Unforeseen Conditions Research Articles

Artificial intelligence as the cognitive value of heuristic models

This article is devoted to heuristic modeling of the structure of interconnections in nano-, bio- and information technologies and in cyber-physical systems, graphic images of which allow studying the fine structure of information sources of various natures. It is shown here that the information content of models of the structure of interconnections of nano-, bio-, information technologies and components of cyber-physical systems is due to the use of a fractal triangle and logic. The current work harmonizes human-computer interaction through digital complementary methods for studying the structure of information sources of various natures, as well as using the circle of natural colors by I. Goethe and a new interpretation of the Star of David. Here we show that balanced conjugate triangles in heuristic models allow inversion of transition states of information sources of different nature. Static, dynamic and statistical generalized heuristic models are based on the balance of resources and the asymmetry of feedback between the elements of a complex dynamic system. Their relationship determines the variability of cyclic processes, and the complementarity of dynamic and statistical heuristic models is associated with the dualism of nature. A systematic analysis of explicit and hidden relationships in information flows of various natures opens up qualitatively new opportunities for a cognitive dialogue with nature and an understanding of reality. The complementarity of heuristic and cognitive models in the transdisciplinary cognitive space provides innovative potential for solving urgent problems of education, science and new technologies. This is especially important for the further development of artificial intelligence and the harmonization of human-computer interaction. In particular, online forecasting of the transient functional states of information sources of various nature under unforeseen conditions simplifies the interdisciplinary exchange of ideas, methods and technologies. Since the number of honeycomb structures in nature is two to three orders of magnitude greater than that of artificial models, their connection with the harmony of colors in nature contributes to the development of emotional intelligence, creating new opportunities for solving relevant security problems.

Toward Economical and Sustainable Production of Renewable Plastic: Integrative System-Level Analyses.

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is one of the promising renewable plastic monomers enabling to address several environmental issues, instead of petroleum-based terephthalic acid (TPA). In this study, an integrative process for the co-production of FDCA and furfural as well as activated carbon was developed, and the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability for the proposed process were evaluated. In the proposed process, there were major four catalytic conversion reactions: (1) hydrolysis of biomass to its derivatives (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), (2) dehydration of hemicellulose to furfural, (3) dehydration of cellulose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and (4) successive oxidation of HMF to FDCA. Particularly, a heat exchanger network coupled with a heat pump was established to minimize the utility consumption, thereby reducing 72 % of the heating requirement. Techno-economic analysis revealed that the minimum selling price of FDCA was $1380 ton-1 , which is comparable to that of petroleum-based TPA ($1445 ton-1 ). Uncertainty analysis using the Monte Carlo simulation method was employed to quantify the risk associated with the unforeseen market condition. From the life-cycle assessment, we observed that the proposed process is more environmentally sustainable than conventional TPA production in terms of climate change and fossil depletion metrics.

SME Working Capital Strategy to Increase Profitability During The Covid-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic has an impact not only on the manufacturing sector but also on the SME sector. One way that is done by SMEs is to strengthen financial strategies to maintain the continuity of SME businesses. This study aims to see how SME actors view the existence of a pandemic in Indonesia, what business strategies and financial strategies are being carried out to survive the current pandemic situation. This study uses qualitative methods to be able to understand the perspective or point of view of looking at the financial strategies carried out by SMEs during the Covid Pandemic so that businesses can continue to this day. The research was conducted on SMEs in Natural Stone. The results showed that MSMEs experienced a decrease in sales volume. SMEs use several strategies in their financial management. One of the cost-efficiency financial strategies is to process waste into goods of the sale value. SMEs also use a risk management strategy by creating business-specific savings whose needs are used to finance the business when unforeseen conditions occur. SMEs also manage working capital by applying a conservative working model and withdrawing accounts receivable.

