Unfinished Work Research Articles

Rethinking historiography and ethnography: Surrealism’s intellectual legacy

ABSTRACTTaking up Maurice Blanchot’s perceptive claim that “Surrealism remains always of our time”, the essay traces the importance of Surrealism for rethinking the methods of historiography (for Walter Benjamin) and ethnography (for James Clifford) in ways that allow us to appreciate the significance of Surrealism’s intellectual legacy. In his early essays on Surrealism and the monumental, unfinished work, The Arcades Project, Benjamin developed a new historical methodology, what I term surrealist historiography, that sought to uncover the latent dimensions of culture, obscured by the dazzling sheen of progress embedded within conventional historical narrative. If Benjamin found in Surrealism a way to overcome the limitations of a Rankean historicism, the point of departure for Clifford’s essay, “On Ethnographic Surrealism” is the crisis of ethnographic authority precipitated by a postcolonial critique of the discipline of anthropology. Clifford’s aim in this essay is thus to provide a provocative reassessment of Surrealism’s self-reflexive ethnographic spirit and what it might contribute to a refashioning of ethnographic practice as a polyvocal assemblage that holds in tension disparate material realities and aesthetic principles. Surrealism’s intellectual legacy thus lies, as Michel Foucault has claimed, in its path-breaking interdisciplinarity, which is why it continues to be, for Blancot and others, “a brilliant obsession”.

THE LANGUAGE REQUIRES RESEARCH

This paper focuses on some of the more serious issues faced by the Macedonian language. One of them, is certainly the lack of a serious scholarly Macedonian grammar that shall be up-to-date with the development of the language which, like all other languages, is a complex adaptive system. Consequently, there is a lack of a historical grammar and modern language grammar. Another serious issue identified is the unfinished work on the Macedonian dialect diction-ary and, in general, the inadequate care for dialectology. In the first part of the paper, we highlight the link between the need for greater linguistic research and the fact that this volume of the journal Contributions is dedicated to the marking of the 80th birthday of academician Bojan Šoptrajanov, our “honorary linguist”.

Let's Talk: An Exploration into Student Discourse about Diversity and the Implications for Intercultural Competence

ABSTRACTDiversity has emerged as a key idea in the 21st century academy. It has taken on such importance that many institutions now require students to take at least one course focusing on diversity issues before graduating. In addition, the proliferation of diversity councils and institutional equity and change efforts are the norm on many campuses. Although this approach has been positive, the issue of intergroup relations and intercultural communication among students remains contested terrain. Using racial identity as a pathway into the conversation, this study offers an in-depth look into how students at one institution are talking about diversity and implications of their talk. Student discourse about diversity illustrate the progress that has been made and the work that is yet to be done in preparing students to succeed in multicultural spaces. The data suggest that students define diversity as an (a) internal and external struggle and (b) unfinished work. Understanding how students talk about diversity is another pathway into understanding how we're doing in preparing students to function in a pluralistic society. Importantly, talk about diversity illuminate contemporary challenges to healthy intergroup relations such as micro-oppressions, while illustrating the impact of narrative progressions.

FACING THE EVITABLE AND THE INEVITABLE: PERSPECTIVES OF GOOD DEATH AMONGST MUSLIM PATIENTS AND HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS IN PAKISTAN

Objective: To review the validity of the future of health and care of older people (TFHCOP), good death perception criteria in Muslim patients and health care providers in cultural background of Pakistan.Study Design: A mixed method design with qualitative and quantitative components.Place and Duration of Study: Oncology Department, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, from July 2015 to October 2015.Material and Methods: It is a sequential explanatory type of mixed method research. A total of 110 participants were included in the study by non probability convenient sampling technique. A modified questionnaire was used based on the principles of TFHCOP good death definition comprising of 8 questions. This was followed by interviews. For data collection and analysis grounded theory approach was used with constant comparisons and open coding. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze questionnaire responses. For bivariate analysis we used chi-square test.Results: There was a consensus on the principles presented in the modified questionnaire in the two groups studied. Total of three domains measured non-significant difference in patient’s and health care provider’s perspectives. Participants identified four more domains. The first domain was related to faith in Allah Almighty, second domain is about leaving the will for bereaved, third domain was about the concerns to finish unfinished agendas and the fourth domain was related to the importance of family security over treatment or death.Conclusion: Perception of good death by Muslim patients and health care providers in Pakistan is different from that of Western and Arab communities in certain domains like religious beliefs, leaving will for the bereaved, finishing unfinished work and the importance of family concerns.

