Unheated Greenhouse Research Articles

THE EFFECTS OF PARAFFIN AND PARAFILM APPLICATIONS AND DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS ON YIELD OF GRAFTED VINE IN ‘BLACK MAGIC’ GRAPE CULTIVAR

The scions belonging to 'Black Magic' grape cultivar were grafted on ‘41B’, ‘1103 P’, ‘Fercal’ and ‘SO4’ American rootstock cuttings using omega grafting method in the experiment. Paraffin was applied to one half of the grafted cuttings. The other half was wrapped with parafilm and then paraffin was applied. Grafted cuttings were planted in perlite medium at 3.0 x 3.5 cm intervals inside plastic buckets and kept in the stratification room for 4 weeks. Grafted cuttings, which had been maintained under room conditions for one week, were then grown for two months under unheated greenhouse conditions. In order to determine rootstock and application effects, bud burst ratio (%), callus formation rate (%), callus formation degree (0-4), rooting ratio (%), rooting degree (0-4), shoot length (cm), shoot diameter (mm) and grafted vine ratio (%) were examined. According to the results of the study, it was determined that paraffin+parafilm application yielded better results than paraffin application in terms of bud burst ratio (respectively 70.83%, 53.33%), callus formation ratio (respectively 83.75%, 69.58%) and yield of grafted-vines (respectively 68.33%, 51.67%). In terms of the rootstocks, bud burst ratio was determined to be the highest in SO4 rootstock (71.67%) and the lowest in Fercal (54.17%). 1103 P rootstock yielded a highest value than other rootstocks in terms of shoot length (26.17 cm), callus rate at grafting surface (88.33%), and rooting ratio (97.50%). The effect of rootstocks on shoot diameter, rooting degree, and grafted vine ratio was found to be similar.

Effect of Planting Time and Corms Treatment with Gibberellic Acid on Growth, Flowering, and Vase Life of Freesia hybrida ‘Corona’

Abstract Freesia hybrida is one of the most important cut flowers with a short vase life. The present study was conducted to explain the effect of the two planting dates December 1st and 15th and soaking corms before planting in gibberellic acid at concentrations of 0, 75, and 150 mg·L−1 on the growth, flowering, and flowers quality of Freesia hybrida ‘Corona’. A larger diameter of the inflorescence stem and floret head, fresh weight of inflorescence, and longer vase life were obtained when planted on December 1st. Soaking the corms in a GA3 solution of 150 mg·L−1 before planting significantly extended the vase life compared to the control. Finally, it can be concluded that the planting of corms soaked in a solution of 150 mg·L−1 GA3 on December 1st in unheated greenhouses can improve the growth, development, and quality of flowers of Freesia hybrida ‘Corona’.

Serada Sonbahar Dönemi Dolmalık Biber Yetiştiriciliğinde Hibrit Çeşit Adaylarının Meyve Kalitesi ve Verim Performansları

Sebzelerde düşük sıcaklık zararı; büyüme ve gelişmeyi olumsuz etkileyerek verim ve kalite kayıplarına neden olan önemli bir abiyotik stres faktörüdür. Örtüaltı sebze yetiştiriciliğinde düşük sıcaklıklar nedeniyle tür ve çeşitlere göre değişmekle birlikte verim ve kalite performansları yönünden önemli düzeyde azalışlar meydana gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada, üniversite sanayi iş birliğiyle yürütülen biber çeşit ıslahı programı kapsamında geliştirilen 28 hibrit dolmalık biber çeşit adayının ısıtmasız serada sonbahar dönemi yetiştiriciliğinde meyve kalite ve verim özellikleri yönünden performanslarının karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Isıtmasız serada ilk hasatlar, fide dikiminden itibaren 46-58 gün sonra yapılmıştır. Dolmalık biber genotipleri arasında meyve boyu değerleri yönünden istatistiksel olarak önemli düzeyde farklılıkların olduğu bulunmuştur. Meyve eni değerleri, 47.31-55.86 mm arasında değişim göstermiştir. Renk tonları yönünden dolmalık biber genotipleri arasında belirgin farklılıkların olduğu saptanmıştır. Hibrit biber çeşit adaylarında bitki başına meyve sayılarının ortalama 15.6-30.0 adet arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada, Samsun ekolojik koşullarında serada hibrit biber çeşit adaylarının dekara verim değerlerinin, 2560.5 kg (HD-16) ile 5102.5 kg (HD-8) arasında değişim gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda incelenen tüm parametreler birlikte değerlendirildiğinde; HD-4, HD-8 ve HD-24 genotiplerinin düşük sıcaklığa tolerant olduğu ve sonbahar dönemi yetiştiriciliği için ümit var hibrit dolmalık biber çeşit adayları olduğu belirlenmiştir.