Multi-objective optimization control for tunnel boring machine performance improvement under uncertainty

The tunnel boring machine (TBM) is an important and common construction method for urban subways, and it requires a detailed and rational control strategy to ensure the safety and efficiency of TBM excavation. Multiple objectives are required for shield tunneling; however, the control of TBM parameters is a complex and difficult problem under frequently encountered unforeseen geological conditions. Hence, a multi-objective optimization framework has been proposed to provide suggested TBM operational parameters for decision making under uncertainty. A Grey Wolf Optimizer-Generalized Regression Neural Network (GWO-GRNN) model has been developed to predict the TBM performance under different TBM operating parameters and geological conditions. Then, the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is introduced to solve the multi-objective optimization problem and obtain the final decision-making solutions. To indicate the applicability of the proposed multi-objective optimization (MOO) framework, the Wuhan San-Yang Road Highway-Rail Tunnel Shield Project was adopted as an example. Results show that the GWO-GRNN model is in good agreement with the experimental measurements to predict the advance speed and ground settlement, with R2 values of 0.97 and 0.91, respectively. Additionally, the results of NSGA-II optimization show that the proposed framework can realize the optimization of multiple objectives under different geological conditions. The results of this research are able to generate the optimal solutions for TBM operators, which can improve decision making when conflicting TBM excavation objectives exist.

Формування методичного інструментарію управління безпекою у фінансовій сфері життєдіяльності суспільства в умовах нестабільної геополітичної ситуації

Substantiation of the conceptual foundations for the development of a public management system of the financial component of the security of the economy of the national economy of Ukraine as a set of interrelated elements that form a single whole, interact with each other and have a specific goal, requires the construction of a Concept for ensuring security in the financial sphere of the life of Ukrainian society in an unstable geopolitical situation, which is one of the ways to solve a certain problem, aimed at carrying out structural reforms in the national economy of Ukraine and ensuring the financial stability of economic entities in unforeseen conditions. In this regard, the article forms approaches to the formation of tools for managing the concept of ensuring security in the financial sphere of society in an unstable geopolitical situation, the essence of which, from the point of view of an integrated approach, is to strengthen intersystem links between the constituent components of national security, based on formalization and specification of priority national interests in the financial sphere of the state that meet the needs of its modern development, institutionalization of management activities in the process of ensuring security, methodological foundations and practical experience in their implementation, identification and systematization of threats or challenges to which the financial component of security may be subjected, search and application of market opportunities of the state to avoid them in the future to authorize measures to ensure the security of the economy of Ukraine.

Factors Affecting Design Review: A Case from Dang Valley, Nepal-Asia

Purpose: There seem some flaws during design by consultants because of time and cost constraints. To deal with this problem there is a need for a design review for those design parts to assess their compliance for implementation. The overall objective of the research is to analyze the causes of the design review of small farmer-managed surface irrigation schemes developed by the Community Irrigation Project (CIP) about Dang Valley. Design/Methodology/Approach: Based on selected fifteen surface irrigation schemes developed by CIP in Dang Valley, a Questionnaire survey, interviews, and observations were done along with the intensive study of Feasibility Assessment Report, project-related datasheets, and As-Built Drawings. These data have been analyzed using the Relative Importance Index (RII). Findings/Result: The study revealed that faulty survey, design, and change in local demand by users are the major reasons to change the design. The major four significant factors to cause design change in small surface irrigation schemes as obtained from the Relative Importance Index (RII) were survey leading to (1) the efficient system, (2) design with cost-effective and sustainable approach, (3) social issues, and (4) unforeseen site condition. It indicates that for the better construction and performance of FMIS there is a need for improvement in the survey, design, and other social issues like the mechanism of distributing equal water to all the beneficiary farmers. Originality/Value: The care against the influence of unnecessary political factors with due consideration of technical, social, environmental as well as the financial viability of schemes will be assured through the provision of a flexible Cost ceiling. Concept of design through extended team will be maintained. Paper Type: Action Research

Identification of critical paths leading to cost claims for underground metro projects: a system dynamics approach

PurposeInfrastructure projects play a vital role in the development of countries' economies. However, these projects, notably underground ones, are encountering growing claims as they are subject to many unknowns. Without having a clear insight into the causes of claims and their influence on one another, it is not possible to mitigate their adverse impacts on these projects' goals. To this aim, the main purpose of this study is to identify the critical paths leading to cost claims for underground metro projects.Design/methodology/approachFirst, causes of claims were identified through a literature review and then refined to 22 main causes according to the opinions of 148 Iranian experts. A qualitative system dynamics (SD) model was then provided to visualize how various causes interact with each other. The model was developed and validated by drawing on the expertise of industry-related experts, and the critical paths were finally recognized based on their frequency and severity indexes.FindingsThe findings revealed that each cause should be evaluated based on their connections with others as there are complex relations among the causes. It was also shown that the major claim paths among others were initiated due to ambiguous contract clauses, unforeseen physical conditions and land handover problems.Originality/valueThe findings of this study provide a better insight into how various causes of claims for underground metro projects are related to each other and can eventually assist project managers of different parties, even in other countries, to select proportional strategies to mitigate their adverse impacts.

