Unfamiliar Ground Research Articles

Chapter 8: Economy and Society in Iraqi Kurdistan: Fragile Institutions and Enduring Trends

A US-led assault on Iraq will have unpredictable and possibly profound effects on Iraqi society. Moreover, those effects will vary with the objectives and strategy adopted by the US and its allies as well as by the pace and scope of the collapse of Iraqi resistance. Further, the reach of Washington's post-war objectives has not yet been settled. Given these multiple sources of uncertainty, understanding the relationship between Iraqi society and the Iraqi state after three decades of Ba'ath rule is all the more crucial to the success of post-war efforts to reconstruct the country and reconstitute its political system. Yet that relationship is poorly understood in the West. The Iraq of today cannot easily be mapped on to a neat diagramme of sect, tribe, or party. The rentier structure of the state economy, the regime's manipulation of group identity to control the population, the emergence of a shadow state that distributes public goods to advance regime interests, and pervasive violence have transformed Iraq's socio-political landscape into dangerous and unfamiliar ground for intervention. These essays delineate the options now being debated in Washington and provide up-to-date assessments of how Iraqi state and society will respond to the impact of war and the removal of a deeply-rooted authoritarian regime.

Chapter 4: A Few Days After: State and Society in a post-Saddam Iraq

A US-led assault on Iraq will have unpredictable and possibly profound effects on Iraqi society. Moreover, those effects will vary with the objectives and strategy adopted by the US and its allies as well as by the pace and scope of the collapse of Iraqi resistance. Further, the reach of Washington's post-war objectives has not yet been settled. Given these multiple sources of uncertainty, understanding the relationship between Iraqi society and the Iraqi state after three decades of Ba'ath rule is all the more crucial to the success of post-war efforts to reconstruct the country and reconstitute its political system. Yet that relationship is poorly understood in the West. The Iraq of today cannot easily be mapped on to a neat diagramme of sect, tribe, or party. The rentier structure of the state economy, the regime's manipulation of group identity to control the population, the emergence of a shadow state that distributes public goods to advance regime interests, and pervasive violence have transformed Iraq's socio-political landscape into dangerous and unfamiliar ground for intervention. These essays delineate the options now being debated in Washington and provide up-to-date assessments of how Iraqi state and society will respond to the impact of war and the removal of a deeply-rooted authoritarian regime.

Chapter 2: A Possible US-Led Campaign Against Iraq: Key Factors and an Assessment

A US-led assault on Iraq will have unpredictable and possibly profound effects on Iraqi society. Moreover, those effects will vary with the objectives and strategy adopted by the US and its allies as well as by the pace and scope of the collapse of Iraqi resistance. Further, the reach of Washington's post-war objectives has not yet been settled. Given these multiple sources of uncertainty, understanding the relationship between Iraqi society and the Iraqi state after three decades of Ba'ath rule is all the more crucial to the success of post-war efforts to reconstruct the country and reconstitute its political system. Yet that relationship is poorly understood in the West. The Iraq of today cannot easily be mapped on to a neat diagramme of sect, tribe, or party. The rentier structure of the state economy, the regime's manipulation of group identity to control the population, the emergence of a shadow state that distributes public goods to advance regime interests, and pervasive violence have transformed Iraq's socio-political landscape into dangerous and unfamiliar ground for intervention. These essays delineate the options now being debated in Washington and provide up-to-date assessments of how Iraqi state and society will respond to the impact of war and the removal of a deeply-rooted authoritarian regime.

Chapter 5: Saddam's Power Structure: the Tikritis Before, During and After the War

A US-led assault on Iraq will have unpredictable and possibly profound effects on Iraqi society. Moreover, those effects will vary with the objectives and strategy adopted by the US and its allies as well as by the pace and scope of the collapse of Iraqi resistance. Further, the reach of Washington's post-war objectives has not yet been settled. Given these multiple sources of uncertainty, understanding the relationship between Iraqi society and the Iraqi state after three decades of Ba'ath rule is all the more crucial to the success of post-war efforts to reconstruct the country and reconstitute its political system. Yet that relationship is poorly understood in the West. The Iraq of today cannot easily be mapped on to a neat diagramme of sect, tribe, or party. The rentier structure of the state economy, the regime's manipulation of group identity to control the population, the emergence of a shadow state that distributes public goods to advance regime interests, and pervasive violence have transformed Iraq's socio-political landscape into dangerous and unfamiliar ground for intervention. These essays delineate the options now being debated in Washington and provide up-to-date assessments of how Iraqi state and society will respond to the impact of war and the removal of a deeply-rooted authoritarian regime.

