Unfair Behavior Research Articles

Fairness Concerns in App Reviews: A Study on AI-Based Mobile Apps

Fairness is one of the socio-technical concerns that must be addressed in software systems. Considering the popularity of mobile software applications (apps) among a wide range of individuals worldwide, mobile apps with unfair behaviors and outcomes can affect a significant proportion of the global population, potentially more than any other type of software system. Users express a wide range of socio-technical concerns in mobile app reviews. This research aims to investigate fairness concerns raised in mobile app reviews. Our research focuses on AI-based mobile app reviews as the chance of unfair behaviors and outcomes in AI-based mobile apps may be higher than in non-AI-based apps. To this end, we first manually constructed a ground-truth dataset, including 1,132 fairness and 1,473 non-fairness reviews. Leveraging the ground-truth dataset, we developed and evaluated a set of machine learning and deep learning models that distinguish fairness reviews from non-fairness reviews. Our experiments show that our best-performing model can detect fairness reviews with a precision of 94%. We then applied the best-performing model on approximately 9.5M reviews collected from 108 AI-based apps and identified around 92K fairness reviews. Next, applying the K-means clustering technique to the 92K fairness reviews, followed by manual analysis, led to the identification of six distinct types of fairness concerns (e.g., “receiving different quality of features and services in different platforms and devices” and “lack of transparency and fairness in dealing with user-generated content” ). Finally, the manual analysis of 2,248 app owners’ responses to the fairness reviews identified six root causes (e.g., “copyright issues”) that app owners report to justify fairness concerns.

Adolescents' evaluations of peer and teacher unfair treatment in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics classes: Expected interventions.

This study explores adolescents' evaluations of unfair teacher and peer behavior in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) classes. Participants included ninth and tenth grade students from five public schools in the Southeastern United States, (N = 577, 45.9% female, 49% male, 5% other/prefer not to say/unsure). Students were ethnically representative of their communities: 48% White/European American, 22.7% Black/African American, 14% Latino/a/e/x, and 15.3% multi-racial/other/prefer not to say. Measures assessed adolescents' responses to hypothetical scenarios of unfair treatment. The findings indicate that adolescents recognize both teacher and peer unfair behavior as wrong, with nuanced differences based on participants' gender and grade. Attribution analysis reveals varied expected reasons for unfair treatment. Responses to unfair behavior differ, with adolescents more likely to confront peers than teachers. Demographic factors, school climate, discrimination, belonging, and critical consciousness contribute to variations in judgments and responses. The study highlights the importance of addressing unfair treatment in STEM settings to foster inclusivity and support student persistence in STEM.

The Right to Judicial Protection in the Context of Increasing Judicial Caseload in Modern Russia: From Romanticism to Pragmatism

The paper describes the right to judicial protection in the context of Russian legislation and proposes ways to reduce the burden on the judicial system. It is noted that the right to judicial protection is fundamental and imposes special obligations on the State. However, in conditions when the caseload is increasing, the question arises of clarifying its limits to prevent unfair behavior in the process and abuse of the right. The author opines that the right to judicial protection should be used in cases where there are real contradictions between the subjects of legal relations and it is otherwise impossible to resolve the conflict (while in Russia in many cases there is no real dispute about the law). The author justifies the point of view that the right to judicial protection should not be directly limited, but only certain conditions for its implementation should be introduced. Taking this into account, the author analyzes the most effective legal means of influencing unscrupulous participants who abuse their rights, namely: the need to recover court expenses, mandatory pre-trial procedures, the threshold amount for filing a claim with the court by state bodies.

Marginal debiased network for fair visual recognition

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are often prone to learn the spurious correlations between target classes and bias attributes, like gender and race, inherent in a major portion of training data (bias-aligned samples), thus showing unfair behavior and arising controversy in the modern pluralistic and egalitarian society. In this paper, we propose a novel marginal debiased network (MDN) to learn debiased representations. More specifically, a marginal softmax loss (MSL) is designed by introducing the idea of margin penalty into the fairness problem, which assigns a larger margin for bias-conflicting samples (data without spurious correlations) than for bias-aligned ones, so as to deemphasize the spurious correlations and improve generalization on unbiased test criteria. To determine the margins, our MDN is optimized through a meta learning framework. We propose a meta equalized loss (MEL) to perceive the model fairness, and adaptively update the margin parameters by meta-optimization which requires the trained model guided by the optimal margins should minimize MEL computed on an unbiased meta-validation set. Extensive experiments on BiasedMNIST, Corrupted CIFAR-10, CelebA and UTK-Face datasets demonstrate that our MDN can achieve a remarkable performance on under-represented samples and obtain superior debiased results against the previous approaches.