Quantum sensing for gravity cartography

The sensing of gravity has emerged as a tool in geophysics applications such as engineering and climate research1–3, including the monitoring of temporal variations in aquifers4 and geodesy5. However, it is impractical to use gravity cartography to resolve metre-scale underground features because of the long measurement times needed for the removal of vibrational noise6. Here we overcome this limitation by realizing a practical quantum gravity gradient sensor. Our design suppresses the effects of micro-seismic and laser noise, thermal and magnetic field variations, and instrument tilt. The instrument achieves a statistical uncertainty of 20 E (1 E = 10−9 s−2) and is used to perform a 0.5-metre-spatial-resolution survey across an 8.5-metre-long line, detecting a 2-metre tunnel with a signal-to-noise ratio of 8. Using a Bayesian inference method, we determine the centre to ±0.19 metres horizontally and the centre depth as (1.89 −0.59/+2.3) metres. The removal of vibrational noise enables improvements in instrument performance to directly translate into reduced measurement time in mapping. The sensor parameters are compatible with applications in mapping aquifers and evaluating impacts on the water table7, archaeology8–11, determination of soil properties12 and water content13, and reducing the risk of unforeseen ground conditions in the construction of critical energy, transport and utilities infrastructure14, providing a new window into the underground.

Sitework Knowledge for Entry-Level Construction Professionals: Academic and Industry Perceptions

ABSTRACT Sitework is an essential scope of many building construction projects. The level of cognition related to sitework that a construction management undergraduate should achieve prior to entering the construction industry has not been researched. This paper describes a study analyzing both academics’ and industry practitioners’ perceptions of what construction management students should know about sitework by the time they graduate, both in terms of the topics explored and the level of knowledge they have attained. Surveys measured the level at which specific sitework topics should be incorporated into construction management programs. Responses collected from 60 industry practitioners and 35 faculty from construction management programs were analyzed. Results show that practitioner respondents generally expect graduates to exit their programs at lower levels of cognition, while academics expect graduates should achieve higher levels of cognition. A statistically significant difference exists between academics and practitioners regarding several estimating topics, as well as safety, site logistics, existing technologies, and unforeseen site conditions. Recommendations from the study regarding the level of cognition for each topic area are provided to offer the opportunity for programs to evaluate and adjust their content coverage and to suggest that further studies may be warranted based on industry perceptions.

MODELING OF MASS TYPES OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS AS DYNAMIC SPATIAL STRUCTURES

The article presents a method for modeling mass types of public buildings as dynamic spatial structures, developed to determine the nature of their structure. The essence of this method is to identify the belonging of the premises to the "hard" structure based on five features: direct participation in technology; stationary equipment; sustainability of appointment; consistency of use; constancy of spatial configuration. By identifying important (integrative) connections for the functional purpose, it is possible to determine the nature of the structure of which the room is a part. With the help of the proposed algorithm, the affiliation of any room to the operational and conservative subsystem is established. Based on the determination of the affiliation of all premises to both subsystems, a "map" of the distribution of "hard" and "flexible" areas in the structure of the object is created and its structural analysis is performed. Determining the characteristics of the premises on these grounds determines its place in one or another substructure of the object. The developed method helps to take into account further changes in the conditions for the use of space and various unforeseen factors and conditions that may arise in the future. The proposed method can be supplemented in the future with other features, which will enable a deeper analysis of the structure of architectural objects and the creation of more rational planning schemes during design. Determining the belonging of each room and space of the building to both subsystems allows you to get a "map" of the location of "hard" and "flexible" sections in its structure. This algorithm has been tested in the analysis of dozens of public facilities for various functional purposes. A visual map of the distribution of conservative and operational subsystems in the system and "rigid" and "flexible" sections in the structure of these buildings is obtained. The analysis of the planning structure of public buildings showed that the traditional approach did not take into account the factor of "change over time". The "hard" parts of the conservative subsystem are located scattered and thus "cut" the potentially "flexible" and efficient in its entirety space of the operating subsystem.

