Unfavorable Position Research Articles

Academic Resilience in Mathematics and Science: Europe TIMSS-2019 Data.

Academically resilient students are those who exhibit high performance starting from a disadvantaged socioeconomic situation. This study aims to identify the personal, school, and national factors that are associated with that resilience in the European Union (EU). The sample comprised 96556 fourth grade students from 21 EU countries participating in TIMSS-2019. Two three-level logistic regression models were specified for the overall sample. The EU has an average of 25.67% resilient students in mathematics and 24.16% in science. Student confidence and having done prior linguistic tasks at school were the variables with the most predictive power after accounting for gender and students' immigrant background. The European countries analyzed largely compensated for the doubly-disadvantaged situation of immigrant students. Those countries with higher proportions of low-performing students had fewer resilient students. The educational policies in the EU member states are able to largely compensate for unfavorable starting positions; fundamentally, policies of a social nature such as support for immigrant students, families, or schools.

МЕДИКО-ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ В ВИЛЮЙСКОЙ ГРУППЕ РАЙОНОВ РЕСПУБЛИКИ САХА (ЯКУТИЯ) ЗА 30-ЛЕТНИЙ ПЕРИОД (1990-2019 гг.)

This study was conducted in order to study the dynamics of indicators characterizing the state of public health, in particular, medical and demographic processes, in the Vilyui group of districts of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) over a 30-year period (1990 – 2019). There was a need for a more thorough study of the health of the population living in Mirninsky, Suntarsky, Nyurbinsky, Verkhnevilyuisky and Vilyuisky districts. The analysis of the following medical and demographic indicators in these areas was carried out in comparison with other regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): birth rate, total mortality, natural population growth, and infant mortality. It was revealed that the medical and demographic situation in the Vilyui group of districts was generally favorable. Only Mirninsky (in terms of fertility) and Suntarsky (in terms of infant mortality) districts had separate unfavorable positions. Particular attention was paid to the dynamics of changes in medical and demographic indicators over the past 3 years. The results of the study will make it possible at an early stage to note adverse changes in the state of health, in particular, medical and demographic indicators, and to implement appropriate preventive measures. Such measures can also be envisaged on the basis of systematic medical and environmental monitoring of the health of the population and environmental factors (a complex of natural, man-made and socio-economic factors).

Peridynamics for Fracture Analysis of Reflective Cracks in Semi-Rigid Base Asphalt Pavement

Reflective cracking is one of the major forms of deterioration in semi-rigid base asphalt pavements. It is, therefore, very important to have a correct understanding of the internal crack propagation mechanism of asphalt pavement to propose the most effective remedial solution(s), which corresponds to that mode of failure. In this study, two-dimensional asphalt pavement layered models are first established by modifying the peridynamics theory. Then, the influence of asphalt overlay thickness and load form on reflective crack propagation is explored. On this basis, the influence of friction between the tire and road surface on reflective crack propagation is analyzed. The results show that increasing the thickness of the asphalt overlay can inhibit reflective crack propagation, and the friction force accelerates reflective crack propagation when the direction of friction is the same as that of reflective crack propagation; otherwise, it inhibits reflective crack propagation. Additionally, the most unfavorable load position is the asymmetrical load when the vehicle is far from the reflective crack.

Территориальные особенности демографического развития горных поселений Республики Северная Осетия-Алания

