Unfamiliar Information Research Articles

Examining gullibility with sentence verification judgments

Three experiments were conducted to examine gullibility as measured by people’s bias to respond with a True response when performing sentence verification judgment task. The experiments manipulated the location of unfamiliar concepts such that some sentences contained unfamiliar concepts in the subject while other sentences contained unfamiliar concepts in the predicate, hence measuring the bias to judge an idea to be true when one cannot make the decision relying on background knowledge. The results indicated: 1) a higher frequency of True response when an unfamiliar concept is located in the subject compared to when it is in the predicate; and 2) the frequency of True response was lower than chance level even when unfamiliar information is located in the subject. The results were discussed in relation to gullibility and how the verification judgment is processed as a plausibility judgment.

The Effect of Mnemonic Learning Strategy on Critical Care Nursing Students’ Tracheal Suction Skill Acquisition

Background. The mnemonic learning method is a systematic approach that helps nursing students memorize new information more effectively, productively, and easily by connecting new information with existing information and exploring unfamiliar information through visual images or combinations of letters and words. While mnemonics can help students remember specific information, it is essential to examine how well they facilitate the transfer of learning to real-world nursing practice. Aim. To investigate the effect of the mnemonic learning strategy on critical care nursing students’ tracheal suction skill acquisition and learning satisfaction. Methods. A quasi-experimental research design was used. A total of 280 second-year nursing students enrolled in critical care and emergency nursing courses were recruited. These students were assigned to study and control groups. The study group used a mnemonic learning strategy to recall the steps involved in the tracheal suction procedure, while the control group used the traditional learning strategy. Two tools were used for data collection: the tracheal suction procedure checklist and learning satisfaction scale. Comparisons between both groups regarding their performance and satisfaction scores were done. Results. Performance scores regarding the tracheal suction procedure were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group in the 5th, 6th, and 10th weeks (P<0.001, <0.001, and <0.001). A total of 70.6% of the participants in the study group reported high satisfaction using the mnemonic learning experience. Conclusion. Using a mnemonic learning strategy with critical care nursing students was effective. Participants in the study group exhibited improvement in their tracheal suction procedure scores over time. Critical care nursing students reported higher levels of learning satisfaction with the mnemonic learning method than with the traditional method.

Стереотипы межконфессиональных взаимодействий сибиряков

The successful term “stereotype” was substantiated by the journalist W. Lippman and became firmly established in scientific use. Researchers have studied the processes of stereotypes functioning. This is an important part ofthe collective consciousness, protecting a person from unfamiliar information. Stereotypes help save time and life resources for processing new information. But the negative side of stereotypes lies in the creation of mental templates for the perception of reality. It is easier for a group to simplify information than to waste time understanding the essence of another’s otherness. Information that contradicts stereotypical patterns is ignored, simplified, and distorted in terms of content. “We-group” begins to aggressively defend the meanings of its stereotypes from an alternative opinion. The opponent can be subjected to harassment and physical destruction. The structure of stereotypes and scenarios of stereotyping are considered by us from the standpoint of structuralism. “We-group” is socially differentiated. For extras and dominant members of the group, the rules of the social game are written. The meaning of the stereotype can turn into a tool for managing citizens, into a weapon against members of the “they-group”. The spontaneous part of the process of stereotyping lies in the routine existence of stereotypes, with the help of which people explain the complex phenomena of life. It is a routine practice of inventing and reinforcing language clichés. The manageable part of stereotyping is the use of these clichés for political gain. “We-group” is always in a state of stereotypical attitude. The group can choose a stereotyping scenario – a scenario of tolerant neighborhood or a scenario of negative solidarity. The first determines the path of development of a tolerant attitude towards non-Christians, the search for new knowledge about the culture of “outsiders”, the development of practices of new socio-cultural experience. The second is the way of intensifying intercultural and interfaith tension, leading to armed conflicts. The reason for interfaith conflicts is the use of creeds for personal gain. At the everyday level, conflicts arise due to cultural incompetence, the simplification of knowledge about the culture of “strangers”. In Siberia, despite the existence of stereotypes, interfaith relations are peaceful. This is emphasized by the heroes of in-depth interviews representing different confessions. Their perception of non-Christian neighbors is based on an understanding of personal merit, and not on a stereotyped understanding. Spiritual leaders confirm the idea of intercultural rapprochement of Siberians as members of a multi-confessional community. Tolerance is a social practice of neighborhood that develops the spiritual sphere of community life.