The response of okra plants Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moenth. Cultivated in greenhouses for foliar spraying with nano fertilizer NPK

The study was carried out during the winter season 2018-2019 under the conditions of unheated greenhouses of the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture-University of Muthanna, to study the effect of foliar application with nano NPK fertigation and the number of sprays on the chemical properties of the leaves and fruits of okra plants Hasinawi variety. The study included four concentrations of nano NPK fertilizer (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5) ml L−1 with number of sprays (once and twice) and interaction between them. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used with three replicates per treatment. The means of treatment were compared by Least Significant Difference (L. S. D) at 0.05 probability. The aforementioned treatments and their interactions in the chemical properties of leaves and fruits were studied, which included leaf content of chlorophyll, carbohydrates, the percentage of total soluble solids (TSS) of fruits, the percentage of fibres, phenols, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and the percentage of total protein, Results indicated that spray treatment with a concentration of 1.5 ml L−1 was superior in increasing the chlorophyll content, TSS and the percentage of fibers. Spraying twice treatment with nano NPK fertilizer outperformed all the chemical properties of the leaves and fruits under study. In the case of overlap between both factors, as the treatment of spraying with a concentration of 1.5 ml L−1 times was superior, with significant differences in most of the characteristics studied.

Characteristics of Fragaria vesca Yield Parameters and Anthocyanin Accumulation under Water Deficit Stress.

Plants exposed to drought stress conditions often increase the synthesis of anthocyanins—natural plant pigments and antioxidants. However, water deficit (WD) often causes significant yield loss. The aim of our study was to evaluate the productivity as well as the anthocyanin content and composition of berries from cultivated Fragaria vesca “Rojan” and hybrid No. 17 plants (seedlings) grown under WD. The plants were grown in an unheated greenhouse and fully irrigated (control) or irrigated at 50% and 25%. The number of berries per plant and the berry weight were evaluated every 4 days. The anthocyanin content and composition of berries were evaluated with the same periodicity using HPLC. The effect of WD on the yield parameters of two evaluated F. vesca genotypes differed depending on the harvest time. The cumulative yield of plants under WD was not less than that of the control plants for 20–24 days after the start of the experiment. Additionally, berries accumulated 36–56% (1.5–2.3 times, depending on the harvest time) more anthocyanins compared with fully irrigated plants. Our data show that slight or moderate WD at a stable air temperature of about 20 °C positively affected the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and the yield of F. vesca berries.

The effect of biofungicides used to protect cucumber from major diseases in unheated spring greenhouses on the yield of marketable products

Currently, in protected ground, preparations are widely used that promote the prolonged action of their components, and provide an integrated technology for growing vegetable plants. However, due to economic problems, the use of biologicals in vegetable production has declined. In this regard, in 2019-2020, in the conditions of unheated greenhouses in the Oktyabrsky District of the Rostov Region, an experiment was laid with the aim of studying the use of drugs with fungicidal methods in the fight against diseases common on the Ataman hybrid cucumber culture. It has been established that powdery mildew is most widespread on greenhouse cucumbers. The drugs Gamair, Strekar and the mixture Gamair + Alirin restrain the average score of the spread of diseases most strongly. Thus, a mixture of Gamair and Alirin is almost 1.6-1.7 times more effective at restraining the distribution point in comparison with Strekar and 4.0-4.5 times more effective than the chemical Topaz. Among the studied methods of using medicinal preparations, a greater effect is observed when watering plants at the root, with the exception of the fight against powdery mildew, where spraying of vegetative plants is more effective. Therefore, it is possible to reveal the positive effect of preparations of biological nature, Gamair, Strekar, or a mixture of Gamair and Alirin, used mainly for watering under the root with an interval of 10 days. Reducing the development of major diseases has a positive effect on the size of the crop. The use of a mixture of drugs allows you to increase the early harvest by 0.6-0.65 and the total by 1.35-1.40 kg / m2.

