Unexpected Expenses Research Articles

Hybrid Generalized Regularized Extreme Learning Machine Through Gradient-Based Optimizer Model for Self-Cleansing Nondeposition with Clean Bed Mode of Sediment Transport.

Sediment transport modeling is an important problem to minimize sedimentation in open channels that could lead to unexpected operation expenses. From an engineering perspective, the development of accurate models based on effective variables involved for flow velocity computation could provide a reliable solution in channel design. Furthermore, validity of sediment transport models is linked to the range of data used for the model development. Existing design models were established on the limited data ranges. Thus, the present study aimed to utilize all experimental data available in the literature, including recently published datasets that covered an extensive range of hydraulic properties. Extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm and generalized regularized extreme learning machine (GRELM) were implemented for the modeling, and then, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and gradient-based optimizer (GBO) were utilized for the hybridization of ELM and GRELM. GRELM-PSO and GRELM-GBO findings were compared to the standalone ELM, GRELM, and existing regression models to determine their accurate computations. The analysis of the models demonstrated the robustness of the models that incorporate channel parameter. The poor results of some existing regression models seem to be linked to the disregarding of the channel parameter. Statistical analysis of the model outcomes illustrated the outperformance of GRELM-GBO in contrast to the ELM, GRELM, GRELM-PSO, and regression models, although GRELM-GBO performed slightly better when compared to the GRELM-PSO counterpart. It was found that the mean accuracy of GRELM-GBO was 18.5% better when compared to the best regression model. The promising findings of the current study not only may encourage the use of recommended algorithms for channel design in practice but also may further the application of novel ELM-based methods in alternative environmental problems.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Everyday Financial Knowledge and Judgment Skills of Adults with ADHD

Adequate financial capability is crucial in everyday life. This capability might, however, not be given to adults with ADHD. The present study aims to determine strengths and weaknesses regarding everyday financial knowledge and judgment skills in adults with ADHD. In addition, the impact of income is explored. Forty-five adults with ADHD (Mage = 36.6, SDage = 10.2) and 47 adults without ADHD (Mage = 38.5, SDage = 13.0) were included and were assessed with the Financial Competence Assessment Inventory. Adults with ADHD showed decreased scores regarding awareness of the arrival of bills, knowledge of own income, having a reserve fund for unexpected expenses, the ability to state long-term financial goals, own preferences for estate management, understanding of assets, legal action for debt, access to financial advice/counseling, and the ability to compare medical insurance plans as compared with adults without ADHD (all p < 0.001). However, no effect of income was found. In conclusion, adults with ADHD have difficulties with many aspects of everyday financial knowledge and skills, which might result in a plethora of personal and legal consequences. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance that professionals who support adults with ADHD proactively ask about everyday financial functioning so that assessment, financial support, and coaching can be provided.

A Comparison of Experiences with Factors Related to Food Insecurity between College Students Who Are Food Secure and Food Insecure: A Qualitative Study.

Previous research has reported negative health consequences and poor academic achievement among college students who are food insecure. It is unknown if students with food insecurity's experiences qualitatively differ from students who are food secure. To qualitatively evaluate experiences of students who are food secure and food insecure with internal and external factors related to food insecurity. Trained interviewers conducted in-person qualitative interviews from February to August 2018 to gain insights about eating patterns, food environment, financial situation, and ideas for addressing food insecurity on college campuses with students who are food secure and food insecure. Students from three universities in the western United States (N= 58) who were classified as food secure (n= 28) and food insecure (n= 30) using the US Department of Agriculture's 6-item Food Security Module participated in this study. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using a conventional content analysis. A random sample of transcripts were independently coded to determine interrater reliability. Researchers divided transcripts for final coding and overarching themes were discussed. Descriptive statistics were used. Students who were both food secure and food insecure obtained food from similar sources (eg, grocery stores); had unexpected expenses that led to financial constraints; indicated transportation barriers altered the amount or package size of food purchased; and reported similar knowledge, attitudes, use, and familial history of food assistance. Students with food insecurity uniquely reported prioritizing rent or other living expenses over food, and when funds were low, reducing food intake, experiencing a variable food supply throughout the month, or using strategies like donating plasma or selling possessions to enhance financial stability. This study helps nutrition and dietetics practitioners better understand how college students' experiences with factors related to food insecurity differ by food security status. Future quantitative research is needed to confirm the coping strategies identified among students with food insecurity in this study.