Purpose of the study. Identify the spatio-temporal transformations of the demographic development of mountain settlements in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania over the past decade. Research methods: during the research, traditional geographical methods were used - comparative geographical, statistical, descriptive and analytical, field field observations. Results and discussion. Mountain settlements of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania are located in the Vladikavkaz urban district, as well as in the Prigorodny, Alagirsky and Irafsky districts. They are mainly concentrated in low-mountain and mid-mountain zones. At the same time, the dominant part of the population lives in low mountains, which testifies to the predominance of the small-settlement structure of settlement in the middle and high mountains as compared to the low mountains. By the nature of the position in the relief, mountain settlements are divided into two types - located on slopes and high plateaus and in intermontane basins and valleys. The latter have undeniable advantages associated with more favorable natural conditions, the development of transport and social infrastructure, which contributes to the preservation of the population and curbing depopulation processes. In general, the mountainous areas of the Republic are experiencing a steady demographic decline, which is manifested in a decrease in the population and a decrease in its share in all mountain municipalities. At the same time, in a number of settlements, natural growth remains weakly positive. The increase in depopulation is mainly associated with the migration outflow of the population, which is most pronounced in the high-mountainous, with an unfavorable geographical position of the settlements. In the Prigorodny District, the migration loss is mainly due to the village of Tarskoye (which may be a kind of reminiscence of the well-known negative events). At the same time, in a number of administrations, tendencies of a decrease in the migration loss or even a slight migration growth have been revealed. Thus, an almost zero balance of migration is characteristic of the settlements of the Dargav administration, and in the settlements of the Karamadon, Koban, Fiagdon administrations, a migration increase was found. An unexpected increase (albeit very weak) is demonstrated by the settlements of the Galiat, Gular, Zadale, Makhskoy rural administrations. Conclusions: The study revealed significant intraregional, intraregional and intersettlement spatio-temporal imbalances in demographic development associated with natural and socio-economic circumstances. It has been established that sustainable development of the mountainous territories of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania is possible provided that human potential is preserved, since allows reproducing the original culture of the Ossetians and preserving the mountainous traditional architecture. The most favorable situation is developing in settlements that are involved in agglomeration processes and located in the suburban area close to Vladikavkaz (with the exception of the village of Tarskoye), as well as villages with an advantageous transport and geographical position and located on the main highways. It seems promising to involve the local population in tourist activities and the development of various types of tourism in mountain settlements.

Classic and Contemporary Views on Poverty

The article reviews classic views on poverty for which Bulgarian scientific literature is extremely inexhaustible. A “Continuum of classical theories of poverty” has been composed through the author’s interpretation and systematization of theoretical views which are embedded in world scientific literature. Three approaches are highlighted – social Darwinism, egalitarianism and statistical-sociological approach. Poverty is studied on the basis of relatively independent, but also complementary aspects: economic, sociological and applied. Each of these aspects brings together both classical theories and modern concepts of understanding poverty as a phenomenon. Emphasis is placed on the causes, factors, measures and the need to eliminate poverty. The main indicators of poverty are presented: Lorentz curve, Gini coefficient, persons at risk of poverty and social exclusion, poverty line and the rate of persons living below the poverty line in Bulgaria. Inequalities in the distribution of income before and after social transfers are presented, as well as those who are categorized by statistics as poor – before and after social transfers. The analysis highlights Bulgaria’s unfavorable position compared to other European Union member states.

In vivo Lesion Index (LSI) validation in percutaneous radiofrequency catheter ablation.

Lesion Index (LSI) has been developed to predict lesion efficacy during radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation. However, its value in predicting lesions size has still to be established. The aim of our study was to assess the lesions size reproducibility for prespecified values of LSI reached during RF delivery in an in vivo beating heart. Ablation lesions were created with different values of LSI in sevendomestic pigs by means of a contact force-sensing catheter (TactiCathTM , Abbott). Lesions were identified during RF delivery by means of a three-dimensional mapping system (EnSiteTM Precision, Abbott) and measured after heart explantation. Histology was carried out after gross examination on the first three lesions to confirm the accuracy of the macroscopic evaluation. A total of 64 myocardial lesions were created. Thirty-nine lesions were excluded from the analysis for the following reasons: histological confirmation of macroscopic lesion measurement (n = 3), transmurality (n = 24), unfavorable anatomic position (n = 10), not macroscopically identifiable (n = 2). In a final set of 25 nontransmural lesions, injury width and depth were, respectively, 4.6 ± 0.6and 2.6 ± 0.8 mm for LSI = 4, 7.3 ± 0.8and 4.7 ± 0.6 mm for LSI = 5, and 8.6 ± 1.2and 7.2 ± 1.1 mm for LSI = 6. A strong linear correlation was observed between LSI and lesion width (r = .87, p < .00001) and depth (r = .89, p < .00001). Multiple linear regression analysis identified LSI as the only ablation parameter that significantly predicted lesion width (p < .001) and depth (p < .001). In our in vivo study, LSI proved highly predictive of lesion size and depth.