Economic bases of the original carrot seed production in the conditions of Moscow region

The aim of the research: to show the economic basis for the original carrot seed production of cultivar Vitaminnaya 6 breeding of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institute Federal Scientific Vegetable Center in the conditions of the Moscow region. The work was carried out in 2015-2018. Root carrots were grown on an experimental base, seed plants in a membranous unheated greenhouse. The meteorological conditions during the experiment period were favorable for the formation of root crops and the ripening of carrot seeds. A transfer method was used to produce the original carrot seeds. Under conditions of the Moscow Region, when growing seedlings of carrots in a membranous greenhouse, the yield of carrot seeds of cultivar Vitaminnaya 6 varied from 95 g/m2 to 130 g/m2. Analysis of the original carrot seeds showed that seed germination energy was 78-87%, germination changed from 89 to 93%. With the transfer method of cultivating the original of carrot seeds, production costs amounted to 17795.8 thousand rub/ha (2015 year) and 18542.9 thousand rub/ha (2017 year). Up to 40% of production costs are accounted for cleaning carrots and the handicrafts associated with their storage, reassembly and planting in the spring. The cost price of 1 kg of original carrot seeds of cultivar Vitaminnaya 6 in 2015 was 38602.6 rub., in 2017 - 36997.2 rub.

Эффективность подкормок йодом и вермикомпостом при выращивании огурцов в Якутии

The article presents the results of studies to determine the optimal doses of iodine when growing cucumber in the conditions of Yakutia. The experiments were carried out in an unheated greenhouse of the Oktemsky branch of the Yakutsk State Agricultural Academy (Central Yakutia). The research program included the study of the effect of foliar feeding of iodine in doses of 5, 10, 15, 20 drops per 10 liters of water and studying the effect of liquid vermicompost produced from cattle manure on the growth and development of cucumber productivity. In this case, the effect of different doses of fertilizers on the agrochemical composition of soil and cucumber fruits was studied. When studying growth and development, it was found that the plants with 5 drops of iodine per 10 liters of water had the best indicators for leaf area. In terms of the number of leaves, 15 drops turned out to be effective, which exceeded the control group by 22.8%. By the number of flowers, the maximum number of 5.5 pieces was noted in the II experimental group where iodine supplementation was 10 drops. In terms of plant height, no significant difference between the groups was found. When studying the yield of cucumber, the maximum values were established in the I and IV experimental groups which exceeded the control group by 36.7 and 46.9%, respectively. When studying the content of nitrates in the fruits of cucumber, it was found that feeding 5 drops of iodine reduces the rate of nitrates by 29.63%. It was also found that the difference in the agrochemical composition of soils in almost all experimental groups was insignificant. Thus, during the studies, the optimal rate of iodine application per 10 liters of water was determined during the cultivation of cucumbers in the conditions of Central Yakutia and amounted to 5 and 10 drops. Keywords: FERTILIZERS, EFFICIENCY, PRODUCTIVITY, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, CROP, GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY, VEGETABLE GROWING