FRP sheet/jacket system as an alternative method for splicing prestressed-precast concrete piles

Prestressed precast concrete pile (PPCP) is the most common type of pile currently practiced for establishing bridge foundations because it provides for a rapid, economical, and durable method of construction. For various reasons, including unpredictable soil conditions and shipping as well as transportation limitations, it is preferable or imperative to cast PPCPs with shorter lengths and connect them at the site to achieve longer lengths. Accordingly, various splice systems have been implemented over the decades for connecting PPCPs. However, current splice methods have shortcomings that have limited their applications. This study briefly reviews the limitations of the existing pile splices and introduces a novel method for splicing prestressed precast concrete piles. The proposed splice system utilizes Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) sheets to provide the required strength. The performance of the proposed splice system in developing the required capacity has been investigated according to both ACI 318–14 and FDOT Standard Design Specifications. To demonstrate the effectiveness and constructability of the proposed system, the proposed splice has been designed for an 18-inch (457 mm) square PPCP according to a procedure consistent with ACI 440.2R-17. The results show that this system is effective and can meet all the requirements set forward by the design specifications. The major contribution of this study is the development of a new splicing method that is applicable to both unforeseen and preplanned situations, and offers an economical, corrosion-resistant, and rapid alternative advantageous to other available splicing methods. The new splice is especially valuable for unforeseen conditions where other splice systems fail to provide the required capacity. As important as its novelty, the proposed splice can be designed according to well-established and validated design codes making the need for experimental verification trivial.

Sustainable Project Management: Reducing the Risk of Cost Inaccuracy Using a PLS-SEM Approach

Determining the factors leading to cost inaccuracy in infrastructure projects relates to sustainability by improving the cost performance of the projects (economic sustainability) and reducing the waste of available resources (environmental sustainability). This study investigates the effects of various factors affecting the cost performance of large-scale road projects in Norway in both the planning and construction phases. To this aim, a quantitative approach using a questionnaire survey was employed to understand the attitude of practitioners towards various factors causing cost increases. An advanced multivariate statistical approach of Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Relative Importance Index (RII) was utilized to analyze the questionnaire responses. The results of the RII analysis show that local wishes, defective estimations, and long processing times had the most impact on the cost increase during the planning phase. At the same time, scope changes, market conditions, and unforeseen ground conditions were the most influential parameters in the construction phase. Moreover, the results obtained from PLS-SEM reveal that external related factors had the most influence among the other grouped factors (i.e., pre-construction, project management and contractual relationship, contractor’s site management, and external) on cost overrun during the construction phase. Increasing the knowledge of these factors will allow for developing relevant project management approaches targeted at improving economic and environmental sustainability within both the planning and construction phases.

Deep Meta-Learning Energy-Aware Path Planner for Unmanned Ground Vehicles in Unknown Terrains

This paper presents an adaptive energy-aware prediction and planning framework for vehicles navigating over terrains with varying and unknown properties. A novel feature of the method is the use of a deep meta-learning framework to learn a prior energy model, which can efficiently adapt to the local terrain conditions based on small quantities of exteroceptive and proprioceptive data. A meta-adaptive heuristic function is also proposed for the integration of the energy model into an A* path planner. The performance of the proposed approach is assessed in a 3D-body dynamic simulator over several typologies of deformable terrains and compared with alternative machine learning solutions. We provide evidence of the advantages of the proposed method to adapt to unforeseen terrain conditions, thereby yielding more informed estimations and energy-efficient paths when navigating on unknown terrains.

