Unfinished Manuscript Research Articles

Dilthey and the philosophy of education

In 1911 Wilhelm Dilthey died in Berlin where he had held the chair of philosophy which Hegel occupied bef ore him. A long, busy and successful academic career lay behind him and he was greatly mourned by his friends and disciples. The poet, Hofmannsthal, wrote movingly of the serene, selfless and single-minded devotion with which he had bent his encyclopaedic mind to the pursuit of scholarship. He had been an original historian, a distinguished literary critic and, above all, an original philosopher. He had also written extensively on the history and theory of education. His friends collect ed his published works and edited the mountain of unfinished manuscripts with which the old man had heroically and tragically struggled up to his death. Only then did his full stature as a philosopher become evident. His ideas exercised a profound influence on original thinkers in different spheres, on the educationalist and psychologist Spranger, on the sociologist Max Weber, on the philosopher Jaspers. Heidegger acknowledged the debt which a whole generation owed to his pioneering work. In subsequent years several hundred books and articles on various aspects of his teaching appeared in Germany. During the Hitler period his humane and liberal philosophy suffered an eclipse but, since the war, interest in it has revived and his collected works, long out of print, are being re-edited. His educational theories, too, remained a living influence and continued to inspire the work of his disciples not least among them the late Professor Nohl. These disciples, in turn, imbued a younger generation of educationalists with the same spirit. Thus, impaired only by the Nazi period, Dilthey's influence on German education continued to expand. Yet his towering importance as a philosopher and educationalist in Germany stands in sharp contrast to the neglect he has suffered outside his homeland, particularly in the Anglo-Saxon countries. There are a few, scanty, and often inadequate, mentions of him in textbooks on the phil? osophy of history or sociology, and only three books on him have appeared in England; *) I doubt if there are many educationalists in that country who have even heard of his name. However, Dilthey's eminence in German philosophy, his indirect influence on the development of modern sociology and psychology and his impact on German education do not, as such, justify the present attempt

Camus by Germaine Brée (review)

96 MODERN DRAMA May CAMUS, by Gennaine Bree, New Brunswick, N. J., Rutgers University Press, 1958, 275 pp. Price $5.00. The recent death of Albert Camus, in an automobile crash near Sens, gives an unforeseen and solemn relief to this warmly sympathetic book by Germaine Bree, whose foreword begins: "It is a perilous task to undertake to write a critical study of a living writer. . .." As compensation for the peril of her task, however, Miss Bree had the privilege of being aided in it by Camus himself, who put at her disposition a great deal of unpublished material, notably the personal notebooks he had kept since 1935 and the unfinished manuscript of his first attempted novel, La Mort Heureuse, which throws a curious new light on l'Etranger. She has further enriched her study by recalling certain neglected writings such as l'Envers et l'Endroit as well as numerous contributions to periodicals , and the works of other authors ranging from Aeschylus to William Faulkner that Camus adapted for the stage of his day. However since her approach to his work is above all "literary," the main part of her criticism deals with his major novels, stories and plays. The first six chapters constitute what is probably the most serious and comprehensive biography of Camus to have appeared so far. "We can reach," affirms Miss Bree, "no really penetrating understanding of the significance and value of his work if we take it out of the historical context of our time." This is obvious for the exceptional material circumstances out of which came, for example, LettJ'es Ii un ami allemand; less obvious but far more important for those intellectual circumstances that oriented Camus' reflections in the pre-war world of 1930-39, and which Miss Bn§e clarifies for us admirably. However the most interesting attempt of this biographical study is not the most historical: what it seeks particularly to expose are the essential images or intuitions, the forms of sensibility that underlie the problems Camus poses in his works and his way of posing them. Most often these are simple images drawn not from books but from his childhood and youth in North Africa: images of poverty and light, of pain and need and hopeless waiting, of the desert and the sea and the "invincible summer" of his native land. It is with these that one can begin speaking of what distinguishes him from his French-born contemporaries. Against the background of a society without religion, without ethics, without any consolation for what it must do and endure, man's task seemed perhaps to define itself more Simply for him than in the intensely historical and ideologically-tom civilization of the continent: to surmount the facile nihilism that is equally the lesson of life on a purely sensual and discontinuous plane, and of logical reflexion pushed to its extreme consequences; to affirm against the absurd and triumphant unity of nature and the superhuman purity of rational abstraction his own ambiguous being, and from it to draw the values that endow his life with coherence and meaning. "We must first save man," wrote Camus, "if we \",ish to save the idea of man." For, as Miss Bn§e takes care to point out, Camus is not, professionally speaking, a philosopher, nor is he interested above all in ideas or logical demonstrations; he is rather as she defines him, "a man who seeks to elucidate his experience through an effort of his intelligence." And it is not by chance that the experiences he most frequently presents in his works are "those moments of nakedness, when all rationalization and all protective ideas and beliefs disappear." A voyage, which throws one out of his carefully arranged pattern of living; a crime which suddenly reopens the whole question of life and death; a natural catastrophe on a personal or social level, which can not be eluded but must somehow be dealt with; an' accident , however trivial, which sets off such a prolonged and intense crisis of self- 1960 BOOK REvmws 97 knowledge as that which overtakes the narrator of La Chute-~>ne by one Miss Bree analyzes these "parables," as she likes to...