Effectiveness of Social Health Insurance Program in Nepal: Challenges and Recommendations

The article explores into the concept of health insurance in Nepal as a means of financial protection against unexpected medical expenses. It outlines commitment to providing fundamental health care as a citizen's right and the challenges faced in Nepal to achieving this goal. The study highlights the initiation and expansion of the Social Health Insurance Program, marking to suggestion financial security to individuals and families during illness. Despite progress, economic, social, and institutional barriers hinder many citizens' access to adequate health services. The paper emphasizes the importance of health insurance for low and middle-income families, addressing concerns of economic hardship due to healthcare costs. Challenges in the implementation of the program are discussed, including issues related to organizational systems, service delivery, infrastructure, and budgetary constraints. The need for collaboration between government bodies, quality improvement in healthcare facilities, and better management of health workers is emphasized. The successful implementation of health insurance in Nepal is seen as a pivotal step towards achieving universal health coverage, alleviating financial burdens on citizens, and contributing to national development goals and international commitments.

A specific manufacturing cost model for fast cost estimation in additive manufacturing

Additive manufacturing (AM) has been widely used for high-value-added parts. Therefore, cost models are needed for fast and accurate cost estimation during the AM design phase; otherwise, incorrect cost estimation may cause unexpected cost expenses. This work proposes a parametric cost model for AM using experimental and statistical methods. In this work, specific manufacturing costs (SMC) and build rates (cm3/h) are calculated based on experiments and approximated by regression models. For a fast cost estimation in AM, the build rate for a build task needs to be investigated, and then the SMC can be calculated using the regression model.

ПОВЕДІНКОВІ АСПЕКТИ ФІНАНСОВОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ДОМОГОСПОДАРСТВ

The current situation in Ukraine is a difficult stage of economic development, new conditions for the functioning of the country as a whole, individual business entities, and households are emerging. The set of threats from the external and internal environment actualizes the problems of ensuring financial security. The article is devoted to topical issues of behavioral aspects of household financial security. The relationship between households and the financial system of the country was studied. Based on the analysis of scientific approaches to the essence of financial security, it was established that the financial security of households is a complex set of relationships that ensures a stable state of protection against various threats and risks. The main objects of financial security are the financial resources and assets of households. The basis for ensuring financial security is the adoption of financial decisions by households. It has been proven that the level of financial security is influenced not only by economic risks and threats, but also by behavioral factors. The key external and internal threats and risks of households in modern conditions are outlined, taking into account behavioral factors. Attitude to risk, psychological and social factors, financial literacy are indicated as the main behavioral factors. It is also important to consider internal and external threats that can affect financial security, such as a worsening economic situation in the country, job loss, medical expenses and unexpected financial expenses. It was found that the behavioral factors that influence the financial decisions of households include heuristics, emotions, market influence, loss aversion. Financial literacy, as the ability of households to effectively manage their finances, directly affects financial security. It is substantiated that the level of financial security of households depends not only on the strategies of managing one's own financial resources, but also on the activities of the state. Strategies for reducing the negative impact of behavioral factors on the financial security of households at the state and household levels have been identified.

WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN FAMILY FINANCE MANAGEMENT

Today the contribution of women in family, business, and society is getting recognized. Women have started playing an essential role in family decision making with the changing demographics as more and more women have started getting involved in everyday financial and other related decisions of the family. The contribution of women in increasing family decisions with the change in their education, employment, and social awareness. The participation of women is a process that enables women to make decisions in family related to finance, family, and society. The process involves buying and selling things and having access to control over household resources and means. Activities are related to financial management of the household and decisions related to it like paying bills, tracking expenses, purchasing items for family, handling expenses of children, investment associated decisions of saved money, arranging funds for unexpected expenses, minimization of risk of invested money, retirement planning, buying policies for themselves and family members, etc. (Murari, 2019).

Kaum Pekerja sesagai Objek Zakat Profesi di Era Ekonomi Kontemporer

&#x0D; Economic development has created various types of jobs with various skills, which in the end of these various types of work get wages or salaries from those who give jobs. The wages are paid based on piecework, daily, weekly and monthly. When the work is getting more difficult and challenging and requires physical skills and management skills, the wages or salaries can be even greater, for this reason, the achievement of the nishab of zakat mal (professional zakat) of these workers is no longer a necessity. The increasing income of workers makes it easier for them to enjoy worldly facilities for their families and there are positive and negative impacts on this. The large income from professions that emerged in the contemporary era resulted in unexpected expenses due to a lifestyle by borrowing money to fulfill his lifestyle so that he fell into consumptive debts that burdened his income. At the same time, professionals who are on the one hand are capable of paying zakat mal because they exceed the nishob but end up being mustahik because the remaining income is very small due to fulfilling loan obligations.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Variation in Public Support for Government Action on Unexpected Medical Bills.