Trade, Power, and Political Economy: Reason vs. Ideology in Edward Stringham’s Private Governance

In Private Governance: Creating Order in Economic and Social Life, Edward Stringham explains that private ordering is sufficient to secure full exploitation of gains from trade within a society. After describing the logic of Stringham’s claim on behalf of private ordering, the remainder of this essay examines an enigma that Stringham’s argument entails: private ordering is sufficient for social coordination and yet public ordering is ubiquitous. The exploitation of gains from trade might offer a useful ideology, but this provides but an incomplete basis for a theory of society. In this respect, societies are rife with antagonism and envy, though these often manifest themselves ideologically as claims about justice and fairness. Politics goes where the money is; private ordering reveals targets that public ordering subsequently exploits. The challenge for political economy is to integrate the autonomy of economizing action with the autonomy of political action, for these dual autonomies provide the crucible out of which emerges the material of political economy. Stringham has deepened our appreciation of what private governance can accomplish, but much unfinished analytical work confronts theorists of political economy.

Strict monotonicity and continuity of mean unfinished work in two queues sharing a server

We consider a system where two queues share one server. In case of conflict, the first (second) queue is served with probability β (1−β respectively). We prove strict monotonicity and continuity w.r.t. β of the mean unfinished work in queues 1 and 2. Restrictive assumptions are avoided as much as possible, by only assuming that the total unfinished work is a regenerative process. Finiteness of the second moment of the length of a regeneration cycle is generally required for continuity.

Performance analysis of a discrete-time two-class global-FCFS queue with two servers and geometric service times

In this paper, we analyze a discrete-time queueing model with two types (classes) of customers and two servers, one for each customer class. Although each server can only process one type of customers, all customers are accommodated in one single queue and served in their order of arrival, irrespective of their types. The numbers of customers arriving in the system from time slot to time slot are independent, but the types of consecutive customers are not necessarily independent. Specifically, we assume that a first-order Markovian correlation (“interclass correlation”) exists between the types of subsequent customers in the arrival stream. The fact that multiple customers of the same type may arrive back-to-back and customers have to be served in their order of arrival, causes occasional under-utilization of the service capacity of the system, because some customers may not be able to reach their server owing to the presence of customers of the opposite type in front of them.In this paper, we assume that the service times of both types of customers are independent, geometrically distributed random variables. The paper extends earlier work where all the service times were assumed to be of fixed length, either equal to 1 slot each, or equal to multiple slots. The fact that, in the present paper, service times are of variable length, entails that customers being served simultaneously can overtake each other, thus disturbing the original arrival order. This phenomenon did not occur in previous studies with fixed-length service times, and represents the main new element of the paper. It also complicates the analysis of the system considerably. Nevertheless, we are able to derive explicit expressions for the probability generating functions and the mean values of the main performance measures of the system, in terms of the original system parameters and one root of a non-linear equation. Our results reveal the impact of the interclass correlation and the variable nature of the service times on the achievable throughput, the (mean) number of customers in the system, the (mean) customer sojourn times, the (mean) unfinished work in the system, and related quantities.

Wittgenstein and pragmatism revisited

I've been teaching Wittgenstein's On Certainty lately, and coming again to the question of Wittgenstein's relation to pragmatism.1 This is of course a question Wittgenstein raises himself when he writes in the middle of that work: 'So I am trying to say something that sounds like pragmatism'.2 He adds to this sentence the claim that 'Here I am being thwarted by a kind of Weltanschauung', but in the remarks to follow I want to focus not on Wittgenstein's differences from or antipathy to pragmatism, nor on the world view that he felt thwarted him, but on those elements of his philosophy that sound like pragmatism-as he says. I will work primarily from On Certainty but also from the Philosophical Investigations, which intersects with that late, unfinished work at various places, and which also, at times, sounds like pragmatism.