Дифференциация государств по климатической амбициозности: влияние на мировую политику

Climate politics forms a subsystem of world politics. In this subsystem, states are differentiated by their ambitions to decarbonize their economies. These ambitions proceed from national policies and the nationally determined contributions (NDC) submitted by states in accordance with the Paris Agreement. Based on states’ climate ambitions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) produce multiple reports ranking states and evaluating their contributions. The main parameter of state differentiation by climate ambition is the expected year of achieving carbon neutrality. In 2019–20, the UK and the European Union (EU) promoted this parameter with the Green Deal, and eventually other metrics were overshadowed. The previously used climate parameters and rankings based on them were contradictory and depended heavily on the chosen methodology. Apart from being untrustworthy, they put some western countries in unfavourable positions. N. Luhmann’s new systems theory identifying “carbon neutrality” is taken as the main code of the climate communication subsystem that differentiates the climate subsystem of world politics from other functional subsystems. In this review article, how the emerging code of carbon neutrality is used by states and international organizations to form a new hierarchy in international relations is examined. Various constructivist and normative theories, from Foucault’s poststructuralism to the historicism and normativity of the English School, are applied in order to capture the possible implications of the political use of carbon neutrality for international relations. The article concludes with a discussion of the potential prospects of climate politics hierarchization for power redistribution in international relations.

Upgrading low value-added activities in global value chains: a functional specialisation approach

ABSTRACT This paper aims to identify patterns of functional specialisation (FS) in global value chains (GVCs) and determinants of upgrading them for selected Central Eastern European (CEE) economies. By combing the World Input-Output Database with data on occupations, we reveal a new FS pattern among subgroups of CEEs. Poland and Slovakia have an unfavourable GVC position and specialise in low value-added fabrication function. In contrast, other CEEs have competitive advantages in high value-added tasks: the Baltic countries and Slovenia in management services, the Czech Republic and Slovenia in R&D. We identify upgrading factors for different types of FS in GVCs. The wages convergence of CEEs with developed economies, and strong GVC backward linkages support the path to higher value-added in almost all business functions. Higher GDP per capita and lower economic distance to Germany allow CEEs to escape from ‘factory economies' status and also generate higher value-added in R&D activities.

The position of the nitro group affects the mutagenicity of nitroarenes

The ease with which a nitrated polyaromatic hydrocarbon (NO2PAH) is activated by reductive metabolism is an important factor in determining mutagenicity. However, the mutagenicity of 3-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (3-NO2BaP) is stronger than that of 1-NO2BaP despite similar reduction properties, and the more potent mutagenicity of 3,6-diNO2BaP relative to that of 1,6-diNO2BaP cannot be explained by relative reducibility. Here, we investigated structural factors leading to the mutagenicity of these compounds by synthesizing 1- and 3-NO2BaP derivatives with C6-position substituents that affect reduction properties and testing the mutagenicity of the compounds and their derivatives against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA98NR. The LUMO and LUMO+1 energies of 6-substituted 3-NO2BaPs were found to correlate with mutagenicity, but such correlations were much weaker with 6-substituted 1-NO2BaPs, indicating that the mutagenicity of 3-NO2BaPs is influenced by the ease of reductive metabolic activation. In silico structural analyses demonstrated that the distances between the nitrogen of the N-acetoxyamino group in reductive metabolites and a DNA alkylation target were longer for 1-NO2BaPs than for 3-NO2BaPs. Therefore, the active metabolites of 6-substituted 3-NO2BaPs intercalate with DNA at a distance where they can readily form adducts with guanine. Conversely, the unfavorable position of intercalated active metabolites of 1-NO2BaPs relative to guanine leads to difficult adduct formation despite the facile formation of the active metabolite due to a low LUMO energy. Therefore, the chemical reducibility of the nitro group and, more importantly, the ease of adduct formation between an active metabolite and DNA are essential for the prediction of the mutagenicity of NO2PAHs.