Technologies Protecting the Environment in Urban Areas

Global warming is the leading cause of the extreme meteorological events increase in the last three decades. Increase of annual average air temperature and temperature values during winter and early spring has been recorded in comparison to the (1961-1990) referent period in Plovdiv region. The lettuce development was researched in a greenhouse in the Agricultural University- Plovdiv. During the lettuce growth six different variants were used: no fertilizer, one chemical, and four organic fertilizers. The effect of the different organic fertilizers was studied through specific physiological parameters and productivity. This paper analyzed changes in functional activity of the plant photosynthetic apparatus and productivity of variants with different fertilizers in an unheated greenhouse. The ratio between photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and quantum yield (qY-Fv/Fm) of PS II was determined to be more optimal in dark-adapted leaves for the organic fertilizer variants, compared to the no fertilizer variant. The lower and significant difference was observed in the values of the minimal fluorescence Fo in reaction centers of PS II after the dark-adaptation of leaves for organic fertilizer variants compared to the no fertilizer variant. Higher values of chlorophyll content index (CCI) were estimated for organic and chemical fertilizers compared to the no fertilizer variant. All variants fertilized with organic and biofertilizers comply with the quality standard from the beginning to the end of harvesting.

Photosynthetic and respiratory activities of spinach in an unheated greenhouse during winter in Sapporo, Japan

Photosynthetic and respiratory activities of spinach in an unheated greenhouse during winter in Sapporo, Japan

Features of heterosis manifestation in interlinear hybrids of sweet pepper in unheated film greenhouses

The dynamics of changes in an important economic trait of sweet pepper “average fruit weight” and the manifestation of heterosis have been studied on the example of 10 hybrids and their parental lines with multiple harvests in an unheated film greenhouse. It was found that the average weight, regardless of its value, was maximum and relatively stable during the first 5 harvests, which corresponds to the return of an early yield in the first month of fruiting. At the last collection, there was a decrease in the average weight of the fruit by 1.3-2.5 times. It has been established that a decrease in fruit weight with late harvests in hybrids occurs at a later date and is less pronounced than in parental lines, which indicates their higher adaptive ability. With an early harvest in 3 combinations, the level of true heterosis was 5.4-19.7%, a hypothetical heterosis at the level of 5.4-24.4% was found in 7 hybrids. At an early harvest and a late harvest in 50% of sweet pepper hybrids, the value of heterosis varied, but had the same character; in 50% of hybrids, a change in the sign of heterosis to the opposite was noted.2 hybrid combinations with a more stable average fruit weight were identified with multiple harvests - (Bs1xF46Kt22706) and (San1xF46Kt2181) with varying traits within 77-99 g and 81-123 g. the effect in 80% of large-fruited (17.6-27.3%) and medium-fruited hybrids (8.5-49.3%) was noted after the early harvest on July 21.The maximum effect of heterosis does not correspond to the maximum value of fruit weight in the experiment and is associated with a more pronounced reaction of the parental lines compared to hybrids to extreme temperatures during the period of fruit formation.

The concept of introduction and breeding of non-traditional vegetable plants in Siberia

The introduction of new vegetable crops in the harsh climate of Siberia presupposes the evaluation of resistance to environmental factors (long day, low temperatures, fungal diseases etc.) limiting the growth of plants, using pre-breeding methods.The studies were carried out in the outdoor and unheated plastic greenhouse conditions of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden (CSBS), Novosibirsk (54 ° N 83 ° E) and in the outdoor and the conditions of phytotron of the N.I.Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR). We used a large collection of species accessions belonging to families Leguminosae, Cucurbitaceae and Brassicaceae. It is proposed to use the taxonomically important, stable traits and other features that affect the possibility of scaling up the cultivation of crops in Siberia. Sequential assessment, e. g. asparagus bean includes evaluation of resistance to a long day, cold resistance in the phase of mature male gametophyte in vitro, the composition of pathogenic micromycetes, and the resistance of accessions to them. Also, it is offered to use the symbiotic systems, including the effective strains of Bradyrhizobium sp. and high-yield cultivars with a neutral response to day length and low variation in biochemical composition, for example, the cultivar ‘Sibirskiy razmer’ bred in the CSBS.