Generality, genericity and subjective predicates: What propositional attitude verbs, alien viruses, and COVID can tell us

In uttering a subjective opinion like Donuts are tasty, is a speaker expressing her own opinion or also making a generalization about people-in-general? While researchers largely agree that generic readings of subjective predicates exist, there is no consensus on how central genericity is for theories of subjective meaning. We report a psycholinguistic study that tests what influences the level of prevalence that comprehenders attribute to opinions, expressed with subjective predicates, about unfamiliar information. Specifically, if you overhear an alien expressing an opinion about an unfamiliar virus (e.g. The zorgavirus is dangerous), how many other aliens do you think share this alien's opinion? We find that the perceived generalizability of subjective predicates is modulated by the presence/absence of embedding under propositional attitude verbs (whether the speaker is explicitly mentioned with I think/consider) and by participants' extra-linguistic attitudes, namely their anxiety levels about COVID. This work uncovers a new link between subjective predicates and humans’ egocentric cognitive biases.

Frequency-based methods for improving the imperceptibility and transferability of adversarial examples

The adversarial attack is a popular technology to evaluate the robustness of deep learning models. However, adversarial examples crafted by current methods often have poor imperceptibility and low transferability, hindering the utility of attacks in practice. In this paper, we creatively leverage the frequency information to promote the imperceptibility and adversarial transferability in the white-box scenario and black-box scenario, respectively. Specifically, in the white-box scenario, we adopt the low-frequency constraint and normal projection to improve the imperceptibility of the adversarial example without reducing the attack performance. In the black-box scenario, we propose an effective Frequency Spectrum Diversity Transformation (FSDT) to address the issue of overfitting to the substitute model. FSDT enriches the input with a diverse set of unfamiliar information, significantly improving the transferability of adversarial attacks. Towards those defended target models in the black-box scenario, we also design a gradient refinement technology named Frequency Dropout (FD) to discard some useless components of gradients in the frequency domain, which can further mitigate the protective effect of defense mechanisms. Plentiful experiments forcefully validate the superiority of our proposed methods. Furthermore, we apply the proposed method to evaluate the robustness of real-world online models and discover their vulnerability. Finally, we analyze why imperceptibility and adversarial transferability are hard to improve concurrently from the view of frequency. Our codes are available at https://github.com/RYC-98/FSD-MIM-and-NPGA.

GRAFS: Graphical Faceted Search System to Support Conceptual Understanding in Exploratory Search

When people search for information about a new topic within large document collections, they implicitly construct a mental model of the unfamiliar information space to represent what they currently know and guide their exploration into the unknown. Building this mental model can be challenging as it requires not only finding relevant documents but also synthesizing important concepts and the relationships that connect those concepts both within and across documents. This article describes a novel interactive approach designed to help users construct a mental model of an unfamiliar information space during exploratory search. We propose a new semantic search system to organize and visualize important concepts and their relations for a set of search results. A user study (n=20) was conducted to compare the proposed approach against a baseline faceted search system on exploratory literature search tasks. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is more effective in helping users recognize relationships between key concepts, leading to a more sophisticated understanding of the search topic while maintaining similar functionality and usability as a faceted search system.

Active Information Acceptance of Children: Differences in Retraction of Information Acceptance Depending on the Discrepancy between Accepted and Observed Information and Presence or Absence of a Question