Chapter 9: Clerics, Tribes, Ideologues and Urban Dwellers in the South of Iraq: the Potential for Rebellion

A US-led assault on Iraq will have unpredictable and possibly profound effects on Iraqi society. Moreover, those effects will vary with the objectives and strategy adopted by the US and its allies as well as by the pace and scope of the collapse of Iraqi resistance. Further, the reach of Washington's post-war objectives has not yet been settled. Given these multiple sources of uncertainty, understanding the relationship between Iraqi society and the Iraqi state after three decades of Ba'ath rule is all the more crucial to the success of post-war efforts to reconstruct the country and reconstitute its political system. Yet that relationship is poorly understood in the West. The Iraq of today cannot easily be mapped on to a neat diagramme of sect, tribe, or party. The rentier structure of the state economy, the regime's manipulation of group identity to control the population, the emergence of a shadow state that distributes public goods to advance regime interests, and pervasive violence have transformed Iraq's socio-political landscape into dangerous and unfamiliar ground for intervention. These essays delineate the options now being debated in Washington and provide up-to-date assessments of how Iraqi state and society will respond to the impact of war and the removal of a deeply-rooted authoritarian regime.

Chapter 1: America's War on Iraq: Myths and Opportunities

A US-led assault on Iraq will have unpredictable and possibly profound effects on Iraqi society. Moreover, those effects will vary with the objectives and strategy adopted by the US and its allies as well as by the pace and scope of the collapse of Iraqi resistance. Further, the reach of Washington's post-war objectives has not yet been settled. Given these multiple sources of uncertainty, understanding the relationship between Iraqi society and the Iraqi state after three decades of Ba'ath rule is all the more crucial to the success of post-war efforts to reconstruct the country and reconstitute its political system. Yet that relationship is poorly understood in the West. The Iraq of today cannot easily be mapped on to a neat diagramme of sect, tribe, or party. The rentier structure of the state economy, the regime's manipulation of group identity to control the population, the emergence of a shadow state that distributes public goods to advance regime interests, and pervasive violence have transformed Iraq's socio-political landscape into dangerous and unfamiliar ground for intervention. These essays delineate the options now being debated in Washington and provide up-to-date assessments of how Iraqi state and society will respond to the impact of war and the removal of a deeply-rooted authoritarian regime.

Love Machines

Love Machines

Unfamiliar ground

Unfamiliar ground

The Monstered Self: Narrative of Death and Performance in Latin American Fiction (review)