2024년 의료정책을 둘러싼 제문제에 관한 소고

Collective action, such as strikes in the medical community, has been a social problem that has occurred countless times around the world in various causes and methods. Since human history is based on health, the medical community that has a great relevance to it is surrounded by complex and wide-ranging issues. In the case of the Korean medical community, a small collective action since the 1950s and a huge collective action called the four major doctor strikes since the 2000s have led to a serious health care disaster crisis called a medical chaos. This is the result of insufficient initial responses that overlooked the inadequacies of legal and appropriate solutions and the possibility of enormous social waves. The national crisis caused by the collective action against the promotion of medical policies currently facing must now be fundamentally resolved. Until now, the legitimacy of this collective action in the medical community has been controversial. Doctors may have different interpretations of their legal status depending on individual business owners, workers, and trainees, so their legality as an act of labor dispute may also change. However, if it is directly related to the people's health rights and causes serious violations of life and health, the legitimacy cannot be recognized even if it is any legal method. However, the profession of doctors is also part of the people whose basic rights should not be violated by excessive ethical obligations. Therefore, it is not acceptable to cause a medical gap, maintain an emotional confrontation with the government, lack of willingness to actively consult, or unfair behavior for internal unity, but the government also cannot avoid criticism that it is not mature, with many problems of content, procedures, processes and law in promoting policies, and emotional confrontation with the medical community. The confrontation between the government and the medical community is also a question of the legitimacy of actions based on rights and authority, but regardless, it must be responsible for recovering significant inconveniences to the public health environment due to defects in methods and procedures of realization, which must be fulfilled as an ethical obligation as well as legal and policy. Therefore, we need to make a compromise on the policy content, such as adjusting an increase in medical students and a medical fee for this situation, and introduce various systems to supplement this. ln the process of such compromise and coordination, procedural laws or consultation procedures should be prepared, and furthermore, it is emphasized that legalization of positions, procedures, and special cases that can clearly bear the responsibility for the results is necessary while clarifying legal status.

The email notification frustrates me!

Organizations are increasingly relying on computer-mediated communication, thus, understanding this process’s emotion dynamics is critical. For that purpose, qualitative data is collected from 23 participants. Findings reveal that the activation of the negativity effect is triggered by the receiver’s attitude toward the higher-status sender, emanated from earlier unfair behaviors; which will in turn trigger the receiver’s anxiety and frustration. Moreover, emails receivers are found to be also frustrated and angry anytime higher-level managers are copied on the email. Such negative emotions, along with fear are boosted by their reluctance to reply to such emails as they aim to avoid further escalation and possible retaliation from the sender’s side. Indeed, this study has many theoretical and practical implications, and opens doors to future research. Managers should use the “cc” option with caution, knowing that frustrating working environments diminish employees’ commitment and engagement, and consequently the quality of their service performance.

Greenwashing in green finance and measures to prevent it

Aim. To study the phenomenon of greenwashing in the spheres of green bonds issuance and banks’ activities.Objectives. To show the degree of study of the problem in foreign and Russian scientific literature; to analyze the methods of combating greenwashing; to estimate the probability of greenwashing in the financial sphere in Russia.Methods. The author used the methods of bibliographic analysis, studied the legislation and documentation of banking organizations in the context of greenwashing prevention.Results. The author traces the growth of cases of greenwashing in the financial sphere, shows the main forms of its manifestation emphasized in modern scientific literature. As a result of the analysis of the European Union (EU) legislation on counteraction to financial greenwashing the ineffectiveness of the EU measures on prevention of unfair behavior of issuers of “green” bonds and banking institutions is proved. The analysis of the Russian practice of green finance shows the low demand for the services of green bond verifiers and the low degree of state control over this sphere, which may affect the spread of financial greenwashing in Russia. Based on the results of the analysis of the sphere of counteraction to greenwashing in the sphere of green finance in Russia, the main directions of improvement of the domestic policy of counteraction to greenwashing are proposed.Conclusions. Greenwashing is an urgent problem for the development of green finance. The measures taken by the EU to regulate the green bond market do not lead to a reduction in greenwashing and even provoke its development. Measures on state control and tougher penalties for greenwashing are more effective than the emphasis on information disclosure. This seems significant not only for the European market, but also for the Russian market, which will have to face this problem. It is necessary to develop measures to detect and overcome unfair behavior of participants of Russian financial markets, including the development of state control mechanisms, a unified methodology for assessing green bonds and issuers’ reporting, as well as the responsibility of issuers and verifiers when greenwashing is detected. Equally important are incentives for banks to finance green projects and control of the banking system in the framework of greenwashing prevention.

