium seoulense is also proposed.

Description of Deinococcus populi sp. nov. from the trunk surface of a Japanese aspen tree.

A bacterial strain designated PtRA-8T was isolated from the trunk surface of a Japanese aspen tree (Populus tremula var. sieboldii). Cells of strain PtRA-8T were aerobic, non-motile, non-spore forming, Gram-stain-negative rods, 1.0‒2.0µm in width and 3.0‒10.0µm in length. The pH range for growth was between 5.5 and 7.5, with an optimum at 6.5. The temperature range for growth was between 10 and 37°C, with an optimum at around 25‒30°C. Strain PtRA-8T was highly resistant to UV irradiation, similar to its Deinococcus relatives. The respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-8. The major cellular fatty acids (> 10% of the total fatty acid content) were iso-C15:0 (17.8%), C16:0 (15.0%), iso-C17:0 (10.4%), and iso-C17:1 ω9c/C16:010-methyl (22.2%). The polar lipids consisted of four unidentified glycolipids, two unidentified aminolipids, two unidentified phospholipids, and three unidentified polar lipids. The peptidoglycan was A3β-type containing glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and ornithine. The DNA G + C content of strain PtRA-8T was 68.2mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain PtRA-8T was closely related to "Deinococcus radioresistens" 8AT (97.4%), Deinococcus metalli DSM 27521T (95.7%), and Deinococcus yunweiensis YIM 007T (94.5%). The DNA-DNA hybridization experiments between strain PtRA-8T and its relatives yielded relatedness values below 70%. Based on the polyphasic evidence, we concluded that strain PtRA-8T represents a novel species within the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcus populi is proposed. The type strain of D. populi is PtRA-8T (= DSM 29820T= NBRC 110763T; DPD TaxonNumber TA00271).

Rurimicrobium arvi gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Chitinophagaceae isolated from farmland soil.

Two strains of bacteria, designated J107-1T and J107-2, were isolated from farmland soil. Cells were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, coccoid rod-shaped and yellow-pigmented. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. Both strains hydrolysed casein and tyrosine. Strains could grow at pH 9.0 and at 42 °C. A phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strains J107-1T and J107-2 formed a lineage within the phylum Bacteroidetes that was distinct from various members of the family Chitinophagaceae, including Ferruginibacter paludis HME8881T (89.71 % sequence similarity), Ferruginibacter yonginensis HME8442T, Niastella yeongjuensis GR20-13T (89.70 %), Chitinophaga niabensis DSM 24787T (89.57 %), Lacibacter cauensis CGMCC 1.7271T (89.56 %) and Taibaiella koreensis THG-DT86T (89.52 %). The 16S rRNA gene similarities of other members of the family Chitinophagaceae are less than 89.51 %. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified polar lipid. Major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C17 : 0. The DNA G+C content of strains ranged from 47.8 to 48.0 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analysis, strains J107-1T and J107-2 represent a novel genus in the family Chitinophagaceae, for which the name Rurimicrobium arvi gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Rurimicrobium arvi is J107-1T (=KEMB 9005-549T=KACC 19167T=JCM 31921T).