Reviewed by: The Monstered Self: Narrative of Death and Performance in Latin American Fiction Elzbieta Sklodowska Eduardo González . The Monstered Self: Narrative of Death and Performance in Latin American Fiction. Durham: Duke UP, 1992. 275 pp. $ 37.50 cloth. In keeping with the promise of its evocative title, Eduardo González's book explores the predicament of literary subjects who, like Shakespeare's Coriolanus, cannot perform without generating a complex web of stories that turn them into "monstered selves." González's masterly scrutiny of short stories and novels by Borges, Cortázar, Wells, Vargas Llosa and Roa Bastos elucidates the ways in which death, metamorphosis and transfiguration are closely linked to this dual character of performance. Part One, "Myth as Mask," consists of one extensive chapter, which offers a carefully articulated examination of the act of storytelling as a "conflict between individual autonomy and the stereotypes of group solidarity found in magic and ritual." González weaves his analysis of Borges' "El Sur" and "La muerte y la brujula" and H. G. Wells' The Invisible Man into a complex web of overlaps and continuations with Borges' own essays and Walter Benjamin's "The Storyteller" and "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction." With remarkable resourcefulness González draws support from varied fields, including psychoanalysis, anthropology, etymology and comparative literature. The insights that result from this sophisticated blend are brought together in a virtuoso study of Vargas Llosa's The Storyteller that closes Part One. The two chapters of Part Two ("Pastoral and Dark Romance") focus on Cortázar's short fiction. By exploring the complex sedimentation of the character's voice in "Cefalea," the first chapter offers a powerful new "take" on the much discussed topic of the fantastic as a textual strategy which subverts the pastoral narrative from within. In contrast to many critical discussions of Córtazar's best-known stories that suffer from a limiting formalistic bias, the readings of "Bestiario," "Final del juego" and "Las armas secretas" benefit from a broader cultural perspective, encompassing psychoanalytical principles, the structuralist study of kinship and self-conscious reflection on the monstrosity of storytelling within literary criticism. In Part Three—focused on Roa Bastos' novel, Yo el Supremo-, González continues unfolding his argument, which "is simply this: in narrative, the need for expressiveness goes hand-in-hand with (and may radically resist) the plain urge to communicate with others." While Part Three attests to the labyrinthine nature of González's style, his interweaving of theory, intertextuality (Finnegans Wake, "The Pardoner's Tale") and textual analysis is illuminating and astute enough to lead us over the most unfamiliar ground. Through his compelling rereading of the Supreme's individual biography and of Paraguay's native myths, religion and collective genealogy, González reiterates and complements his previous meditations on the complexities of storytelling. [End Page 167] The Monstered Self is an exemplary work of scholarship whose relevance goes far beyond the critical horizon of Latin American literary studies. González possesses a remarkable mastery of an impressive theoretical apparatus, which enables him to challenge and engage the reader. By incorporating cross-discplinary insights in the field of Latin American literary criticism and seeking mutual illumination of literature, theory and criticism, The Monstered Self offers enriched understanding of all three. Elzbieta Sklodowska Washington University Copyright © 1994 Purdue Research Foundation

Managing Intrapreneurship

As mature businesses look for growth opportunities by entering new markets and introducing new products and services, a new style of management is required. Attempting to create new ventures within the context of a large corporation or mature business demands an approach that differs significantly from traditional ways of doing business. Existing management models are not adequate for developing products and services that are truly new, and not simply line extensions. Intrapreneurs, who attempt to create a new venture within the context of an existing corporation will find themselves on unfamiliar ground. As a result, they will have many questions to consider about developing market strategy, maximising the potential of human resources, and changing corporate culture. These questions are examined based on experiences in a new business development group.

Paradigm and Ideology in Educational Research: The Social Functions of the Intellectual

I accept much that Popkewitz says in his impressive book. I wish I didn't! He writes with great elegance and power on many issues of current interest: the social and cultural location of research activities; the relationship between theory, research and practice; the social role of the intellectual and the epistemological and social assumptions inherent in professional practice. I read the book with a degree of elation, inwardly nodding and saying to myself: Yes, yes, yes. And yet after finishing it I experienced a certain post-reading tristesse. The analysis of the nature of educational research, strategies of educational change, the process of evaluation and problems of educational consultancy is trenchant but the question with which one is left is not: What is the future for these activities? but: Have these activities any future? Popkewitz's discussion of different research paradigms will be familiar to most readers who are already university teachers or members of the research community, but it constitutes a very clear and sophisticated introduction for students coming fresh to the discussion of conflicting methodologies. He is fair to all perspectives, but his own position is quite clear. In stating that the purpose of this book is to probe 'how social assumptions, cultural location and political interests become inextricably tied to conceptual procedures and design questions' it is clear that the idea of rational, objective, value-free educational science isn't going to come out on top. And so it proves. However, though a critique of Western liberal-bourgeois objectivist social science will be familiar to many, Popkewitz's chapter on Soviet pedagogical sciences may well cover unfamiliar ground. The point which he elaborates is that the Western emphasis on schooling as a psychological problem and the Soviet emphasis on schooling as a pedagogical problem have to be seen not simply as differing in their utilitarian purposes but as rooted in the different historical and social circumstances in which educational goals are decided. Soviet research is based on Marxist analysis underpinned by the philosophical assumptions of dialectical materialism, but Popkewitz explores various contradictions and the challenges made by a number of Soviet educationists.