Single-Parent Families, Educational Gradient, and Child Deprivation: The Cases of Italy and Spain

This work examines whether the increase of single parenthood in Italy and Spain, specifically amongst women in an unfavourable socioeconomic position, has repercussions for child well-being, understood here as material deprivation. In particular, our main objective is to analyse the possible differential impact of single parenthood on children’s material deprivation in relation to mothers’ level of education. Using the 2014 EU-SILC Module on material deprivation, we identify five areas of child deprivation based on the EU-MODA approach: nutrition, clothing, education, leisure, and social life. In the case of Italy, our main results indicate that, compared to children from two-parent households, children of single mothers with a low level of education have a higher risk of nutrition and clothing deprivation. In Spain, living in a single-parent household is associated with a higher risk of deprivation in terms of social life for those children whose mothers do not have a high level of education. Therefore, the findings suggest that in both countries the growth of single parenthood amongst women with a lower educational level may have an impact on child well-being inequality. This article contributes empirical data to the growing literature on the rise of child poverty in Southern European countries.

APPROACH METHOD FOR FLEXIBLE REALLOCATION OF RESERVED SEATS ON LONG - DISTANCE TRAINS

Finding a reserved seat on long-distance train travel is supported by aids on platforms and within the train in order to keep the passenger’s journey as short as possible and to minimise unnecessary walking within the train. The allocation of a seat to a carriage number on the reservation and the consideration of the carriage position indicator devices on the platform provide the opportunity to wait for the arrival of the train on a section of the platform that is close to the reserved seat. Nevertheless, there are various situations in reality in which this can only be achieved to a limited extent. Varying carriage order, the provision of a replacement train or tight transfer connection can lead to the train being entered at an unfavourable position. This is followed by the passenger trying to find a seat on the train which can amount to considerable traffic. Equipped with a flexible seat reservation procedure, this kind of traffic could be drastically reduced. The solution provides the opportunity to reallocate reserved seats in order to minimize the way a passenger has to walk inside the train to his seat. By means of microscopic simulations, various boarding scenarios demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach. Less passenger movement on the train results in an increase in passenger comfort and reduces the space that is required for such movement, which could instead be used for other purposes. On the platform, this procedure means that passengers no longer need to wait for the arrival of the train at a location that is closest to the allocated seat. Instead, passengers can choose a place on the platform convenient to them, without this having a disruptive effect on system performance.

Selected Aspects of the Implementation into Polish Law of the Amended Audiovisual Media Services Directive

Abstract The changes in the audiovisual media services market that have taken place in recent years have resulted in quite intensive work in the European Union (starting in 2015) on the revision of certain directives concerning this economic area. One of the pieces of EU law that was decided to be updated was the Audiovisual Media Services Directive. This is because it was pointed out that since the last amendment of this directive, there had been a significant and rapid development of the audiovisual media services market due to the progressive convergence of television and internet services. The advancement of technology has allowed the emergence of new types of services and new ways of using them. In addition, it has been stressed that viewing habits have changed considerably, especially among younger viewers. New types of messaging, such as short forms of video and user-generated content, have grown in importance, and new entrants, including video-on-demand providers and video-sharing platform providers, have already established their position. This media convergence has called for an updated legal framework in the EU to take account of market developments and to strike a balance in access to content in online services, as well as to ensure consumer protection and competitiveness. Directive 2018/1808 was to be implemented by the EU Member States by 19 September 2020 but Poland did not meet this deadline; it was not until 11 August 2021 that the relevant amendments to the Broadcasting Act and the Cinematography Act were enacted. Most of its provisions came into force on 1 November 2021, while others entered into force on 1 January 2022. Considering the way in which most of the provisions of Directive 2018/1808 have been implemented into Polish law, one can defend the view that it was done rationally from the perspective of Polish media service providers. The liberalisation of quantitative advertising limits may contribute to raising more funds in the advertising market by broadcasters. It has been pointed out that leaving the existing regulations unchanged would place broadcasters under Polish jurisdiction in an unfavourable competitive position in relation to broadcasters of programmes available in Poland who are under the jurisdiction of other EU Member States. The intention to put providers of on-demand media services on an equal footing with providers of video-sharing platforms also seems reasonable, as the main objective of Directive 2018/1808 is to ensure proper competition between different categories of entities competing in the electronic media sector.