Influence of methods of forming okra plants on yield in conditions of spring film unheated greenhouses

Relevance. Okra is rich in useful substances: carbohydrates, dietary fiber, lipids, amino acids, vitamins A, K, C, mineral salts. The polysaccharides contained in okra fruits are chemically inert, non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. To expand the range of vegetable products in our country, a study of okra in the summer-autumn turnover in a film greenhouse was carried out. Material and methods. The aim of the research was to substantiate the elements of the technology for growing okra in film unheated soil greenhouses under the conditions of the 3rd light zone. Research was carried out in 2019-2020 on the basis of the Educational and Scientific Production Center "Vegetable Experimental Station named after Edelstein" of Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy in the summerautumn turnover in a film unheated ground greenhouse. The objects of the study were the varieties: Damskie palchiki, Krasniy barkhat. Results. Based on the results of studying the effect of the formation of okra varieties in one and two shoots on growth and yield in the conditions of summer-autumn turnover in film soil greenhouses, we recommend growing plants of the Damskie palchiki variety in 2 shoots to obtain the highest fruit yield, Krasniy barkhat plants in one shoot.

Kale (Brassica oleraceaL. var acephala) production in soilless systems in the Mediterranean region

The challenges faced by traditional agriculture led to the development of alternative agricultural systems such as soilless systems. This work aimed to assess the growth and yield components of kale under three soilless growing systems: Nutrient film technique set up vertically (T-vertical); Nutrient film technique set up horizontally (T-horizontal), and substrate coco bags (T-coco). The trials were conducted for two consecutive growing seasons (S1: Spring 2018 and S2: Fall 2019) in an unheated greenhouse. Irrigation supply, maximum plant uptake of water, and radiation use efficiency were evaluated for both seasons. The quantitative and qualitative parameters of the production were assessed in terms of yield ( kg per plant and kg per m²), number of leaves per plant, dry matter, protein content, nitrate level and leaf mineral composition. The main results showed that the maximum plant uptake was 0.30, 0.30 and 0.20 L m^-2 day^-1 respectively for T-vertical, T-horizontal and T-coco while the actual supply of water was 62.4, 32.28 and 3.27 L m^-2 day^-1, respectively. A significant difference was recorded for the number of leaves, yield components, dry matter, protein level, Radiation Use Efficiency and mineral composition of kale leaves was higher during fall than in the spring season. However, the nitrates level was much higher in spring than in fall. The T-vertical soilless system showed better yield (6.83±2.27 kg per m²), more proteins (2.53±0.31 g per100 g FW), and higher amounts of calcium (Ca), total nitrogen (N), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) than the other systems. The study demonstrated the potential of soilless production technologies in the coastal Mediterranean areas.

Böğürtlen (Rubus fructicosus L.) Odun Çeliklerinde Çelik Çapı ve İndol Butirik Asit (IBA) Dozlarının Köklenmeye Etkisi

Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı çelik çapı ve indol butirik asit (IBA) dozunun ‘Chester’ böğürtlen (Rubus fructicosus L.) çeşidi odun çeliklerinin köklenmesi üzerine etkisini belirlemektir. Köklenme için odun çelikleri Sakarya ili Geyve ilçesinden 25 Şubat 2018 tarihinde sağlıklı bitkilerden (bir yıllık sürgünler) alındı. Çelikler aynı uzunlukta olacak şekilde (20 cm) 3 farklı çapta (4-6 mm, 7-11 mm ve 12-16 mm) hazırlandı. Daha sonra çeliklerin dip kısmı (1 cm), 10 saniye süreyle 0, 500, 1000, 1500 ve 2000 ppm IBA içeren sıvı çözeltiye (%50 etanol + %50 damıtılmış su) daldırıldı ve havada kurumaya bırakıldı. IBA uygulamasından sonra çelikler, ısıtmasız serada perlit ortamında 75 gün boyunca köklenmeye alındı. Çalışmada köklenme ve canlılık oranı, kök sayısı ve uzunluğu değerlendirildi. Araştırma sonucunda, canlılık oranı %30.0 ile %98.0 arasında, köklenme oranı %10.0 ile %80.0 arasında, kök sayısı 3.0 ile 23.2 arasında, kök uzunluğu ise 4 cm ile 15.4 cm arasında değişim göstermiştir. Bütün parametrelerde en yüksek sonuçlar 1000 ppm IBA uygulaması yapılan 7-11 mm çapındaki çeliklerden alınmıştır. Sonuçlar, 7-11 mm çapında hazırlanarak 1000 ppm IBA uygulaması yapılan çeliklerde kontrol ve diğer IBA uygulaması ve çelik çaplarına kıyasla köklenme oranı ve kök kalitesini arttırdığı ve oldukça etkili olduğunu göstermiştir.

