Unfamiliar Kinds Research Articles

Connecting the Wings of Dynamism: Bibliometric Analysis of Artificial Intelligence and Entrepreneurship Fields

This study aims to create a holistic viewpoint by concentrating on two dynamic areas of artificial intelligence and entrepreneurship with bibliometric analysis. The concept of artificial intelligence, which is constantly heard as the digital world gradually penetrates our lives, and entrepreneurship, which is referred to as the atomic element of the economic infrastructure, are addressed in the same pot with this research. The attitude of both areas against varying circumstances constitutes the essential basis of this examination. The view that the effectiveness in the areas can be increased with the synergy to be created between the two focuses is supported. With this intention, the study commences with an informative literature section, where the introductory elements of the areas are conveyed. Afterward, it tries to clarify why these zones need to be examined together. Following this, a bibliometric analysis study, frequently used to bring unfamiliar kinds of literature jointly, is conducted using data obtained from the Web of Science database and subjected to various analyses. In the last stage, the study is completed by examining these outputs and analyzes. As a result, conclusions support “the duo” can be investigated jointly. The study contributes to the idea that artificial intelligence and entrepreneurship are wings working in synchrony for the requirement of success.

Psychiatrization of adoption practices in contemporary Poland.

In this article, I propose to take a closer look at the practices of kinning in the context of adoption in contemporary Poland. I am interested in the social production of this ‘unfamiliar kind of kinship' and the positions of various actors involved in defining the “adoptable” children and the “families of excess” capable of adopting. My focus will be on the ways in which the psy-knowledge and practices are implied in these social processes of defining and delimiting the norm, the proper, and the ideal. This process can be called a progressing psychiatrization of kinning, this time developing on a specific terrain of adoption (i.e., the most desired state of exception from ideal family—nuclear, heteronormative, based around married, and non-divorced couple). I will consider both top-down and bottom-up processes within which the individuals, state institutions, and psy-knowledge interact. Thus, I propose to look at a sub-process of psychiatrization, which takes place in the specific ethnographic context at the intersection of family and social policies, medicalization and psychologization of familial relations, and troubled, disconnected biographies. Throughout the article, I discuss how the adoptive families become patient-consumers within the system of healthcare. It is despite the fact that when they enter the adoption network, they start to take part in the political process of solving the social problem. In fact, they become a part of the network, which enables privatization of the social problem and works toward individualizing the responsibility for solving it.

Legal Theory and the Problem of Machine Opacity: Spinoza on Intentionality, Prediction and Law

In this paper I will approach the problem of machine opacity in law, according to an understanding of it as a problem revolving around the underlying philosophical tension between description and prescription in law and legal theory. I will use the problem of machine opacity, and its effects on the lawmaker’s activity, as a practical backdrop for a discussion of the associations upheld by legal theory between law’s normative ideals and its preferred, normatively neutral, method for achieving these. My discussion of this problem will provide a preliminary answer to the question whether it is machine opacity - by introducing an unfamiliar kind of intentionality into the legal sphere which disturbs the predictability of law - that renders the contemporary lawmaker’s job difficult, or, whether this difficulty indeed comes with the lawmaker’s job description. I will turn to early rationalist Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677) and particularly his explanation of law in the Theological Political Treatise (TTP) for analytical assistance in my discussion.

Starting up Biology in China: Performances of Life at BGI

BGI (hua da ji ying; 华大基因; “China Great Gene”) counts among the world’s largest and wealthiest institutions for biomedical research. Located in Shenzhen, the new megacity in southern China, BGI is now a critical site for understanding the relationship between biomedicine and the economic development of China. This essay uses performance studies and the notion of shanzhai (“copycatting”) to understanding how this laboratory poses a challenge to traditional modes of understanding technoscience. This marks an attempt to understand BGI, its work, and its workers on their own terms, or at least on local terms. Just as shanzhai challenges our notions of originality, BGI’s hybridity challenges our notions of where and how scientific knowledge is produced. Performing not merely as a “laboratory,” but also, and at the same time, as a “factory,” and a “company,” BGI is an unfamiliar kind of hybrid scientific-industrial-commercial-governmental-philanthropic space that draws its repertoire from its very particular regional, national, and local-urban circumstances.