In Torlak we (would) trust: domestic vaccine production in contemporary Serbia

Throughout the era of socialist Yugoslavia, the Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera ‘Torlak’ in Belgrade was a well known producer and exporter of vaccines. After the dissolution of the...

Feasibility of Fetal Portal Venous System Ultrasound Assessment at the FT Anomaly Scan.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of the first trimester (FT) ultrasound scan (US) for the evaluation of the fetal portal venous system (PVS) anatomy, and to evaluate the potential of microcopy for a proper pathology evaluation for the PVS in the FT. Methods: We evaluated the PVS in 200 scan examinations performed in FT pregnancy. Half of the cases were scanned by two operators with extensive experience in obstetric ultrasound—Group I, and the other half was evaluated by two sonographers with less experience—Group II. Second-trimester US and autopsy in terminated pregnancies were used as follow-up. The pathologic evaluation was supported by microscopy. Results: all PVS features were successfully assessed by transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS) in 27% of the Group I cases and 14% in Group II. These rates increased to 88% in Group I and in 72% in Group II, after rescanning and using transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS). The conditions that led to rescanning and TVUS were: BMI greater than 24 in 26% cases, unfavorable fetal position (12.32%), retroverted uterus (12.32%), abdominal scar (10.96%), fibroids (4.11%), and combinations of the above (34.23%). The L-shaped UV confluence was identified transabdominally in 91% in Group I and in 79% in Group II and increased to 98% and 95%, respectively, following reevaluations. Microscopy represented a useful audit in all FT investigated cases. Conclusions: At the end of the FT, the visualization of a normal L-shaped UV confluence, that excludes major PVS abnormalities, is achievable in approx. 80%, indifferently the examiners experience. The sonographers experience, pregnant women BMI, and uterine anomalies as fibroids or retroversion significantly affect the rate of visualization, and necessitates vaginal approach and reexamination. The FT pathology, the audit of the ultrasound findings can only be performed microscopically, with relatively little resources involved and good results.

Variability in Cardiovascular Risk Factor Control in Patients with Heart Failure According to Gender and Socioeconomic Status.

Background: Despite considerable evidence concerning heart failure (HF) risk factors, there is scarce information about the effect and degree of control regarding socioeconomic and gender inequalities. Methods: Cohort study including HF patients >40 years of age attended in 53 primary health care centers in Barcelona (Spain). Socioeconomic status (SES) was determined by an aggregated deprivation index (MEDEA) according to the neighborhood of residence. Logistic multivariable regression was performed to analyze differences in cardiovascular risk factor control, stratifying by SES and sex. Results: A total of 8235 HF patients were included. Mean age was 78.1 (standard deviation 10.2) years, and 56.0% were women. The most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors were hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Blood pressure was the worst controlled factor in both genders with the lowest SES (odds ratio [OR] 0.56 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.56-0.71) and (OR 0.52, 0.46-0.71), respectively. In women, a social gradient was observed for glycemic and body mass index control, which were worse in the most unfavorable socioeconomic position (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.38-0.77), and (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.32-0.64), respectively. Men presented worse control of blood pressure (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.42-0.71) and smoking habit (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.47-0.90) in the most deprived socioeconomic bracket. Conclusion: Patients with HF in the most disadvantaged socioeconomic levels presented the worst degree of control for cardiovascular risk factors, and this negative effect was stronger in women.