The World as God's ‘body’: In Pursuit of Dialogue with Rāmānuja

In this essay I propose to offer some observations in due course on how Christian thought and practice in general (though some reference will be made to the Indian context) might profit from a central theme in the theology of Rāmānuja, a Tamil Vaisnava Brahmin whose traditional date straddles the eleventh and twelfth centuries of the Christian era. The central theme I have in mind is expressed in Rāmānuja's view that the ‘world’ is the ‘body’ of Brahman or God. We shall go on to explain what this means, but let me state first that my overall aim is to further inter-religious understanding, especially between Christian and Hindu points of view. In professing a concern for inter-religious dialogue I know that I reflect a longstanding interest of Professor H. D. Lewis. I shall seek to show that the Christian religion can profit both from the content and the method of Rāmānuja's body-of-God theology. To this end this essay is divided into two sections. Section I is the longer: it contains an analysis of what Rāmānuja did (and did not) mean by his body-of-God theme – doubtless unfamiliar ground for most of the readers of this essay – and serves as a propaedeutic for what follows in section 2. In section 2 I shall attempt to ‘extrapolate’ Rāmānuja's thinking into a Christian context, with dialogue in mind. Section 2 cannot be appreciated for the promise I hope it holds out without the (sometimes involved) detail of the first section.

Worker representation and the articulation of training needs

The focus of discussion about industrial democracy has shifted from worker directors to collective bargaining. This shift means that representatives will find themselves negotiating on relatively unfamiliar ground, with consequent implications for their training needs. Tom Schuller and Simon Henderson discuss certain issues identified in an SSRC‐sponsored project on training for worker representatives.

Guided Analysis: An Experiment in Educational Technique

American Journal of Agricultural EconomicsVolume 58, Issue 3 p. 546-550 Note Guided Analysis: An Experiment in Educational Technique Timothy M. Hammonds, Timothy M. Hammonds associate professor of agricultural economics Oregon State University, CorvallisSearch for more papers by this author Timothy M. Hammonds, Timothy M. Hammonds associate professor of agricultural economics Oregon State University, CorvallisSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 August 1976 https://doi.org/10.2307/1239272AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Volume58, Issue3August 1976Pages 546-550 RelatedInformation

Admiralty Law and Its Effect on Offshore Development

Technological developments bring an increasing number of skills and sciences, men and material, to the sea. Those who come there with little previous maritime experience must recognize that the sea has its own legal rules, just as it has its own technological problems. Introduction Wherever man has left the land and put to sea, he has established special rules or laws to govern his conduct in this nonterrestrial environment. These special rules we know as the law of admiralty, or maritime law. The tiny Island of Rhodes, in the Mediterranean, is the site of man's earliest formal maritime code of law, said to be dated nearly 3,000 years ago. Because the disputes of seafaring men seem so different from those of their landlocked brothers, the practice of using special admiralty courts still exists practice of using special admiralty courts still exists throughout the world. In 1966, the Federal courts in the U. S. merged their civil and admiralty courts, but retained a set of "Supplemental Rules for Certain Admiralty and Maritime Claims". There exists in the U. S. a large body of statutory and general maritime law that governs our people at sea throughout the world and governs others who come into our waters. This paper is directed primarily to those whose ventures now carry them to sea. but who previously have had little or no contact with the law of admiralty. The technology that petroleum engineers are introducing into the sea is new. But the "things" involved with that technology men, vessels and their cargo are "things" that have been regulated by admiralty courts for centuries. The petroleum engineer should know, at least in a general way, what effect admiralty law can have on his enterprises. A word of caution is in order. Admiralty law is complex, and its concepts change, sometimes with astounding speed. General principles have numerous exceptions. It has been suggested that technologists approach maritime legal problems "as new and unfamiliar ground and perhaps even a hostile environment". Vessels and the Admiralty Jurisdiction The principal character on the admiralty scene is the vessel. The vessel's status in admiralty is elevated to almost the level of a real being. For example, a suit may be brought against a vessel, quite apart from a suit against her rightful owner, who may be unknown, unavailable, or insolvent. The suit against a vessel is called an in rem proceeding and the suit papers might read. for example, John Doe v. The SS Queen Mary, Her Engines, Tackle, Etc. Old concepts of what constitutes a "vessel" must be revised. Today virtually any object or structure capable of transporting any type of goods, equipment, or personnel on water would be held to be a vessel by the courts. The submersible drilling rig, for example, is a "vessel". and men assigned to regular, work on it are "seamen". On the other hand a fixed platform is not a vessel and its crew are not seamen, platform is not a vessel and its crew are not seamen, unless they are crew members of a floating tender. All vessels, regardless of size, shape, character or mission, will be governed and regulated by admiralty law principles and statutes. More will be said later on the nature of the regulations. At this point, just remember that if it will float, it probably is a vessel. If some day a U. S. Marshal comes to your crewboat at the dock, goes aboard and attaches a piece of paper on the wheelhouse window, your boat has probably just been arrested or "seized" and taken into legal custody. JPT P. 276