이 연구는 유아가 정보 제공자에게서 낯선 정보를 수용한 이후, 그와 불일치하는 사례들을 관찰하였을 때 기존의 정보 수용을 철회하는지를 알아보았다. 구체적으로, 이미 수용한 정보 제공자의 정보와 직접 관찰한 사례들이 불일치하는 정도(완전 불일치, 대부분 불일치), 그리고 관찰 사례들을 접하기 전에 기존의 수용 정보에 관한 성인의 질문을 접하는지 유무에 따라 유아가 기존의 정보 수용을 철회하는지를 알아보았다. 연구 참여자는 5세 101명(남: 49명, 여: 52명)이었으며, 온라인 실험으로 이를 알아보았다. 자료는 SPSS 20.0으로 교차분석과 이항검정을 하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 유아는 이미 수용한 정보 제공자의 정보와 이후에 관찰한 사례들이 완전히 불일치할 때에는 기존의 정보 수용을 철회하지만, 대부분 불일치할 때에는 기존의 정보 수용을 유지하는 경향이 있었다. 둘째, 기존의 정보 수용에 관한 질문을 접한 유아는 대부분 불일치 조건에서 기존의 정보 수용을 철회하는 경향이 있었다. 이 연구를 통해 질문이 특정 조건에서 유아의 능동적인 정보 수용을 도울 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있다.This study aims to investigate whether children retract their initial acceptance of unfamiliar information provided by an informant after encountering inconsistent information. Specifically, the study examines whether the degree of inconsistency between the previously accepted information and the directly observed examples (complete inconsistency, mostly inconsistency), and whether children were exposed to questioning by an adult about their prior acceptance before being presented with the observed examples, influence children's tendency to retract their initial acceptance. The study involves 101 five-year-olds (49 boys, 52 girls) who were interviewed online as participants. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 with cross-analysis and binomial test. The results suggest that children retract their prior acceptance of information when presented with complete inconsistency, but tend to maintain their prior acceptance when there is mostly inconsistency. Furthermore, when questioned about their prior acceptance, children tend to retract their acceptance in mostly mismatched situation. This study provides valuable insights into children's information acceptance and highlights the role of questioning in promoting active information acceptance under a specific condition.

GLOBALIZATION OF CULTURE IN THE MODERN WORLD AND FEATURES OF TRANSLATING NATIONAL AND CULTURAL LANGUAGE COMPONENTS

The article examines culture as an environment for the preservation of national specificity, language as the main component of culture, artistic text as a cultural phenomenon, defines the elements of national-cultural components, complies their classification, Linguistic design of each fragment of the translation should be determined by the described situation and the speaker’s communicative intention. This task is complicated by the fact that the description of the same subject/situation in different languages, even if there are complete equivalents in these languages, cannot be mutually unambiguous. Each local culture, therefore, each language has its own specific perception of reality. This specificity is expressed in the national cultural component of the text, which directly reflects the national culture served by the language. The analysis of modern literature has revealed the fact that ignoring the national cultural component of the artistic text in the translation activity leads not only to the distortion of the semantics, the content of the statements and the violation of the perception of the text both at the level of visual means and at the level of expressiveness, but in some cases — to the distortion of the content of the translated text. The results of the study have proved that when transferring national and cultural components from English to Ukrainian, various methods are used to achieve the adequacy of the translation and to solve specific pragmatic tasks, to prevent the text from being overloaded with unfamiliar or completely unfamiliar information for the reader. The conclusions obtained can be applied in translation practice when working with artistic texts, as well as in further research.

The self and a close-other: differences between processing of faces and newly acquired information.

Prioritization of self-related information (e.g. self-face) may be driven by its extreme familiarity. Nevertheless, the findings of numerous behavioral studies reported a self-preference for initially unfamiliar information, arbitrarily associated with the self. In the current study, we investigated the neural underpinnings of extremely familiar stimuli (self-face, close-other's face) and stimuli newly assigned to one's own person and to a close-other (abstract shapes). Control conditions consisted of unknown faces and unknown abstract shapes. Reaction times (RTs) to the self-face were shorter than to close-other's and unknown faces, whereas no RTs differences were observed for shapes. P3 amplitude to the self-face was larger than to close-other's and unknown faces. Nonparametric cluster-based permutation tests showed significant clusters for the self-face vs. other (close-other's, unknown) faces. However, in the case of shapes P3 amplitudes to the self-assigned shape and to the shape assigned to a close-other were similar, and both were larger than P3 to unknown shapes. No cluster was detected for the self-assigned shape when compared with the shape assigned to the close-other. Thus, our findings revealed preferential attentional processing of the self-face and the similar allocation of attentional resources to shapes assigned to the self and a close-other.