Review: Swahili Port Cities: The Architecture of Elsewhere, by Prita Meier

Prita Meier Swahili Port Cities: The Architecture of Elsewhere Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2016, 230 pp., 16 color and 68 b/w illus. $35 (paper), ISBN 9780253019158 Defining the Swahili, the peoples at the center of this book, is almost always fraught, not least because Swahili is only ever an approximate ethnic category, the putative constituents of which speak a unifying language that is one of the most thoroughly border crossing and widely spoken in Africa. Prita Meier's exploration of Swahili histories of architecture therefore encompasses other questions not bearing directly on architecture: Why do the Swahili, who typically claim origins in places far from the East African coast, construct their identity through such extra-African filiations? Are these claims true? And if so, are not Swahili peoples other than “African”? The book incorporates serious answers to these questions while constantly circling back to a critical address of its central issue: Can material culture, architecture especially, help frame such questions with more rigor and answer them more persuasively than have other disciplines? Perhaps because this world of Swahili things also helped construct its peoples’ rather unfamiliar kind of African ethnicity in the first place, Swahili Port Cities also explores how objects, broadly speaking, constitute and express Swahili identity and culture, even as they contest the former's meanings internally. Unlike other recent studies, Meier's is distinguished in part by its modern-era focus and by its engagement with both the African world and Indian Ocean maritime circuits. Unusually attentive also to things noncanonical, the book is especially concerned with architecture. Buildings of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are often ignored in the scholarship in favor of centuries-old ruins and archaeological finds––the former thought either uninteresting or inauthentic, presumably because produced amid the unfolding of British colonialism. With determination, the author locates her account instead among the ordinary things of this period, viewed transculturally, while also bringing to their understanding a revaluation of both ancient histories and modern things. …

Curl force dynamics: symmetries, chaos and constants of motion

This is a theoretical study of Newtonian trajectories governed by curl forces, i.e. position-dependent but not derivable from a potential, investigating in particular the possible existence of conserved quantities. Although nonconservative and nonhamiltonian, curl forces are not dissipative because volume in the position–velocity state space is preserved. A physical example is the effective forces exerted on small particles by light. When the force has rotational symmetry, for example when generated by an isolated optical vortex, particles spiral outwards and escape, even with an attractive gradient force, however strong. Without rotational symmetry, and for dynamics in the plane, the state space is four-dimensional, and to search for possible constants of motion we introduce the Volume of section: a numerical procedure, in which orbits are plotted as dots in a three-dimensional subspace. For some curl forces, e.g. optical fields with two opposite-strength vortices, the dots lie on a surface, indicating a hidden constant of motion. For other curl forces, e.g. those from four vortices, the dots explore clouds, in an unfamiliar kind of chaos, suggesting that no constant of motion exists. The curl force dynamics generated by optical vortices could be studied experimentally.

How anxiety induces verbal hallucinations.

Verbal hallucinations are often associated with pronounced feelings of anxiety, and it has also been suggested that anxiety somehow triggers them. In this paper, we offer a phenomenological or 'personal-level' account of how it does so. We show how anxious anticipation of one's own thought contents can generate an experience of their being 'alien'. It does so by making an experience of thinking more like one of perceiving, resulting in an unfamiliar kind of intentional state. This accounts for a substantial subset of verbal hallucinations, which are experienced as falling within one's psychological boundaries and lacking in auditory qualities.

Preschoolers Acquire General Knowledge by Sharing in Pretense

Children acquire general knowledge about many kinds of things, but there are few known means by which this knowledge is acquired. In this article, it is proposed that children acquire generic knowledge by sharing in pretend play. In Experiment 1, twenty-two 3- to 4-year-olds watched pretense in which a puppet represented a "nerp" (an unfamiliar kind of animal). For instance, in one scenario, the nerp ate and disliked a carrot. When subsequently asked generic questions about real nerps, children's responses suggested that they had learned general facts (e.g., nerps dislike carrots). In Experiment 2, thirty-two 4- to 5-year-olds learned from scenarios lacking pretend speech or sound effects. The findings reveal a long overlooked means by which children can acquire generic knowledge.

When hearsay trumps evidence: How generic language guides preschoolers’ inferences about unfamiliar things

Two experiments investigated 4-year-olds' use of descriptive sentences to learn non-obvious properties of unfamiliar kinds. Novel creatures were described using generic or nongeneric sentences (e.g., These are pagons. Pagons / These pagons are friendly). Children's willingness to extend the described property to a new category member was then measured. The results of Experiment 1 demonstrated that children reliably extended the property to new instances after hearing generic but not nongeneric sentences. Further, the influence of generic language was much greater than effects related to the amount of tangible evidence provided (the number of creatures bearing the critical property). Experiment 2 revealed that children continued to extend properties mentioned in generic descriptions even when incompatible evidence was presented (e.g., an example of an unfriendly ‘pagon’). The findings underscore preschoolers' keen understanding of the semantics of generic sentences and suggest that inferences based on generics are more robust than those based on observationally grounded evidence.

Address of the President, Lord Rees of Ludlow OM Kt PRS, given at the anniversary meeting on 30 November 2007

Address of the President, Lord Rees of Ludlow OM Kt PRS, given at the anniversary meeting on 30 November 2007

Two-year-olds' expectation that lexical gaps will be filled

Children tend to select unfamiliar rather than familiar kinds as the referents of novel names. This tendency has been hypothesized by some to derive from an expectation that unfamiliar kinds will be labelled. In Study 1, two-year-olds (N = 16) showed little evidence of such an expectation when they had to decide whether a visible picture of an unfamiliar object or a depicted object concealed in a box was the referent of a novel name. They tended to check the box before making a selection. This test was preceded by two tasks, the first requiring the same type of decision about familiar names and the second highlighting the status of unfamiliar objects as ‘new kinds of things’. In Study 2 (N = 16), the latter task was replaced by one in which toddlers had to decide whether unfamiliar kinds were more likely than familiar kinds to be the referents of novel names. After this experience, participants showed a moderately strong expectation that unfamiliar kinds would be labelled. In Study 3 (N = 60) this finding was replicated. In two other conditions, the task that preceded the test was replaced with direct teaching of novel names for unfamiliar kinds. These groups showed little expectation that lexical gaps would be filled. Although results are compatible with a restricted form of the lexical gap filling hypothesis, they do not support the broad form that has been advanced by some theorists.