Groundwater lowering for construction of the Kilsby Tunnel, UK – geological and geotechnical aspects

The Kilsby Tunnel, constructed in the 1830s, faced severe problems when a section of the tunnel, almost 400 m long, encountered unstable ‘quicksand’ conditions. The engineer for the project, Robert Stephenson, developed an extensive groundwater lowering scheme, unique for the time, using steam engines pumping from multiple shafts, to overcome the quicksand. Modern geological information indicates most of the tunnel was in Middle Lias bedrock, but the ‘quicksand’ section passed through a buried channel of water-bearing sand of glacial origin. In the early nineteenth century, the impact of glacial processes on British geology was not widely accepted and, based on contemporary geological knowledge, Stephenson’s problems appear to be genuine unforeseen ground conditions, not predicted by his experienced advisers. It seems just random chance that trial borings missed the buried channel of sand. The work at Kilsby was two decades before Darcy’s law established the theoretical understanding for groundwater flow, and 90 years before Terzaghi’s effective stress theory described how reducing pore water pressures changed ‘quicksand’ into a stable and workable material. Despite the lack of existing theories, Stephenson used careful observations and interpretation of groundwater flow in the ‘quicksand’ to navigate the tunnel project to a successful conclusion.

Annual flower strips and honeybee hive supplementation differently affect arthropod guilds and ecosystem services in a mass-flowering crop

Intensively managed agricultural landscapes have degraded the provisioning of diverse and continuous forage and shelter habitats for arthropods and weakened the delivery of ecosystem services such as insect crop pollination and biological pest control. In response, farmers are incentivised to sow flower strips along field margins to counteract resource bottlenecks. Yet, it is poorly understood how effective this diversification practice is when combined with the supplementation of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) hives, which is commonly used to boost insect pollination in flowering crops. Honeybees share floral resources with wild pollinators and natural enemies of pests, which could lead to competition for food resources. We sampled pollinators, natural enemies and their pests as well as estimated the benefit of insect pollination in 17 organic faba bean (Vicia faba minor L.) fields in southern Sweden either with or without sown annual flower strips and with or without added honeybee hives. In fields with flower strips, bumblebee (Bombus spp.) densities were redistributed from field edges to interiors but without affecting their overall densities. Flower strips enhanced silver Y moth (Autographa gamma L.) densities and carabid beetle Shannon diversity along the field edge, and overall spider activity density. The supplementation of honeybee hives enhanced honeybee densities, overall ladybird beetle densities, black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scop.) densities along field edges, but deterred silver Y moths and pushed bumblebees towards the field interior. Bean mass per plant was higher in insect pollinated plants compared with bagged, self-pollinated plants. This insect pollination benefit was independent of honeybee hive supplementation and the flower strip treatment suggesting that faba bean fields were not deficient in pollinator visits. We conclude that flower strips did not provide sufficient floral resources to increase overall wild pollinator densities in faba bean fields. Yet, annual flower strips attracted and facilitated ground-dwelling predators, especially spiders, to faba bean fields, likely by providing beneficial shelter habitats. It is worth noting that 2018, in which we collected our data, was characterised by late frosts in spring followed by an unusually hot and dry summer. While these unforeseen weather conditions together with a relatively small sample size might limit the generalisation of our results, we argue that conducting experiments under such conditions provide insights into the effectiveness of agri-environmental schemes under climate change, especially considering that such weather conditions are becoming increasingly more frequent.

Cognitive analytics platform with AI solutions for anomaly detection

This work presents a cognitive analytics platform for anomaly detection which is capable to handle, analyze and exploit resourcefully machine data from a shop-floor of factory, so as to support the emerging and growing needs of manufacturing industry. The introduced system contributes to industrial digitization and creation of smart factories by providing a generic platform which is a complete solution supporting standards-based factory connectivity, data management, various AI models training and comparisons, live predictions and real-time visualizations. The proposed system is built on a micro-service architecture, in order to be extendable and adaptive over time, and contains three core modules, the Data Acquisition, the Knowledge Management and the Predictive maintenance, which contribute to machine failure prediction and activate predictive maintenance procedures, to efficient production schemes and decision making, to monitor anomalies and handle unforeseen conditions, to predict future behaviours on time series etc. The proposed platform utilizes continuous re-training mechanisms enabling a self learning approach for the delivery of AI solutions, usable also for various production data, guaranteeing the quality of results without continuous monitoring and human-resources allocation for AI models’ retraining. This cognitive platform is supported by machine learning techniques and deep learning architectures in order to achieve the desired performance in the management of factory processes and needs. All the information generated by the proposed platform is provided to the end user through a user interface that utilizes advanced visualization techniques.

