Unheated Conditions Research Articles

Comparison of light yellow fleshed pepper varieties grown on rockwool under unheated forcing conditions

Experiments are going on all over the world assisting the joint effort of researchers and practicing specialists to identify the methods which can help either in the reduction of production costs or in the increase of yields.
 The task of the growers is to make profitable use of the forcing facilities and to satisfy market demands at an acceptable price by means of improving production technology and applying new scientific, technological and technical information.
 For the last few years, rockwool based forcing has been gaining in importance. The subject of our scientific work was the analysis of an important question of this technological variant, the selection of the variety. Besides, we also tried to identify the most suitable pruning technology for the varieties studied.
 In Hungary, the highest demand is commonly known to be for the light yellow fleshed varieties which are suitable for stuffed dishes. In the future, due to their special quality and appearance, as well as to the Hungaricum character, they could become important export goods on the European Union market. It was within this variety type that comparison between varieties already common in production (HO F1, HRF F1, Danubia F1) was carried out, trying to get an answer to the question which of the three varieties could be produced with the greatest success. Considering the quantitative and qualitative indicators, it was H6 F1 that proved the best out of the three varieties tested under unheated forcing on rockwool. It excelled the other two varieties both in quality and in average fruit weight, preserving this advantage until the end of the growing period.

Kohlrabi Growing under Unheated Glasshouse Conditions in Turkey

Research was carried out to determine the yield and quality of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes) under unheated glasshouse conditions during the spring and autumn growing periods in 2000. In each period, three kohlrabi varieties, two seedling ages and three planting dates, with respect to yield and quality characteristics, were evaluated. The autumn variety 'Express Forcer' and the spring variety 'Lahn' were more suitable than other cultivars. In autumn, seedling age of four weeks gave best results, while in spring the highest yield was obtained from six weeks-old seedlings. It is concluded that planting should not be delayed in both seasons.

Kohlrabi Growing under Unheated Glasshouse Conditions in Turkey

Kohlrabi Growing under Unheated Glasshouse Conditions in Turkey

Hydrophobicity of whey protein concentrates measured by fluorescence quenching and its relation with surface functional properties.

Surface hydrophobicity of whey protein concentrate (WPC) under heated (85 degrees C for 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 60 min) and unheated conditions was measured using cis-parinaric acid (CPA), 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS), and a fluorescence quenching method using acrylamide as a quencher. This last method evaluates the degree of exposure of tryptophanyl residues in proteins to the solvent. The initial slope of Stern-Volmer plots, K(app), was used as an index of protein hydrophobicity. Surface hydrophobicity of WPC exhibited good relation with surface functional properties such as emulsifying and foaming. Analysis of the data obtained in this work showed that the fluorescence quenching method gave results similar to those obtained using CPA and ANS. Therefore, this simple technique is satisfactory in effectively obtaining information about the hydrophobicity of whey proteins.

デルフィニウムの開花特性に関する研究

Delphinium seeds were sown early each month throughout the year and the seedlings were transplanted to an unheated greenhouse to study the seasonal change on the flowering behaviour of delphinium. The formation of flower buds was observed microscopically, whereas the effect of temperature on bolting and flowering was macroscopically studied in a phytotron. Furthermore, the bolting characteristics of several cultivars in a heated house under natural day-length were also studied.1. Flower bud differentiation occurred under a wide range of temperatures almost year-round. When seedlings were planted in warm and hot seasons, the period from sowing to flower bud differentiation was shortened, whereas, when they were planted during the cool or cold seasons, the period was prolonged. Therefore, the flower bud differentiation process is hastened by high temperatures.2. Delphinium seedlings react sensitively to the higher temperature; when the temperatures were kept constant at or higher than 20 °C, seedlings bolted after the plants developed 5 or more leaves. However, plants kept at 15 °C remained in the juvenile phase for an extremely prolonged period and about half assumed the rosette form.3. When the seeds were sown in March-July and the seedlings were transplanted in summer, the plants differentiated flower buds at a lower node and produced poor spikes with few florets. Plants derived from seeds sown in August-February developed many leaves below the first floret, produced spikes of higher quality with more florets. Thus, the greater the ratio of leaves to floret, the more florets per spike were formed.4. Low temperature did not act as vernalization inducing in the flower bud initiation, but caused the rosette to break or expanded the temperature range the plant could grow to lower side. Thus, low temperature acted to make growth activity higher.5. Flower bud differentiation was always accompanied with bolting even under un-heated conditions, so that the time of flower bud differentiation could be estimated easily.Therefore, early bolting plants resulting in a low cut flower quality can be eliminated atan earlier stage before transplanting.6. When delphinium were grown in a heated house under natural day-length, many cul-tivars formed rosettes. Plants, which formed rosettes, were slow to bolt and producedmalformed spikes.