Status Anxiety

Status Anxiety

Jefferson, Lincoln, and the Unfinished Work of the Nation by Ronald L. Hatzenbuehler

Jefferson, Lincoln, and the Unfinished Work of the Nation by Ronald L. Hatzenbuehler

Poem Without A Hero in the Context of Anna Akhmatova’s Notebooks

This article analyses the place of the Poem without a Hero by Anna Akhmatova — an unfinished work created over the last 25 years of the poet’s life — in the space of her Notebooks written at the time of her work on the last versions of the Poem between the late 1950s and early 1960s. The material and nature of the Notebooks determines the choice of methodology modern scholars employ to study their context: the space of trans-text entries cannot be limited to life or artistic orientation alone which is substantiated by their textological analysis. In line with this idea, the paper discusses how the spontaneity of the recording, fragmentation and juxtaposition of life, art and literary criticism creates a special context of Akhmatova’s Notebooks , illustrating a high degree of dialogism connected with the type of the poet’s artistic consciousness and, consequently, characteristic of all her later works. The text of the Notebooks can only be completed by life itself, as well as the endless variations of the Poem without a Hero , which is the artistic embodiment of Akhmatova’s biography. The result of this research is reflected in several statements related to the presence of the Poem without a Hero in the Notebooks . Among them are the reflections on innovations and place of the Poem in the historical and literary process and the attempt to dictate the “right” vector of research of the Poem without a Hero associated with the decoding of images, establishing its intertextual and genetic relationships, which eventually becomes another means of “grounding” and prose completion of the Poem without a Hero .

Cold War Mnemonics: History, Melancholy, and Landscape in South Korean Films of the 1960s

This article examines the way that cinematic mnemonics of 1960s South Korean films ciphers the heterogeneous and conflicting experiences regarding two entangled wars: the Korean War and the Cold War. In a close reading of Kim Suyong's Mist (An'gae, 1967) and Yi Sŏnggu's The General's Mustache (Changgun ŭi suyŏm, 1968), the article argues for the multifaceted aesthetics of Cold War mnemonics, which illuminates a binding and unbinding technology of affective memories in which the traumatic experience of the Korean war parallels the dominant narrative of Cold War historiography. In Mist and The General's Mustache, historical trauma and the experience of loss take up important positions in relation to melancholic landscape and mnemonic devices. Visualizing the interstice between melancholy and mourning, between memory and history, and between landscape and interiority through the devices of flashback, widescreen, montage, and metanarrative structure, the exploration of mnemonic technologies is inextricably linked with the postwar Korean subject's dual efforts to remember historical loss and to incorporate shameful memories. While Mist shows the male protagonist's short visit to his countryside hometown, during which he is troubled by memories of the past and, thus, his encounter with the unfinished work of mourning, The General's Mustache, beginning with a photojournalist's suspicious death, assembles the fragmentary pieces of modern Korean history's secrets through multiple frames of testimony and confession. Produced during the time of Cold War turmoil as well as at the height of global modernization, these films release alternative thinking about time, memory, and history, asking us to remember what is left behind in Cold War historiography.

More than a "Trophy for Womankind": Rabbi Stephen S. Wise and the Struggle for Suffrage in New York State