The Limits of Analogy in Establishing the Legal Consequences of a Fictitious Divorce

In the Russian and foreign family legal reality, the practice of inappropriate use of divorces has become widespread. With the general attention of law to fictitious legally significant phenomena in the context of normative uncertainty of the concept, signs and consequences of fictitious divorce, it is necessary to check and take into account the possibilities of analogy as a traditional means of filling legal gaps in private law regulation in relation to the problem of the lack of legislative regulation of the legal consequences of fictitious divorces. At the same time, the method of analogy can and should act not only as one of the objects of study, but also as a means of achieving a scientific result. The study raises and rejects the scientific hypothesis about the similarity of the normatively undefined consequences of the depravity of the causa of a fictitious divorce and the regulated consequences of a fictitious marriage. At the same time, the author shows the positive role of the analogy of law as part of the means of settlement and family law disputes and methods of countering unfair behavior in marriage dissolution without the purpose of its termination. The significance of the work is manifested in its ability to doctrinally support the legislator’s abstinence from direct normative consolidation of the criteria of fictitious divorce and its invalidity. At the same time, the article indicates the way to situationally overcome the uncertainty of the concept under consideration using the analogy of law.

Fairness Testing: A Comprehensive Survey and Analysis of Trends

Unfair behaviors of Machine Learning (ML) software have garnered increasing attention and concern among software engineers. To tackle this issue, extensive research has been dedicated to conducting fairness testing of ML software, and this article offers a comprehensive survey of existing studies in this field. We collect 100 papers and organize them based on the testing workflow (i.e., how to test) and testing components (i.e., what to test). Furthermore, we analyze the research focus, trends, and promising directions in the realm of fairness testing. We also identify widely adopted datasets and open-source tools for fairness testing.

Human Resource Management and Generative Artificial Intelligence (ChatGPT): Nexus, Perspectives and Praxis

The workplace is changing, ChatGPT and other AI technologies are leading the way. ChatGPT is a cutting-edge chatbot created by OpenAI that uses natural language processing to respond to user requests with "human-like" speech. Businesses all over the world are taking notice of it because of its robust capabilities, which have the possibility of helping automate a multitude of company procedures. The aim of the study is to identify the ChatGPT - Nexus, Perspectives and Praxis and investigate the concept’s applicability to generative AI and HRM. This is to underscore and device remediation strategies with respect to likely difficulties in the broad use of ChatGPT in HRM. To stop unfair behaviors and ensure that employees are treated fairly, ethical issues like algorithmic bias and data privacy must be thoroughly examined. The methodology employed involves the use of qualitative paradigm involving the review of literature such as books, journals, publications, articles, online resources among others. The integrative literature review approach enables the researcher to conduct a critical assessment of AI technology vis-à-vis HRM. The study is anchored by one of the most widely accepted theories in human resource management – The Resource-Based View. The study predicts a significant decline in the likelihood of attaining a long-term competitive advantage through strategic Human Resource Management when considering the effects of widely used ChatGPT. The study's findings indicate that ChatGPT help team members communicate and work together more effectively by simplifying the understanding and tracking of project progress, processing and analyzing large amounts of text-based data, facilitating cross-cultural communication, and giving prompt, accurate answers to frequently asked questions. Hiring and recruiting are two critical HR processes towhich generative AI impacts immediate benefits.

Consequence of creditor’s unfair behavior in relations with debtor on the example of Russian law

According to the author’s position, due to the absence at the legislative level in the Russian Federation of criteria of good faith and bad faith of the participants of legal relations, including the creditor and debtor, the problem of objective assessment of their behavior has arisen, which may entail negative legal consequences for the bona fide party to the legal relation, and erroneous evaluative conclusions of the courts in this case will not correspond to the purposes of legal relations and the objectives of civil proceedings. In the article the author provides a model of a judicial dispute between a creditor and a debtor, which can be a starting point for the development of a universal mechanism of objective evaluation by the court of the behavior of the parties to legal relations.