MISSILES IN THE HEART

In a remarkable study, titled "Missiles in the Heart," Bland and Beebe¹draw attention to the psychic trauma caused by intracardiac foreign bodies. It seems appropriate on St. Valentine's day to borrow this title for a brief comment on another traumatizing missile—the arrow of Cupid (see color cover) which wings its way to a victim's heart. The flight of Cupid's arrow is rarely smooth. Currently prevailing winds are not favorable to romantic love. Caught in air pockets of biologic dissection, psychologic analysis, and sociologic scrutiny, impeded by flying objects in the shape of "scientific" love manuals and marital guides, misdirected to other anatomic targets by risqué love lyrics which crowd the airways, love's arrow may stray far off target. Even when scoring a bull's-eye, the arrow may find itself on unfamiliar ground. It may strike a prosthetic valve, a plastic ventricle, even an artificial heart. But will these synthetic

Discussion of Professor Buyniak’s Paper

Professor Buyniak's careful survey is the most complete history to date of Slavic Studies in Canada. A commentator will hardly improve on his thoroughness, but he can voice a few hopes and add a few critical observations which would normally not have a place in a factual study of this kind. The first observation to be made is that Slavic studies, like other area studies, have gone through a period of growing pains, marked not merely by lack of funds and foresight on the part of university administrations, but also by difficulties inherent in venturing into unfamiliar grounds. The profession should perhaps face the fact that the distrust on the part of university administrations in the early years was not only due to short-sightedness and a built-in conservatism, but in part to the absence of qualified Slavic scholars. During the first post-war years many appointments were made, even senior appointments, that were the result of a hasty and improper appraisal of candidates for academic positions. Indeed, there were no precedents for evaluating the credentials of Europeans eager to teach in Slavic Studies, and brandishing unfamiliar certificates of proficiencyor sometimes with no certificates at alland demanding academic positions on the strength of them. The consequences of appointments made on the basis of such credentials were sometimes painful and caused administrators for years to look askance at the whole profession, withholding their trust and their funds from the doubtful and the deserving candidates alike. It is gratifying to be able to say that this period is now definitely over; new appointments are being made on the basis of the same criteria as in other fields and the growing output of scholarly works bespeaks the growing strength and quality of the profession. In this connection, it may be pointed out that students of purely Anglo-Saxon origin are beginning to take interest in Slavic Studies and this augurs well for the future: only they can furnish a durable basis for the development of Slavic Studies. Another observation is in the nature of a caveat: there is dangerand that danger is not lesseningthat Slavic specialists will be drawn into the duels of the Cold War and will, in fact, become its instruments.

Advance and Retreat (review)