More than a "Trophy for Womankind":Rabbi Stephen S. Wise and the Struggle for Suffrage in New York State1 Randi Storch (bio) Meeting in Buffalo, New York, in 1908, the National American Woman Suffrage Association marked the sixtieth anniversary of the suffrage movement. Rousing speeches punctuated three days of executive sessions, formal meetings, and informal mingling as the Progressive Era's most prominent reformers gathered to honor suffrage "pioneers" and other "distinguished persons," planning at the same time for the movement's future. Among the august group of women was a handful of men, including Rabbi Stephen S. Wise of New York City's Free Synagogue, the only male attendant whose remarks the newspapers reported.2 Wise impressed the audience with his oratory and passion. He declared that anti-suffrage arguments were simply un-American, and he upheld the ballot as a symbol of citizenship. Without women's suffrage, he claimed, "ours is no democracy," America is a "homocracy," or better yet, he decided, "let us call it by its right name, 'manocracy.'" What Wise called the "triumph of the male or man caste," represented, to him, unfinished work of America's republic.3 By 1908, Wise was thirty-four years old, a nationally known speaker, and a prominent Jewish leader. He had served as Beth Israel's rabbi in Portland, Oregon, from 1900 until 1906, and as the Free Synagogue's leader in New York City since 1907. Beginning in Oregon, Wise led and joined numerous causes to broaden American democracy. He supported the [End Page 397] state's women's suffrage effort, which he viewed as a direct application of Judaism's moral principles. Once in New York, women reformers continued to encounter Wise while working to resolve tensions between industrial capitalism and democracy. Out of these labor and municipal reform networks, Wise built a national reputation as a supporter of women's rights. His public arguments upheld women as morally superior to men and deserving of full equality. As a result, women suffragists increasingly came to depend on Wise to stump, preach, network, and write in support of "equal suffrage" as a fundamental step in the realization of democracy's promise. His suffrage activism represented the culmination of his Jewish ideals and his political work within progressive social networks. The story of women's suffrage in New York State conjures images of Seneca Falls, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and later, the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Women leaders and national suffrage organizations were fundamental in the battle for suffrage in New York State and in the nation generally, and excellent histories document the story of female suffrage leaders, suffrage organizations, and suffrage tactics.4 More recent scholarship adds complexity to our understanding of the regional, class, racial, and ethnic backgrounds of those who supported and opposed widening the vote, and several studies examine women's international networks and activism.5 Only a few scholarly works, however, examine the motivations and activism of male [End Page 398] suffragists.6 Historians generally agree that men and women had different reform agendas, political cultures, and approaches to change.7 Wise offers a compelling case of a male reformer whose political work overlapped with women reformers. He linked such social issues as vice and labor protection with suffrage, tying his public reputation to his relationships with women reformers and the changes they attempted together. The suffrage victory in New York State in 1917 was both a statewide and national story, and Wise was part of both. Between 1905 and 1917, he worked most closely with the National American Woman Suffrage Association and then the Men's League for Woman Suffrage of New York State. At all stages in the development of the suffrage movement, women drove the overall strategy of the campaign. Men served as foot soldiers for the women spreading the message. Most men's clubs were not involved in the campaign's daily work, but individual club members, such as Wise, proved to be consistent public voices and strategic allies in the fight for women's suffrage.8 His suffrage activities reached the hearts and minds of leading men and people throughout the state. Even when...

The Fragmentary Kinetics of Writing in the Book of Disquiet

In this article we discuss the notion of literary fragment based on Fernando Pessoa’s Livro do Desassossego [Book of Disquiet], an unfinished work written between 1913 and 1935. Textual witnesses are analyzed as records of the temporal and kinetic dynamics of writing and rewriting, but also as textual units of a work in progress. Self-consciousness of writing emerges both in autograph textual marks, and in the concept of fragment as a piece of text meant for a bibliographic whole. The fragment becomes a textual unit of composition that links the temporality of script acts to the semantic units of a textual whole that remains elusive and only partially determined. Pessoa’s unfinished book project allows us to place this fragmentary logic at the heart of his writing, and see the Book of Disquiet itself as an embodiment of the kinetics of script acts as open explorations of self-consciousness in writing. We address these notions of fragment in the context of our current TEI-XML encoding of both Pessoa’s autograph materials and their editorial versions for the LdoD Archive.

Modulation of host signaling in the inflammatory response by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence proteins.

To successfully infect host cells and evade the host immune response, a type III secretion system (T3SS) is commonly used by enteric bacterial pathogens such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Recent findings have revealed that various effectors are injected into host cells through the T3SS and exert an inhibitory effect on inflammatory signaling pathways, subverting the immune responses to these pathogens. Here we review recent studies aimed at addressing the modulation of several important inflammatory signaling pathways modulated by EPEC effector proteins, such as the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which provides insight into the unfinished work in this unexplored field and helps to identify novel positions in inflammatory signaling networks for EPEC effectors.Cellular & Molecular Immunology advance online publication, 31 October 2016; doi:10.1038/cmi.2016.52.