Relationship between physiological and biochemical measurements with spectral reflectance for two Phaseolus vulgaris L. genotypes under multiple stress

ABSTRACT Hyperspectral reflectance is becoming an increasingly popular source of information for plants’ physio-chemical status. In this study, net photosynthetic rate (A) and the activity of four antioxidant enzymes of Phaseolus vulgaris L., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), were compared with hyperspectral data using regression methods (principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR)) and vegetation indices (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), photochemical reflectance index (PRI), water index (WI) and the normalized reflectance (R) ratio R 710/R 750). The experiment was conducted on potted plants of two common bean genotypes (‘Blue lake’ and ‘Terli’), receiving four treatments (control, drought, salinity and drought + salinity), in an unheated greenhouse. The results suggest that both types of abiotic stress have a significant impact on the photosynthetic operation and the function of the antioxidant mechanism. The two regression methods performed well in predicting photosynthetic rate (A), while a strong correlation between A with the two vegetation indices was also revealed. Antioxidant enzymes appeared to be correlated with the WI (GPX and SOD enzymes) and the normalized reflectance (R) ratio R 710/R 750 (APX and SOD enzymes). Hyperspectral data seem to be particularly useful for fast and non-destructive assessment method for photosynthesis and enzymes activity of common bean plant.

Effect of Irrigation Waters in Different Salinity Levels on Crop Yield and Energy Use in Greenhouse Tomato Production in Turkey: A Case Study in Kırklareli Province

This study was carried out in a quonset type plastic covered unheated greenhouse on the lands of Atatürk Soil Water and Agricultural Meteorology Institute in Kırklareli, Turkey. In the study, the effect of different salinity and irrigation water levels which were applied to tomato plant, irrigated by drip irrigation in greenhouse, on yield and energy use efficiency was evaluated and the optimum irrigation application was determined. In the study, ‘Swanson F1’ type tomato was grown as plant material. The trial was carried out on 36 parcels with three repetitions according to split plots trial design and four different irrigation water salinity levels were on main plots and three irrigation levels were on sub plots. The best result was obtained from T1S2 subject in terms of yield and energy use efficiency. The average yield was determined as 109060 kg ha-1 and energy output/input ratio, energy productivity and specific energy were found as 1.51, 1.89 kg MJ-1 and 0.53 MJ kg-1 in T1S2 subject, respectively. It was concluded that the optimum method should be on low salinity level and the irrigation water application should be on the level in order to bring the current moisture level to the field capacity.

Response of fruit set and quality and seed formation to ploidy levels of pollen donor in yellow-fleshed kiwifruits

This study investigated how the ploidy level of the kiwifruit pollinizer cultivars “CK3” (diploid), “T line” (tetraploid), “Pohwa” (hexaploid) and “Chieftain” (hexaploid) affected fruit set, fruit quality, and seed formation in the tetraploid kiwifruit cultivars “Halla Gold” and “Sweet Gold” cultivated in an unheated greenhouse in Jeju, Korea. Pollen tubes growing in the pistil reached and combined with the ovule 3 days after artificial pollination, and their patterns differed depending on the ploidy level of the pollen parent. The number of pollen tubes observed in “Halla Gold” and “Sweet Gold” pistils was significantly lower following pollination by “CK3” than with the other pollen donors. In all pollen treatments, the fruit set rates were > 90%. The fruit weight of both “Halla Gold” and “Sweet Gold” were high following pollination with “Chieftain” and “Pohwa”. The dry matter content, soluble solids, and acidity were not significantly different among all pollination treatments. Fruit firmness was higher following pollination with “Chieftain” and “Powha.” Colorimeter h˚ values for flesh of “Halla Gold” was low following pollination with “CK3,” but there were no differences for “Sweet Gold” among all pollinations. The number of seeds showed a similar trend to fruit weight, but the 100-seed weight was highest with “T line” as the pollinizer. The results indicate that the ploidy level of the pollen donor affects fruit quality more than fruit set. Also, the pollen most suitable for cultivation of “Halla Gold” and “Sweet Gold” is considered to be tetraploid “T line” and hexaploid “Pohwa” and “Chieftain,” which showed favorable effects on the weight and firmness of fruits, and the number and weight of seeds without adversely influencing fruit set and dry matter content.