Swinging the Score? Swing Phrasing Cannot Be Communicated via Explicit Notation Instructions Alone

Jazz musicians usually learn to play with “swing” phrasing by playing by ear. Classical musicians—who play more from musical scores than by ear—are reported to struggle with producing swing. We explored whether classical musicians play with more swing when performing from more detailed swing notation. Thereby we investigated whether a culturally specific improvisational social procedure can be scripted in detailed music notation for musicians from a different performance background. Twenty classical musicians sight-read jazz tunes from three styles of notation, each with a different level of notational complexity. Experienced jazz listeners evaluated the performances. Results showed that more score-independent classical musicians with strong aural abilities played with equally strong swing regardless of notation; more score-dependent musicians swung most with the medium-complexity classical notation. The data suggest that some higher-level swing features, such as appropriate articulation, event durations, and deviations from a beat sequence can be communicated to a limited extent using written instructions. However, their successful implementation in performance depends on matching instructional complexity to a musician’s skill at decoding and interpreting unfamiliar information. This link between decoding skills and cross-cultural performance makes our findings relevant to ethnological and musicological studies of musical communication processes and perception-action coupling.

International Adoption: A Review and Update.

1. Judith Kim Eckerle, MD*,† 2. Megan Marie Bresnahan, OTR/L† 3. Maria Kroupina, PhD, LP*,† 4. Dana Ernest Johnson, MD, PhD*,† 5. Cynthia Ruth Howard, MD, MPHTM*,† 1. *Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 2. †MHealth Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, MN * Abbreviations: Ab : : antibody ACE : : adverse childhood experience CDC : : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CXR : : chest radiography IA : : international adoptee TB : : tuberculosis 1. Key information for accurate assessment of the preadoption referral. 2. Determining immunization status and planning catch-up strategy. 3. Updated screening protocol for and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. 4. Evaluation of developmental delays in the context of international adoption. 5. Screening for risk factors indicating the need for referral to child mental health and developmental specialists. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Review the basic components of an adoption referral file and know when to consult an international adoption medicine expert. 2. Perform the initial medical assessment of a newly arrived international adoptee, including evaluation of the efficacy of previous immunizations and planning of catch-up immunization based on new recommendations. 3. Screen for tuberculosis and treat latent tuberculosis infection based on recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines. 4. Understand the multiple areas of a developmental baseline of adopted children and assess for catch-up needs. 5. Identify the child with multiple risk factors and/or parental or family stressors who needs a referral to an adoption-competent mental health specialist. Although interest in intercountry adoption continues to be high, the numbers of international adoptions have changed dramatically since the peak in 2004 when 45,483 international adoptees (IAs) were placed in families worldwide. By 2017, the number dropped 79% to 9,387. In the United …

Self-Face Activates the Dopamine Reward Pathway without Awareness

The self-face advantage has been demonstrated not only at the supraliminal level, but also at the subliminal level. However, it remains unclear whether subliminal self-face processing involves the same neural networks as those for supraliminal self-face processing. Here, we show that the ventral tegmental area, a center of the dopamine reward pathway, exhibited greater activation to subliminal presentations of the self-face than those of the others’ faces, whereas subliminal presentations of the others’ faces induced activation in the amygdala, which generally responds to unfamiliar information. This self-other difference in brain response was consistently observed even when the facial configuration was modified without changing the shape of the facial parts. The present findings suggest that the dopamine reward pathway is involved in automatic self-advantage in face processing, and the subliminal self-other facial discrimination does not depend on information of the precise facial configuration.