Soperezhivanie: Dramatic events in fairy tales and play

The concept of perezhivanie has gained theoretical attention and is beginning to feature in empirical studies of young children, where the role of emotion is foregrounded (e.g., Ferholt, 2010). However, the idea of a collective perezhivanie of adults and children in early childhood settings has not yet been researched. In the context of collective emotional imagination (Fleer & Hammer, 2013; Fleer & Peers, 2012), this paper foregrounds the key relations between audience and players, and between real relations and role relations. It extends a line of work developed by Zaporozhets (1986, 1986/2002, 1994/2005) and furthered by Strel’kova (1986) and El’koninova (2001, 2002) on a related concept known in Russian as soperezhivanie. Through a study of 25 children, three educators, and the first named author, participating in a fairy tale festival in a multi-age children’s care setting in Australia (60 hours of video observations) the concept of soperezhivanie is drawn upon to make sense of the experiences of the participants. It was found that moments of collective perezhivanie were co-experienced by children and teachers when teachers took a role in the play and the group united around a key moment of emotional contradiction in the fairy tale. This research provides insights into ways in which early childhood educators can plan for children’s emotional development in collective whole group contexts. The outcomes make a contribution to the unfinished work of Vygotsky on the concept of perezhivanie.

“History of a Dictatorship”: An Unfinished Political Essay by the Young Fernando Pessoa

ABSTRACT: The first part of this article reviews the materials from Pessoa’s literary remains associated with the book project from 1909 to 1910 titled “History of a Dictatorship.” These materials remain little known and mostly unpublished. The second part examines some central themes and theses of this unfinished political work and places them within the evolution of Pessoa’s thought. KEYWORDS: Fernando Pessoa, Portuguese monarchy, João Franco dictatorship, Portuguese Republic, national decay, nationalism, Sebastianism

Fire Performance of External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETICS) Facades with Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Insulation and Thin Rendering

External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETICS) facades with expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation and thin rendering are applied frequently in buildings. Considering high combustibility of EPS, with these facades concerns also arise regarding spread of a possible fire between neighbouring compartments of high-rise buildings. Fire tests of two large-scale facades were performed to study two parameters presumably influencing significantly the fires of such facades in real-life settings, i.e. incident heat flux upon the facade’s surface (IHFFS) and damage of the facade’s render (the latter being a consequence of poor or unfinished construction work, ageing or fire-induced thermal strain). The first facade was rendered fully and was exposed to moderately-fast increasing IHFFS. In the second (partially unrendered) facade case the IHFFS progressed faster. The facade flame body (temperatures and shape) was monitored by thermocouples, photo and video cameras. For detection of melting of EPS and internal burning, thermocameras were used within the facades areas outside the visible plume. In the plume zone, however, a group of thermocouples was embedded inside EPS and the shapes (plateaus and slopes) of the collected time-temperature graphs were observed for these purposes. The IHFFS imposed on the facades during fire testing were estimated by numerical calculations. In both cases the first pronounced render crack was evolved at the estimated average between-windows IHFFS of around 30 kW/m\(^2\) and was followed by internal burning of EPS. While the latter did not seem to spread across the facade for the fully-rendered facade, a fast fire spread was detected for the second specimen.

La especularidad de la carne. Sobre el sentido del “giro ontológico” en Le Visible et l'invisible de Merleau-Ponty

<p class="p1">El propósito del presente estudio es clarificar el modo en el que los últimos desarrollos de la fenomenología de Merleau-Ponty tratan de abordar el problema de la escisión entre conciencia y objetividad que aún se hallaba presente en las primeras obras de este pensador francés. A este respecto, la noción de “carne del mundo” desempeña un papel decisivo, dado que en torno a ella Merleau-Ponty construye —en su obra póstuma e inconclusa Lo visible y lo invisible— una teoría narcisista de la percepción que puede interpretarse a la vez como una ontología especular en la cual el Ser, “la carne de las cosas”, se capta a sí mismo a través de la percepción humana del mundo. Se trataría, pues, de una ontología de la reconciliación entre lo objetivo y lo subjetivo.</p>

PROACTIVE CREATIVE WRITING AMONG CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS AS A LINGUISTIC SOURCE

The material of this study is the unfinished work “In an unknown area” written by the authors aged 11–12 years old and defined by them as a “fantastic detective”. A typology of the children’s creative written works is made. The features of language, style, genre and semantics have been analyzed. The typical formal semantic features of proactive creative writing works of children and young adolescents are revealed. The results can be used in further studies of ontolinguistics issues.