Yeats's Country Of The Young

Among the manuscripts and typescripts left by W. B. Yeats in the possession of his wife are two unpublished plays, one an unfinished manuscript consisting of two dialogues written in Yeats's inimitable, nearly undecipherable handwriting and the other a rough typescript inaccurately punctuated and proofread. The first was written in 1918 during the period of Yeats's interest in the Noh drama and has to do with a young girl, who lives as a goatherd in an old tower on a hill, and her lover, whose mother wants to block their marriage. This play is mentioned by Birgit Bjersby (though she makes an inaccurate quotation from the MS.) in her study of the Cuchulain legend in Yeats's works. The second play has been mentioned, as far as I know, only by Allen Wade. It is of interest chiefly for three reasons. First, it forms a dramatic milieu for “The Happy Townland,” a poem which Yeats liked well enough to preserve in his Collected Poems. Second, it throws some light upon Yeatsian symbology. And third, it is an example of a collaboration between Yeats and Lady Gregory. Allen Wade mentions this play only to assert that it evidently no longer exists. But four years ago a typescript of the play was shown to me by Mrs. Yeats. I found it to be a variation upon Lady Gregory's play, The Travelling Man.

Crime, Courts, and Probation

Charles L. Chute was executive director of the National Probation and Parole Association for many years. He began this book shortly after his retirement but died before he could finish it. Miss Marjorie Bell, assistant director of the National Probation and Parole Association and the editor of its magazine, Focus, completed it. Anyone who has worked on another’s unfinished manuscript knows the difficulties she faced. Miss Bell, however, has done an admirable job. The book contains an cxcellent introduction by Roscoe Pound whose interest in probation is well known. The book is an accurate and gripping history of probation and its development. But it is much more than this. Chute’s and Bell’s own views are cxpressed, sometimes vehemently. The book’s opening sentence is typical and startling. It might even alarm the uninitiated. It reads : “Threading through the history of civilization, the trail of pursuit and punishment of the law-breaker, is almost as bloody as the trail of crimes committed.” The first chapter vividly recites the ferocious punishments applied, until recently, under the Anglo-American systems of criminal sanctions. In this connection Chute and Bell note that flogging, both of adults and children, under court order in England was not finally abolished until 1948, and that the whipping post is still legal in Delaware and Maryland. The authors point out the often repeated truism that severity defeats its own purpose. Succeeding chapters deal with the development of probation in England and in the United States. Early plans for the humanizing of criminal penalties arose first in England. Systems of recognizance and transportation were created. The authors point out that individual social treatment of criminals was first employed in the cases of children and youthful first offenders and that early in the nineteenth century English magistrates themselves experimented with a rudimentary probation system to avoid sending young and inexperienced offenders to prison. Vide, Matthew Davenport Hill, the famous Recorder of Birmingham, who in 1841 employed parents and masters of apprentices as probation officers. It was not until 19o7 that Massachusetts organized the first official probation service in the United States. The Massachusetts system was studied by Parliament and served as the basis for a bill introduced into the House of Commons in 1907. Crime, Courts and Probation lays emphasis on the very able work done by John Augustus, the pioneer in probation work in this country. This remarkable man first took under his care only men charged with drunkenness. Later he supervised both men and women charged with other offenses. Augustus’ work was entirely voluntary and carried on at his own expense. A very considerable portion of the book is devoted to the work of Chute and others in securing the enactment of the Federal Probation Act. Anyone who has worked with Congress will find these chapters intensely interesting. They demonstrate Chute’s tenacity when he desired to put a fine idea into effect. It is interesting to note that even as late as 1919 there were judges who felt that pro-