Legal grounds for recognizing a marriage agreement invalid (analysis of judicial practice)

The article examines the features of the legal nature and grounds for recognizing a marriage contract as invalid. It has been established that modern family law in Ukraine regulates the institution of a marriage contract in some detail, although it was enshrined in law only in 1992, after amendments to the Marriage and Family Code. First of all, its feature was that it could be concluded only before the official registration of marriage, respectively, came into force from the moment of marriage. In addition, along with the settlement of property relations, the list of which was open, the contract could regulate non-property relations of the spouses. At present, the marriage contract is regulated in more detail by the Family Code of Ukraine and does not provide for the possibility for spouses to establish personal non-property rights in it.&#x0D; It is established that according to the provisions of Chapter 10 of the Family Code of Ukraine and Articles 203, 215 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, the grounds for invalidating a marriage contract may be as follows: the content of the contract contradicts the legislation of Ukraine and moral principles of society; the will of one or both spouses during the conclusion of the contract is not free and does not correspond to the internal will; the marriage contract is not aimed at the actual occurrence of the legal consequences caused by it.&#x0D; The analysis of judicial practice allowed us to identify the grounds and features that the courts pay attention to when considering cases of recognition of marriage contracts as invalid, in particular: criteria of legality (legality) of the marriage contract; the content should not contradict the very essence of marriage contracts; the expression of the will of both spouses during the conclusion of the marriage contract must be free and correspond to their inner will; the marriage contract must be aimed at the actual occurrence of the legal consequences caused by it; the marriage contract cannot put one of the spouses in an extremely unfavorable financial position.&#x0D; It is substantiated that the marriage contract is a bilateral transaction, which has a special subject composition, contains legal restrictions on the subject. The peculiarity of its legal nature is due to the fact that it may give rise to rights and obligations in respect of those family members who are not parties to the contract (for example, in relation to existing or future children). It is proposed to make appropriate changes to Article 103 of the Family Code of Ukraine.

Optimal reinforcement for improving the thermal performance of a permafrost tunnel based on coupled heat-mass transfer

Over 80% of cold-region tunnels (CRTs) suffer from heavy periodic freeze–thaw actions, and therefore, their normal safe operations cannot be guaranteed. To mitigate freeze–thaw damage to CRTs, thermal insulation layers (TILs) were used to prevent external heat from penetrating the surrounding rock of CRTs. TILs were often laid between two linings of CRTs with a uniform thickness along the whole tunnel based on a single thermal conduction calculation or engineering analogy method, which was not only uneconomical but also unsafe. Thus, freeze–thaw damage still occurred at the entrance of the CRTs. To solve this engineering problem, we took the Fenghuoshan Tunnel in permafrost regions as an example and proposed a coupled heat-mass transfer model based on mass, energy and momentum conservation principles. The numerical model was indicated to be accurate by comparing the computed and monitored temperatures. The subsequent numerical results show that the heat and mass exchanges between the air inside the tunnel and tunnel wall make the air velocities vary with seasonal alternation, and therefore, temperatures of the surrounding permafrost exhibit evident differences on the temporal and spatial scales, according to which the most unfavorable position and time point are selected to design an optimal reinforcement for improving the thermal performance. Based on a series of heat-mass transfer simulations with different thicknesses of aerogel felt, an optimal changeable thickness of aerogel felt along the whole tunnel is obtained to improve the thermal performance of the Fenghuoshan Tunnel. If the permafrost tunnel is reinforced by this approach, the highest temperatures of the surrounding permafrost near the tunnel are less than approximately −0.44 °C, implying that the optimal reinforcement is effective and can control the freeze–thaw damage of the Fenghuoshan Tunnel. This study provides theoretical support for designing a safe and economical reinforcement on permafrost tunnels and understanding the coupled heat-mass transfer processes in tunnels.

UNFAVORABLE CREDIT HISTORY AS A MOTIVE FOR CONCLUDING AMARRIAGE CONTRACT: ANALYSIS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICE

Abstract: the article is devoted to a rather narrow issue, in respect of which similar scientific research in modern civil science is not presented, – a marriage contract concluded on the grounds of an unfavorable credit history of one of the spouses as an obstacle to the consideration of spouses as co‐ borrowers under a targeted mortgage loan agreement, the object of which is the purchased residential premises. The article shows the func‐ tional purpose of the marriage contract; the inconsistency of judicial practice on the issue of invalidation of the marriage contract on the grounds of the presence of conditions in it that put one of the parties in an extremely unfavorable position, including due to the forced conclusion of the marriage contract at the request of the bank due to the unfavora‐ ble status of the credit history of one of the spouses. According to the au‐ thor, the bank's requirement to conclude a prenuptial agreement to “overcome” the unfavorable credit history of one of the spouses and, as a result, the exclusion of such a spouse from the loan obligation is one of the determinants of the increased demand for a prenuptial agreement. At the same time, such motivation is not an independent basis for recog‐ nizing a marriage contract as an imaginary transaction. As the analysis of law enforcement practice shows, a responsible attitude to contractual obligations, including obligations from the marriage contract, is not typi‐ cal for modern Russian society: the infantilism of the parties to the mar‐ riage contract remains, as well as a low level of legal culture.