Gender fairness in immigration language testing: a study of differential options functioning on the CELPIP-G reading multiple-choice questions

The CELPIP-G test is used by the Canadian federal government to screen immigration eligibility for the skilled worker class. Differential option functioning is a technique used to detect potential bias in the options of multiple-choice items. The purpose of this paper is to investigate DOF in a CELPIP-G reading test form by way of multinomial logistic regression. The results showed that 13.7% of options were flagged as gender DOF. Nonetheless, 11.2% were negligible or small DOF. In the case of uniform gender DOF, twice as many options were found to function against female immigration applicants than against their male counterparts. Female test-takers were more likely to be disadvantaged when tackling questions that asked them to make direct inferences based on factual but unfamiliar information. In contrast, male test-takers were more likely to be disadvantaged when tackling questions that asked them to develop their own interpretations over different views. Moreover, test questions that required an understanding of more sophisticated ideas in complex language structure and allowing personal interpretation tended to show more marked and non-uniform gender DOF.

Identity Navigation During Refugee Experiences

In 2018 the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees asserted that there are 25.4 million refugees worldwide. News media, state actors, and other bodies speak about refugees in ways that emphasize certain aspects of their experiences. We do not often hear how those identified as refugees speak about themselves and how they navigate their identities in the context of information. This article asks: How do self-identified refugee communities in Athens, Greece, and Hamburg, Germany, engage with information spaces during their refugee experiences to navigate identity in new receiving-society contexts? Drawing on Erving Goffman (1959) and Webb Keane’s (1997) idea that information transmission through interaction is at the center of identity development, this research uses a mixed method of semi-structured interviews and embedded participant observation. The findings expose three challenges to identity navigation at both sites: prolonged liminality, unfamiliar information spaces within receiving societies, and misinformed information spaces within receiving societies. In addressing these challenges, participants balanced tremendous effort and agency with the effects of systems beyond their control. The implications of our findings relate to the viability of liminality theories and the need for policy modifications to encourage receiving societies to assume responsibility for aspects of identity work within their control.

Look it up: Online search reduces the problematic effects of exposures to inaccuracies.

People often reproduce information they read, which is beneficial when that information is accurate. Unfortunately, people are also often exposed to inaccurate information, with subsequent reproductions allowing for problematic decisions and behaviors. One empirically validated consequence of exposures to inaccuracies is that after reading falsehoods, participants are more likely to make errors answering related questions than if they previously read accurate statements, particularly for unfamiliar information. Interventions designed to attenuate these reproductions are often ineffective, at least as studied in tasks that restrict participants to generating answers based on text content and relevant prior knowledge. In the real world, however, people have access to outside resources to evaluate information. In three experiments, we tested whether affording the option to search for relevant online information following exposure to inaccurate statements would reduce reproductions of those inaccuracies on a post-reading task. Participants given the opportunity to search for information were less likely to reproduce inaccurate information and more likely to produce correct responses, in comparison to the performance of participants who were not allowed to search. We also tested whether warnings about potentially inaccurate information would encourage searches and inform responses. While warnings increased searching, additional reductions in inaccurate reproductions were not observed. Given the contingencies of many lab tasks, reproductions of inaccurate information might be overestimated. Resources available in the real world can offer useful supports for reducing the influence of and uncertainty associated with inaccurate exposures, consistent with contemporary accounts of memory and comprehension.

On Seeing and Listening: How to Better Support Affected Communities before the Disaster Starts

This article draws on insights from disaster anthropology and medical anthropology, using examples from community-based research after Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy on Staten Island, and after Hurricanes Irma and Maria in Puerto Rico, illustrating how lack of cultural knowledge and contextual “not seeing” hampers both emergency response and longer term recovery efforts. Using these two distinct examples, it reveals underlying biases within the culture of emergency management that hamper agency effectiveness. It then makes recommendations as to how emergency management personnel can work to overcome these biases, and quickly obtain and incorporate previously unfamiliar information about local context. Building equitable partnerships with local organizations and networks will better support disaster preparedness, emergency response, and recovery efforts.