The prevalence and the weakness of an early name mapping preference.

An empirical puzzle regarding toddlers' fast mapping motivated the current investigation. Whereas children between 1;10 and 2;1 have shown only a modest rate of mapping novel nouns onto unfamiliar rather than familiar objects, a very high rate has been observed in those between 1;4 and 1;8 (Mervis & Bertrand, 1991). Study 1 examined whether young two-year-olds (N = 40, mean age = 2;1) might map at a higher rate when tested with procedures unique to Mervis & Bertrand's assessment--strong corrective feedback rather than mild positive non-contingent feedback; large sets of test objects rather than pairs; presentation of easier tests first. Only the first variable affected performance in a manner that could solve the puzzle. Unfamiliar kinds were selected at a much higher rate under corrective (0.86) than non-contingent (0.57) feedback. Although nearly every child in the non-contingent group chose correctly on the first trial, many failed to do so thereafter. In Study 2, rather than presenting a test word to the children (N = 16, mean age = 2;2), the experimenter merely asked for 'the one I want'. Unfamiliar kinds were selected much less often than in Study 1, suggesting that at least one lexical principle proposed in the literature underlies the noun mapping preference. Changes over trials in the two studies indicated that the noun mapping preference is quite prevalent, but unless initial choices are strongly reinforced, an increase in the salience of familiar kinds after the first trial lures some children into error. Consistent with this analysis, toddlers in Study 3 (N = 24, mean age = 2:1) who received non-contingent strong acceptance for their noun mapping decisions, selected unfamiliar kinds more often than those who had received non-contingent mild acceptance in Study 1.

Young Children's Disambiguation of Object Name Reference

Children show a disambiguation effect--a tendency to select unfamiliar rather than familiar things as the referents of new names. In previous studies, this effect has been reversed in young 2-year-olds, but not older children, by preexposing the unfamiliar objects, suggesting that attraction to novelty controls 2-years-olds' choices of referents for new names, but a mutual exclusivity and/or lexical gap-filling principle determines preschoolers' selections. Both the disambiguation effect and its reversal by preexposure were replicated in the present study; however, 24-month-olds' rate of selecting unfamiliar over familiar kinds was less when they were simply asked to choose between the items than when they were asked to identify the referents of unfamiliar names. Thus, some young children may have both an attraction to novel tokens and a tendency to honor an abstract lexical principle. Referent selections were also affected by object typicality and word similarity. Correlations between the tendency to acknowledge a new name's unfamiliarity and to treat it like a similar-sounding familiar name suggested that youngsters' phonological matching skills affect their interpretation of new names. Also, 4-year-olds who most often mapped distinctive-sounding new names to unfamiliar kinds tended to admit their unfamiliarity with these names most frequently, suggesting that children's increasing awareness of their own knowledge begins to affect their lexical processing during the preschool years.

On the completeness and the expansion theorem for eigenfunctions of the Sturm-Liouville-Rossby type

Rossby waves in a closed ocean form an unfamiliar kind of eigenvalue problem. An investigation is made of the one-dimensional generalized version, which is called here the Sturm—Liouville—Rossby (SLR) problem. The eigenvalue and the eigenfunction of the SLR equation are calculated from those of the associated Sturm—Liouville (SL) equation and vice versa. The expansion theorem and the completeness theorem for the SLR eigenfunctions are proved to be valid in parallel to the SL problem. Two representations based on the SL eigenfunctions and on the SLR eigenfunctions are provided for Green’s function, which gives an example of a reproducing kernel.

Electromagnetic noise in the current sheet in the geomagnetic tail

The first point to be made here is that noise is not absolutely necessary for the existence of an electric field in the current sheet, although in practise noise is almost certainly important. Speiser's trajectory calculations neglecting noise lead to an unfamiliar kind of distribution function, which is clearly unstable in such a way as to generate longitudinal waves and possibly other waves. The stability criterion is, however, strongly affected by radiation out of the sides of the sheet. The complete problem is discussed in a general way, and it is pointed out that, depending on the character of the noise, the distribution function may or may not be radically altered by the noise. Finally the problem is broken down into several parts.

On resonance peaks in the (p,n) reactions

It has been previously shown that the giant resonance peak in the nuclear photoeffect can be understood as a superposition of the like particle- hole pairs, (pp) and (nn), in terms of the shell model. This formalism may be easily extended to an unfamiliar kind of collective state made by superimposing the unlike particle-hole pairs (pn). Discussed here is the possibility of observing such a collective state experimentally in the (p,n) reaction of a heavier nucleus. The model formulated is used to perform example calculations for lead. (H.D.R.)