Numerical Analysis of the Influence of Deep Foundation Pit Construction on Adjacent Subway Stations in Soft Soil Areas

Deep foundation pit construction adjacent to a subway station in a soft soil area was numerically simulated with Midas GTS NX calculation software. The influence of the deep foundation pit construction on the deformation and stress of the subway station structure was studied, and the influence of the foundation pit retaining structure on the station was analyzed. The results show that during the foundation pit excavation process, the subway station slab rose as a whole and was greatly affected by the deformation of the common ground connecting wall, with the most unfavorable position changing as the excavation area changed. The excavation of foundation pits in different zones had a considerable influence on the east‐to‐west displacement of the common diaphragm wall outside the foundation pit. The maximum positive bending moment of the common diaphragm wall changed little, while the negative bending moment increased greatly during construction. Overall, the foundation pit excavation had a great impact on the negative moment of the common diaphragm wall. During the foundation pit excavation process, the subway station column lifted upward, and the maximum displacement, which was located at the west end of the station near the foundation pit, gradually weakened from west to east. As the foundation pit excavation process continued, the maximum axial force of the station column increased by 10.38%, and the pressure was the largest in the middle column. As the thickness of the diaphragm wall increased, the stiffness of the foundation pit retaining structure increased. After earthwork excavation and unloading, the locations in the retaining structure with high stiffnesses could resist deformations. The whole foundation pit was offset due to the high stiffness of the foundation pit retaining structure, which increased the horizontal deformation of the existing station structure. With increasing thickness, the relative horizontal deformation of the station slab gradually increased, mainly because the difference between the depths of the old and new diaphragm walls caused the embedded soil of the two same deep foundation pits to differ. Furthermore, there were great differences in the Earth pressure behind the wall. As the depth of the diaphragm wall increased, the active Earth pressure behind the diaphragm wall increased.

Признание брачного договора недействительным в связи с тем, что его условия ставят одного из супругов в крайне неблагоприятное положение

Introduction. The marriage contract is becoming more and more applicable, and the courts are faced with the complexity of interpreting legal norms. The principle of freedom of contract is limited in relation to the agreements of spouses. Among the restrictions, taking into account the specifics of family relations, it should be noted the provision of paragraph 3 of Article 42 of the RF IC that a marriage contract cannot contain conditions that put one of the spouses in an extremely unfavorable position, and the provisions of the marriage contract should not contradict the basic principles of family legislation. Situational norms provide the court with discretionary powers to assess the state of the spouses at the time of the dispute and those provisions of their agreement that were adopted earlier, possibly in other circumstances. In order to identify the main areas of law enforcement practice, this study was undertaken. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to consider the peculiarities of law enforcement practice in relation to the invalidity of a marriage contract due to the fact that its terms put one of the spouses in an extremely unfavorable position. Methodology. Comparative legal method, analysis, synthesis. Results. The criteria influencing the assessment of the extremely unfavorable situation of one of the spouses due to the terms of the marriage contract by the court are revealed. These include: content criterion; time criterion; quantitative criterion; comparative criterion. The principles on the basis of which the courts assess the conditions of the marriage contract for the extremely unfavorable situation in which they put one of the spouses are revealed: discretion; reasonableness; inadmissibility of excessive deterioration of the spouse's financial situation compared to that which would be in the application of the legal regime of the spouses' property; inadmissibility of extremely negative impact of the provisions of the marriage contract on the rights and the legitimate interests of minor children and disabled dependents living with one of the spouses.