Tailoring Infographics on Water Resources Through Iterative, User‐Centered Design: A Case Study in the Peruvian Andes

AbstractEffective communication and knowledge sharing across stakeholder groups (e.g., science, government, business, civil society, farmers, and the general public) are essential for more informed water resource management. Visualizations and graphics are powerful tools to engage diverse groups with unfamiliar information. Despite this potential, the design of visuals within applied science settings often does not involve end‐user interaction or explicit consideration of their existing knowledge systems, perspective, requirements, and context of use. As a result, products are often difficult for users to understand and contextualize. While user interaction and the development of tailored visualizations is increasingly promoted as a potential remedy, limited empirical evidence exists that shows the potential impact and can guide the development of specific approaches. We piloted an iterative and user‐centered design methodology toward the tailoring of infographic‐style posters in the context of Peruvian water governance. To test whether tailoring demonstrably improves the perceived effectiveness of products, we designed three products that conveyed similar information but were tailored to three different audiences (an Andean agricultural, urban professional, and urban general). We then compared the tailored posters to those tailored to other audiences by means of interviews and user grading. We found that end‐users perceive products that have undergone tailoring as more interesting, clearer, and more useful than products designed without explicit user consideration. Our findings indicate that identifying groups with shared characteristics and requirements is key for effective tailoring. Our research provides empirical evidence to support the incorporation of user‐centered design methods in water resource management contexts.

Towards better information services: A framework for immigrant information needs and library services

Immigrants are among the populations in modern society that libraries are striving to serve. This study aims to develop a framework on immigrants, their information needs, and library services. Using a systematic literature review based on the grounded theory approach, 28 related articles were reviewed to identify the causes, characteristics, and the content of the information needs of immigrants. Also explored were the possible sources to satisfy these information needs and the barriers to accessing needed information. Findings indicate that personal social networks, the Internet, media sources, and institutions are the main information sources for immigrants; language, cultural differences, the digital divide, unfamiliar information systems, and psychological factors are the five major challenges for immigrants obtaining information. Based on the findings, a unified framework about immigrants, their information needs, sources to satisfy those needs, and library information services is, therefore, proposed. This framework may provide guidance for libraries and other information service agencies to better develop services and information systems for immigrants.

Consumer reactions to unfamiliar technologies: mental and social formation of perceptions and attitudes toward nano and GM products

Using focus groups, the research analyses the mental and social processes through which consumers form perceptions and opinions about unfamiliar technologies and the derived products, taking the perception of nanotechnology and nano-products, GM and GM products as example. Our findings suggest that limited understanding of the technological principles and lack of (visible) products prevent the formation of experience-based attitudes and behavioral intentions. In this context, consumers interpret and assess cognitive interventions such as product labels or product information, as well as the trustworthiness of unfamiliar information sources, based on heuristic clues, association, mutual reassurance and previous attitudes. The established determinants of technology risk perception (e.g. knowledge, social norms, perceived risks and benefits and controllability) were the subject of constant deliberation and negotiation among participants. Consequently, the perception of risk and technology communication interventions might vary greatly across different locations and segments of the public, complicating risk communication and trust-building.

An EEG Study of a Confusing State Induced by Information Insufficiency during Mathematical Problem-Solving and Reasoning

Confusion is a complex cognitive state that is prevalent during learning and problem-solving. The aim of this study is to explore the brain activity reflected by electroencephalography (EEG) during a confusing state induced by two kinds of information insufficiencies during mathematical problem-solving, namely, an explicit situation that clearly lacked information and an implicit situation in which the missing information was hidden in the problem itself, and whether there is an EEG difference between these two situations. Two experimental tasks and three control tasks were created. Short time Fourier transformation (STFT) was used for time-frequency analysis; then the alpha task-related-power (TRP) changes and distributions, which are closely related to cognitive processing, were calculated, and repeated measures ANOVA were performed to find the significant difference between task conditions. The results showed that the alpha power decreased significantly in the regions related to calculation when the participants encountered both explicit and implicit information insufficiency tasks compared to the control tasks, suggesting that confusion can cause more brain activity in the cortical regions related to the tasks that induce confusion. In addition, the implicit information insufficiency task elicited more activity in the parietal and right temporal regions, whereas the explicit information insufficiency task elicited additional activity in the frontal lobe, which revealed that the frontal region is related to the processing of novel or unfamiliar information and the parietal-temporal regions are involved in sustained attention or reorientation during confusing states induced by information insufficiency. In conclusion, this study has preliminarily investigated the EEG characteristics of confusion states, suggests that EEG is a promising methodology to detect confusion, and provides a basis for future studies aiming to achieve automatic recognition of confusing states.