GREENRESILIENT – applying agroecology to organic greenhouse production

Some organic greenhouse production systems are very intensive with potentially negative effects on the public trust on organic products as a whole. In this context, the year-round production of high quality and tasty vegetables in unheated and low-energy greenhouses or polytunnels, using resilient, sustainable and local systems, is a challenge, especially in areas with long winters and low light, low temperature conditions. The CORE Organic Cofund transnational project titled “Organic and biodynamic vegetable production in low-energy GREENhouses NDASH sustainable, RESILIENT and innovative food production systems” (GREENRESILIENT) has taken up the challenge and aims to demonstrate that an agroecological approach to greenhouse production is feasible and allows the establishment of robust agroecosystems in different European areas. The use of agroecological practices in organic greenhouse production systems is an innovative approach and a team of scientists with multidisciplinary competences (agronomy, agroecology, soil chemistry, entomology, plant pathology, weed science, life cycle analysis) from 12 research centres in eight European countries are involved. Research activities are carried out in five experimental sites (two in Mediterranean countries and three in central and northern countries), comparing innovative systems in unheated or frost protected conditions to a standard organic system specific for each experimental site. Results obtained will be used for actors' involvement (farmers, consumers and policy makers) and sustainability assessment.

Response of Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus l. Yalova Akköy-41) to Different Irrigation and Fertigation Levels

This study was carried out in the greenhouses of Bursa Uludag University Yenişehir Ibrahim Orhan Vocational School in 2014-2015 to determine the effects of five different irrigation levels (T1: 100% (full irrigation), T2: 75%, T3: 50%, T4: 25%, T5: 0% (non-irrigated)) and two different fertilization levels (F1.0: 100% (100:100:100 NPK) fertigation and F0.5: 50% (50:50:50 NPK) fertigation on yield and quality parameters of okra grown under unheated greenhouse conditions. In 2014 and 2015, the amount of irrigation water in the study was applied as 0.0-380.0 mm and 0.0-360.0 mm for the 100% (100:100:100 NPK) fertilization and 50% (50:50:50 NPK) fertilization treatments, respectively. Evapotranspiration values were realized as 200.0-410.0 mm and 130.0-400.0 mm for 100% (100:100:100 NPK) and 50% (50:50:50 NPK) fertilization treatments in 2014, 185.0-425.0 mm and 200.0-450.0 mm in 2015, respectively. It was observed that irrigation water levels significantly affected the yield, fruit diameter, fruit length, 10 fruit weight, and number of fruits per plant and dry matter of okra. The highest yield averages for both years were obtained from T1F1.0 and T1F0.5 treatments were found to be 14.6-17.8 tons‘ ha-1 and 16.8 -15.7 tons‘ ha-1 in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Crop response factors (ky) of okra were found as 1.38-1.26 and 1.26-1.41 for 100% (100:100:100 NPK) fertilization and 50% (50:50:50 NPK) fertilization treatments in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The highest water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values were calculated as 0.036-0.038 kg m-3 and 0.045-0.049 kg m-3 from T1F1.0 and T1F0.5 treatments in 2014 and 0.040-0.047 kg m-3 and 0.035-0.046 kg m-3 from same treatments (T1F1.0 and T1F0.5) in 2015, respectively. The highest T1F1.0 and T1F0.5 values were the closest values were obtained from T2F1.0 and T2F0.5 treatments therefore T2F1.0 and T2F0.5 treatments can be recommended for okra.