Levels of 70-kDa heat shock protein through the cell cycle in several mammalian cell lines

Seven different cell lines were analyzed by flow cytometry to evaluate the variation in heat shock protein hsp70 through the cell cycle. Inducible (hsp72) or both constitutive and inducible (hsp70) heat shock proteins were measured with monoclonal antibodies, and the cell cycle distribution was simultaneously measured with propidium iodide. Cell lines analyzed were Rat-1, Hr-24 (Rat-1 transfected with human hsp 72 gene), CHO (Chinese hamster ovary), C3H-10T1/2, AG1522 (normal human foreskin), GM2149 (normal human female skin), and Hela. None of the cell lines had a substantial variation in hsp72 or hsp70 levels through the cell cycle if they were not heated. In contrast, after chronic heating at 42.0 degrees C for 7.5 h, different cell lines had different patterns of hsp72 or hsp70 through the cell cycle. These results demonstrate that the level of hsp70 is not regulated differentially through the cell cycle in a variety of mammalian cell lines under normal unheated conditions. However, heat shock does induce cell-cycle-specific regulation of hsp70, which varies for different cell lines.

Expired air temperature during steady-state running

While some metabolic measurement systems measure expiratory temperature to standardize gas volumes, other systems use only an estimate. This study investigated the effect of prolonged exercise on expiratory temperature near the pneumotachometer to provide a basis for its estimation when actual measurement is unavailable. Seven active females each performed two 45-min treadmill runs at identical speeds (64.5% +/- 11.8% of VO2max) in which the pneumotachometer heater control was either set to 37 degrees C or turned off. Expired air temperatures were monitored with thermocouples at the nonrebreathing valve (VAL) and 1 cm upstream (UPS) and downstream (DNS) from the pneumotachometer screens. There were no temperature differences over time for any of the conditions, and there were no differences in the VAL or UPS temperatures between the heated and unheated conditions. DNS temperature was higher during the heated condition at all time periods (P < 0.01). Mean DNS temperatures for the heated and unheated condition were 30.2 +/- 1.0 degree C and 27.9 +/- 1.1 degrees C, respectively. We conclude that expired air temperatures near the pneumotachometer remain stable during extended steady-state exercise regardless of whether the pneumotachometer is heated or not.

Behavioral thermoregulation of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, and bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, in a nuclear reactor cooling reservoir

Behavioral responses which allow largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, and bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, to survive under unusually high temperature conditions were examined. Distribution of fish was ascertained by angling. Body temperatures of 4 fish were obtained using radio transmitters. Temperatures of other fish were measured after fish were captured by angling. Both species were restricted in range by lethal water temperatures and therefore inhabited a greater portion of a thermally altered reservoir in winter than in summer. Under unheated conditions (during reactor shutdown), bass occupied shallow areas with an abundance of submerged logs and stumps, a deep area with springs, and a cove where the effluent canal entered the reservoir. Commencement of reactor operation resulted in an increase in water temperature to more than 50°C in summer. Bass and bluegill retreated to three refuges and remained there until the reactor shut down and the reservoir cooled. In the refuges, bass experienced a wide variety of temperatures, but adults generally avoided temperatures above 31°C. Large adult bass (>40 cm) occupied particular positions in a refuge cove, medium size bass (15–40 cm) swam in the open water, and small bass (<l5 cm) occupied shallow water near shore where temperatures were 32–34°C. Bluegill stayed in water from 32–37°C.