Prioritizing Causation in Decision Trees: A Framework for Interpretable Modeling

As a popular machine learning model, decision trees classify and generalize well, but face challenges in engineering applications: 1) Sensitivity to perturbations and lack of interpretability due to correlation reliance. 2) Manual setting of stopping criterion which is unrelated to correlation strength and easily leads to over-partitioning. To address these two challenges, we first theoretically analyze what leads to sub-optimal decision trees. By incorporating causal discovery, this limitation can be attributed to the fact that trees grown with spurious correlations often fall into sub-optimal that lead to overfitting and unfair behaviors. Neglecting causality motivates us to develop a ‘better’ tree with low Kolmogorov complexity and high generalization capability. Then we propose a causality decision tree framework, CausalDT, based on our theoretical expectation, where Hilbert-Schmidt independence criterion serves as a baseline. Unlike previous approaches that prioritize relevance, our framework determines branch nodes based on causation between features, with the significance level determining whether the tree should be expanded further. Experimental results demonstrate that our model maintains performance while reducing average tree depth by 35% on various datasets. Furthermore, our model enhances decision fairness and interpretability.

Hydrocortisone reduces altruistic punishment in healthy men

Psychosocial stress modulates social cognition and behavior in humans. One potentially mediating factor is cortisol as part of the human endocrine stress response. With a double-blind, placebo-controlled between-subject study design, we tested possible dose-dependent effects of hydrocortisone (0 mg, 5 mg and 20 mg) in 85 healthy males. During a socio-economic decision-making task we measured trust, trustworthiness, sharing, punishment, and non-social risk behavior. Social value orientation (SVO) was also assessed. We observed significantly lower levels of punishment after hydrocortisone, especially in the 20 mg group. Drug-induced salivary cortisol correlated negatively with punishment behavior. None of the other facets of social behavior or the SVO were affected by hydrocortisone. Our results suggest that hydrocortisone reduces the propensity to punish unfair behavior. Future studies are needed to further disentangle the role played by various psychobiological mechanisms within the stress response as well as their complex interplay on social behavior and cognition.

Article 10bis of the Paris Convention as the common denominator for protection against unfair competition in national and regional contexts

Abstract This article explains the historical development of Article 10bis of the Paris Convention and discusses core concepts underlying the international provision, in particular, the overarching requirement of honest practices in industrial or commercial matters, the question of a competitive relationship and the examples of unfair practices given in Article 10bis. It also sheds light on guidance following from the Model Provisions on Protection Against Unfair Competition which the World Intellectual Property Organization presented in 1996. The analysis shows that the honest practices test need not be understood in a traditional, empirical sense. More modern, functional approaches can be adopted to align the application of Article 10bis with a broader spectrum of policy goals: not only fair play between competitors but also consumer protection and the general public interest in a well-functioning marketplace. Similarly, the requirement of a competitive relationship need not focus on direct competition in the same market segment. An indirect competitive relationship can be deemed sufficient. While the prohibited acts listed in Article 10bis(3) reflect central categories of unfair behaviour and harm, current developments and challenges—ranging from computational advertising, influencer marketing and product recommender systems to questions surrounding data exclusivity and sustainability issues—raise the question whether an update and enrichment of the catalogue of prohibited acts could be necessary to provide guidance at the international level.

Governing the misconduct of OTA platforms: A tripartite evolutionary game analysis considering the collaborative supervision of airlines and consumers.

Online travel agency (OTA) platforms frequently engage in unfair behaviors that infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of consumers and airlines in the ticket sale market. Effective governance of the OTA platforms' misconduct has become an urgent topic. In order to address the governance dilemma of OTA platforms' misconduct, a tripartite evolutionary game model considering the collaborative supervision between airlines and consumers is constructed. This study analyzes the evolutionary path and stable strategy of the three participants, airlines, platforms and consumers by numerical simulation. The results show that some actions, such as airlines' strict control of ticket sales resources and high fines on the platform, reducing the cost of customers' rights protection, and effectively guiding online public opinion, can benefit airlines and consumers and enhance their willingness to cooperate in supervision. Legitimate consumer rights protection not only brings negative public opinion and image loss to airlines, but also to platforms, which can force airlines to impose stricter constraints on platforms and force platforms to strengthen self-restraint. Therefore, a market mechanism instead of government regulatory that can effectively suppress platforms misconduct should be established to promote platforms self-regulation through a collaborative effort between airlines and consumers. Some special measures that guide the interests of three participators are also provided.

Меры противодействия недобросовестным торговым практикам на зарубежных биржевых товарных рынках

Currently, one of the reasons for the increase in fuel prices at trading on exchanges is the use of unfair exchange practices by trading participants, which has been repeatedly emphasized by the Russian Ministry of Energy and the Federal Anti-Monopoly Service. The concept of “unfair trading practices” is not enshrined at the level of statutes and regulations of the Russian Federation, and therefore, exchanges determine actions that relate to such practices at their own discretion, which entails, in particular, regulatory risks for exchanges, and may negatively affect the market as a whole. This article analyzes foreign practice in terms of the level of enshrinement of types of unfair practices: the legislative and/or local level, as well as analyzes the types and criteria of unfair practices in order to further analyze the implementation of foreign experience in Russian laws or local instruments of exchanges. As a result of a comparative legal analysis, it was revealed that in each jurisdiction there is regulation of unfair practices both at the legislative level and at the level of trading rules, their types and criteria are established, which allows us to conclude that the regulation of unfair behavior in stock trading is an area in which the participation of both an exchange and the state is required, including in terms of establishing criteria and types of such behavior.