Freedom and Civilization

BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI died in the United States in 1942 leaving a number of unfinished manuscripts in various stages of development. Two of these, "A Scientific Theory of Culture"(reviewed in Nature of August 25, 1945) and the present work, to some extent overlap. "Freedom and Civilization"may be regarded as a war-time political manifesto superimposed on the body of anthropological theory expounded in the earlier volume. This topical quality is manifest in the introductory section, "Political Prelude", and in the first chapter of Part 2 entitled "What we are fighting for". It is therefore unfortunate that the book-wrapper of the present English edition should give the impression that the book is an ‘objective' contribution to political philosophy. Freedom and Civilization By Bronislaw Malinowski. Pp. xiv + 338. (London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1947.) 16s. net.

A Word-List from the Southern Highlands

The words and sayings in this list should be examined in the light in which they were written—not for any group of persons primarily interested in the higher study of langugage but for per­ sons interested in the intelligent popular study of language. Dr. Combs has kindly allowed the Editor to select these words and sayings from an unfinished manuscript of his, The Language of Our Southern Highlanders.—The Editor

A New Smut from Southern Chile

While going through the unfinished manuscripts on the Ustilaginales of the late Dr. G. P. Clinton, the description of a Ustilago on Gunnera magellanica, written in June 1932, was found. The Clinton specimens were lost and only an envelope with data was found, however, Dr. D. H. Linder has furnished more type material in order to check the Clinton description. Since this description has not been published, it has been deemed best to publish it at this time. Dr. Clinton first worked with this species in 1908 and a description was partly written which was modified in 1932 in the form here presented.

THE GENUS PINTALIA STÅL (HOMOPTERA, CIXIIDAE)

Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of LondonVolume 82, Issue 2 p. 421-441 THE GENUS PINTALIA STÅL (HOMOPTERA, CIXIIDAE) Frederick Muir D.Sc., Frederick Muir D.Sc. Dr. F. Muir died on May 13, 1931, leaving a number of unfinished manuscripts on the Fulgoroidea. These manuscripts, of which the present paper is one, are now the property of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) and will be published in due course as opportunity arises.—W. E. China.Search for more papers by this author Frederick Muir D.Sc., Frederick Muir D.Sc. Dr. F. Muir died on May 13, 1931, leaving a number of unfinished manuscripts on the Fulgoroidea. These manuscripts, of which the present paper is one, are now the property of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) and will be published in due course as opportunity arises.—W. E. China.Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1934 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1934.tb00038.x AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume82, Issue2December 1934Pages 421-441 RelatedInformation

Le Froment et sa Mouture

AT the time of the regretted death of Prof. Girard in 1898, much valuable scientific work had been accomplished by him, and the results given to the world at large. But as must almost of necessity occur when a busy man is taken away from his labours, there also remained some tasks commenced but not completed. Among these was a projected treatise on flour milling, of which, however, Prof. Girard left but the general plan and the unfinished manuscript of three chapters. These materials were entrusted to M. Lindet, who has completed the work and supplied the book now before us. The author refers to the fact that neither himself nor Prof. Girard was a practical miller, but that the book is the production of two men of science. An examination of its pages shows it to possess those merits which might be expected from the previous training of the writers, and also, it must be added, the defects which spring from the same cause. Le Froment et sa Mouture. Par Girard Lindet. Pp. vii + 355. (Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1903.) Price 12 francs.