Causes of Design Change Depending on Power Project-Types in Ghana

Design change is a common but significant problem in construction projects. Issues of delay, cost overruns, claims, and disputes in projects occur as a result. However, design change studies in the power-project area are less often discussed. As a result, the primary objective of this study was to identify important cause factors of design changes according to different power-project types in Ghana. Following a thorough assessment of the literature, 36 potential causes were identified, which were narrowed down by expert reviews to 30. In this study, power projects were classified into three categories: power plant, renewable, and distribution and transmission. The results indicate owner-related financial problems as the most important cause of design change for all three project types, followed by the second and third most significant in each of the categories, respectively: errors and omission in design and problems or unforeseen site conditions in power plant projects; deficient quality and quantity of resources and inflation and changes in interest and exchange rates in renewable projects; and problems or unforeseen site conditions and changes of plans in distribution and transmission projects. Based on the findings, power-project stakeholders are able to comprehend the dynamics of design change and develop effective design management strategies to reduce impact.

Case Studies and Challenges of Implementing Geotechnical Building Information Modelling in Malaysia

Unforeseen ground conditions are some of the main contributors to construction cost over-runs and late completion. Recent research trends have witnessed the scopes of building information modeling (BIM) technology being extended to subsoil and substructure constructions, or simply known as geotechnical BIM. This paper aimed to explore the procedures of developing 3D subsoil models through two case studies in Malaysia. The geotechnical BIM processes were performed by commercial software, AutoCAD Civil 3D 2017, with the extension of the Geotechnical Module. The modeling procedures can be divided into three main stages, namely data collection, data interpretation, and data visualization. The subsoil models were successfully developed at different levels of detailing to serve for different applications. The results showed that the 3D subsoil modeling required huge modeling and computational efforts, particularly when dealing with tropical residual soil profiles in Malaysia that are highly intricate. Thus, an adequate soil strata generalization was required to simplify the generated subsoil model. Data collection and management was identified as one of the main challenges of promoting geotechnical BIM in Malaysia at a macro-scale. Despite the challenges, successful implementation of the geotechnical building information in the present case studies were proved to be capable of promoting interoperability of soil data, which is an essential element in sustainable construction.

Mechanisms and triggers of adaptation to hypoxia

It is believed that hypoxia-induced factor (HIF1) is the key mediator of oxygen metabolism. It was first identified as a transcription factor activated in cells and tissues by lowering the partial pressure of oxygen (O2). The HIF1 activator spectrum includes both external factors hypoxia, psycho-emotional stress and in ternal factors and varies from hormones to iron chelators. This review is dedicated to the molecular mechanisms of HIF1 activation, some of its natural activators HIF1, the potential for which is due to the low level of toxicity and the reduced likelihood of undesirable side effects. In turn, this opens up new options to treat diseases associated with local and general ischemia and hypoxia, the possibilities of their prophylactic use for researchers and clinicians in order to reduce the degree of damage in the event of an unforeseen condition of acute injurious to organs and tissues by hypoxia and reperfusion after it.

In vacuum dynamic and static tests of a thrust balance for electric propulsion with hysteresis analysis and behaviour prediction with transfer function

This work describes the advances on the development of a thrust-stand for electric propulsion application with a focus on the constraints of the two-stage pulsed plasma thruster (TS-PPT) being developed at INPE at the Electric Propulsion Laboratory (LPEL) of the Laboratory of Combustion and Propulsion (LABCP). While previous work on this instrument focused on basic development in atmospheric pressure the present effort presents the development undertaken to elevate the TRL of the device to allow it to operate in vacuum—the environment where actual electric thrusters operate and are tested. To cater for INPE’s TS-PPT specification, standard masses summing 1.2 kg were used while the electrostatic calibration device (ECD) was set to produce 31 μNs. A detailed hysteresis analysis was carried out at the target TS-PPT specification together with a transfer function that aimed at extrapolating and predicting the behaviour of the instrument. In addition, this work shows the development of a new magnetic damper for the instrument that reduces the waiting time between tests. A new calibration at the TS-PPT specification points were undertaken in vacuum since previous calibration were made for atmospheric pressure and did not include the specific points of interest for the TS-PPT. Furthermore, previous calibration procedures were verified to ensure they would apply to the vacuum conditions and to account for the substitution of some thrust stand previously incompatible vacuum parts and also to account for the addition of the new magnetic damper and other unforeseen conditions caused by the vacuum environment.