324CIVIL WAR HISTORY who would like to have an authoritative account of the Battle of Brandy Station will have to await another volume. Hans L. Trefousse Brooklyn College. Advance and Retreat. By General John B. Hood. Edited by Richard N. Current. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press—Civil War Centennial Series, 1959. Pp. xii, 376. $6.00.) "advance and retreat" was an unfortunate book. Written to repair the military reputation of its author, it succeeded only in shattering it completely. As a contribution to history, it merits nothing since it is a maze of contradictions, distortions, and evasions. But those acquainted with the gay, honorable Hood of pre-Chickamauga days, and who can see, in this unwitting revelation, the transformation of an ambitious and promising favorite to a scheming, frustrated failure, it will be interesting autobiography. The fateful bullet at Chickamauga cost Hood more than his leg. Never an intellectual man, and certainly no philosopher, the change from dashing Richmond beau to a cripple on crutches appears to have set up in him an increasing frenzy which led not only to his own undoing but, also, to the ruin of the Army of Tennessee. The habit patterns established during that transformation are apparent in this book. The simple, forthright Hood had become a genius at dissembling , a master of equivocation. It is kinder to believe that the myriad "errors" in his book were not deliberate falsifications but rather the products of a tortured mind which had persuaded itself that they were true. It would take a far longer book to rationalize them all, and should some competent person assume the task he would be doing a great service to the sadly neglected field of factual history. Earlier, Hood had been a superior lower echelon commander. When others bore the responsibility, he rose rapidly and promised well. But when the burden fell upon him, he avoided the battlefield and placed others in immediate command. To have a scapegoat in case of failure? Consciously, perhaps not. But the evidence points to the dominating influence of a subconscious mind which could not face alone the risks of its own decisions . And so, in his book, Hood could not admit harsh truths. Far better for his reputation had he faced the facts honestly and defended his management with courage and truth. Although the editor attempted to rationalize disputed matters, he was on unfamiliar ground. He credits Johnston's "decision to strike Sherman at Peachtree Creek" to Hood, takes the popular amateur view as to Sherman 's "primary objective," permits Hood to claim credit for the vast fortifications of Atlanta (begun in 1863 and completed under Johnston's direction), and calls Hood "undoubtedly justified in contending that they could not be held, even though he—with a thrice defeated army—held them until Sherman finessed him out of them at Jonesboro seven weeks Book Reviews325 later." At Cassville he cites, in Hood's support, only some !insupportable conclusions of others: Dyer's in the case of Wood's brigade which care would have revealed to be an interior brigade which could hardly have "wandered" across three division fronts without someone asking, profanely, where it was going; and Horn's, which is merely a rewrite of Hood's account . And all three of them ignore the fact that Johnston, not Hood, was in command, and that Hood's alleged insistence upon attacking Sherman was merely a subordinate's recommendation—one which would have delighted Sherman had Johnston accepted it. Comparing Hood's statements with actual events, as shown clearly in the Records, one wonders if he wanted Johnston to succeed at Cassville— or anywhere. It appears doubtful, else so eager a fighter would hardly have avoided the chance given him by Johnston to smash Sherman's left. Neither would he have diverted his whole corps to do a regiment's job of investigating the "wandering fragment" which, Dyer, Horn and Hood's unidentifiable "General" Carson (page 104) nothwithstanding, Hood admitted in his report (page 334) "turned out to be the enemy's cavalry" with which his skirmishers were already engaged. The facts point to the ugly conclusion that Hood deliberately avoided battle on the morning of the 19th...

The Beginning of the "Thaw," 1953-1955

Following Stalin's death, party leaders in Moscow and the satellites made public pronouncements indicating a sharp break with Communist dogma. "New Course" policies included: concessions to agriculture and peasantry, re adjustment of proportions between heavy and light industry, increase in con sumer-goods production, sharp rise in living standards, and a new respect for "forms of Socialist legality." After the introduction of the first economic re forms the "New Course" took on a political dimension. East European party and governmental leaders found themselves in unfamiliar ground—it was no longer merely a case of what the center chose to do, but how the masses would respond. The "New Course" was not a success and initiative was passing from Communist hands. A strategy of restoration was initiated by Russian leaders who intended that 1955 should be a year of salvage, a going back to pre-"New Course" policy. However, in Eastern Europe this was too late.—Ed.

To Shift or Not to Shift

MANY a high school orchestra violinist has pondered this question while reading concert or contest numbers for the first time, or while studying his part preparatory to tryouts. His degree of accuracy and his quickness of response to this will bring either joy or dismay to the heart of the director. Indeed, there may be a few directors who have raised their eyebrows in seeking this answer which means so much to the effective playing of their string sections. One ventures to include directors because there may be some who are primarily band men or vocalists, and, while they may know the effects they want from the strings, they are on slightly unfamiliar ground when confronted with certain problems of violin technique such as shifting in all its many uses and aspects. No one will deny that this very intimate part of a violinist's equipment can be learned best by actually doing it with one's own bow and fingers. Even though the orchestra director may lack this intimate acquaintance with the problem of shifting, he may learn some things by observation, while others will become clear only by gaining some knowledge of the general principles underlying this important part of string technique. In a brief attempt to shed some light on this problem we will leave out of the discussion bow technique-which is the ability to play the different styles of bowing such as martele, staccato, spiccato, etc.-and the skill necessary in playing the varied rhythmical patterns which are present on every page of orchestra music. Back of these skills is the ability to co6rdinate the left-hand fingers with the movements of the bow. This discussion presupposes this ability. The sum of all these bow and left-hand skills plus the use of the positions is the problem of shifting and of the portamento.