Uticaj stereotipa na interkulturalnu komunikaciju

Broadly speaking, stereotyping is a cognitive mechanism that underlies all aspects of intercultural processes-the way individuals perceive members of other groups shapes their attitudes and behavior towards them and influence different types of intercultural interactions and worldviews Based on the assumption that positive stereotypes about people who come from other cultures are used in human communication as an expression of each person's need to simplify all impressions and representations in order to understand the world and the people around them, positive stereotypes can facilitate communication. On the other hand, negative stereotypes in intercultural communication can lead to complete misunderstandings because it is assumed that all people within a certain group have the same characteristics. Therefore, both positive and negative stereotypes in intercultural communication can result in unfounded generalisations, false evaluations and oversimplifications, thus forming the basis for unfair behavior and labelling towards those to whom they refer, in addition to discrimination and interpersonal conflicts. In the search for a model for successful intercultural communication, the principle that culturally specific information should not be applied to all members of a cultural group and that the uniqueness of each member of the group must be respected can be considered extremely important. Stereotypical classifications should not be resistant to change as they relate to relationships between people, which are highly susceptible to change. Successful intercultural communicators should be able to form an opinion based on their communication experience and independent observations, free from stereotypes that they may have consciously or unconsciously gained. Also, viewing the world from the prism of others, not only from our own egocentric and ethnocentric position, and not allowing stereotypes to act as "filters", which allow in only what is similar to our cultural behavior, are important in preventing the adverse effects of stereotypes on communication. Therefore, a recommendable model of successful and efficient intercultural communication is unburdened by bias and stereotypes towards the members of cultural groups different from our own.

Empathy does not Always Lead to Equal Treatment: Cognitive Neural Mechanisms of Empathy-induced Unfair Behavior

Empathy does not Always Lead to Equal Treatment: Cognitive Neural Mechanisms of Empathy-induced Unfair Behavior

The British Government's Disregard Towards Women in Democratisation Process from 1832 to 1918

This work is concerned with the British Government’s disregard towards women in the democratisation process in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries purposely showing the negative impact of the traditional view of women by men in the current political sphere. From the historical perspective, the results have proved that the British Government has developed some unfair behaviour vis-à-vis women, which excluded them from political life for several years. Moreover, after a long struggle between the people and the Government, Parliament voted for the First Reform Act in 1832. This Act gave the right to vote to some men from the Middle Class, but no particular attention was paid to women's cause. Warned of this disqualification, women decided to rise up and claim their rights, but this would not be a simple affair. In the long run of time, men alike women, made up their minds to vigorously attack the Government.

The classification of risks facing society in connection with the creation and spread of virtual assets: institutional and scientific approaches

The article suggests that the emergence and proliferation of virtual assets has led to an increase in a number of negative events (risks) that society, States and investors might face. However, despite significant developments in identifying these risks, there is still no generalized classification of them. Given this, the purpose of the article is to analyze and classify the risks faced by society, States and investors in connection with the emergence and proliferation of virtual assets.
 The author proposes to classify the risks into six groups based on the study: economic, investment, criminological, technological, subjective, and environmental risks. Within each of the proposed classification groups, the author identifies the relevant risks. For example, the economic risks include the following: the possibility of affecting the foundations of financial stability and security of the state, inflation (possible impact on the monetary policy of the state due to unjustified and uncontrolled increase in the money supply), the possibility of creating pyramid schemes, the possibility of circumventing currency legislation (in particular, currency restrictions on the withdrawal of currency abroad).
 As to the subjective risks, the author identifies the following: the possibility of unfair behavior of entities providing services in the field of turnover of such assets, the possibility of losing a crypto wallet password and/or a secret personal PIN code by its owner, the possibility of an erroneous transaction during a transfer from one crypto wallet to another, the possibility of carrying out settlement operations and entering into smart contracts by persons under the appropriate age or with limited legal capacity, and the inability of some non-professional users to use virtual assets.
 It is emphasized that a comprehensive study of the risks that may arise in connection with the emergence and proliferation of virtual assets will form the basis for further development of legal support for their operation and implementation in all spheres of public life.