Nearly half of the adults in the United States have received an unexpected medical bill in recent years. While government, provider, and insurance policies related to unexpected medical expenses receive attention in the media, this study focuses on variation in public support. The study employs two multifactor survey vignette experiments to detect how different features of common health care scenarios that result in costly medical expenses influence the public's sympathy for the patient, perceived fairness of the medical costs, and demand for government action. The results point to out-of-pocket cost, severity of the treatment, and the patient's insurance situation as important for public opinion. The public is significantly more supportive of government action when the costs are high and out of the patient's control; in contrast, respondents are generally less sympathetic toward patients described as uninsured or who seek out more costly providers. The findings underscore the sensitivity of health care attitudes to framing effects, which may occur when media choose how to cover health care costs. The results also point to a potential mismatch in legislation that narrowly addresses "surprise billing," with public support for government addressing disproportionate costs across a broader range of scenarios.

OIL INDUSTRY AND INVESTMENT POLICY

Favorable conditions for domestic and foreign investment are being created in our country. Especially, considering the dependence of the country's economy on the oil and gas industry, increasing the volume of exports and reducing the dependence on the import of non-oil sector products, attracting investment flows to those areas is considered an urgent issue. The organization of various state programs and projects in the country for the purpose of attracting foreign investors to service, agriculture and other industries can be considered a reasonable step. At a time when countries are trying to offer a more fertile and optimal environment to foreign investors in order to get out of the increasingly competitive environment in global conditions, it is important that our state offers the most appropriate incentive and stimulating options to foreign investors. Increasing foreign investments allocated to various sectors of the economy, especially to the non-oil sector, is one of the priority issues nowadays. Fluctuations in the world oil market cause significant financial losses or additional income in oil exporting and importing countries and companies. Therefore, the focus is on the process of managing financial resources. Unexpected price changes are one of the most important and most difficult issues in the field of financial resource management. Generally speaking, the most important and difficult part of the financial management of the expenses of any enterprise is to ensure the formation of the immunity of the enterprise when unexpected expenses appear. In some cases, as a result of additional costs, enterprises face large financial losses and eventually face bankruptcy. Therefore, ensuring proper management of expenses and financial resources is quite vital to prevent such negative situations.

Addressing Social Determinants of Health: A Care Coordination Approach for Professional Case Managers.

Social determinants of health (SDOH) continue to gain attention as the factors that weigh heavily on physical and mental health. In response, professional case managers need to develop a deeper understanding of the entrenched nature of SDOH, particularly the spiraling and compounding effects of economic, environmental, and social factors on the health and well-being of individuals and populations. Professional case managers are essential to helping identify both the barriers experienced by individuals in accessing and receiving the care they need and the resources to eliminate or mitigate those barriers. These responsibilities should be most keenly felt by case managers who are board-certified and therefore held accountable by codes of ethics to ensure justice and fairness. By embedding greater awareness of SDOH into the case management process-from intake and assessment through implementation, evaluation, and across care transitions-case managers can establish rapport with clients (known as "patients" in some care settings) and support improved outcomes through best practices in care coordination, thus contributing to the Triple Aim of improving the health of people and populations and reducing the per capita cost of care. SDOH impact individuals across the health and human services, including acute care, subacute care, primary care, community-based care, and workers' compensation. Case management plays a vital role in providing people with episodic care and ensuring adequate follow-up. The latter includes if and how people are able to access the ongoing care they need, including medications (access and affordability), doctors' visits, therapies and other services, healthy nutrition, and more. However, a lack of affordability undermines an individual's ability to receive preventive care and treatment of chronic illnesses and potentially more serious and life-threatening conditions such as cancer. Compounding the impact of affordability can be a lack of transportation that inhibits access to health care professionals, which can affect individuals in both rural and inner-city environments. Although poverty and homelessness play a direct role in SDOH, case managers cannot assume which clients are impacted by these factors and which are not. Higher costs of living, loss of job or reduced income, unexpected expenses, and death of, or divorce from, a partner/spouse can negatively impact a client's ability to access and afford care. With this understanding, case managers can meet individuals where they are to explore how SDOH affects their lives, without judgment, bias, or assumption.

CONTRIBUTION OF REINSURANCE BUSINESS TO THE ECONOMY

Purpose: Insurance provides protection against financial aspects of a premature death, injury, and loss of property, loss of earning power, legal liability or other unexpected expenses. However, the industry’s contribution to the economy goes much further. One could point to the millions of people employed in insurance and related activities, to the billions of income taxes and premium taxes paid and to extensive charitable works. But, significant as they are, insurers also need protection against risk. That is why reinsurance has developed in last two centuries. The importance of reinsurance is reflected in the costs insurers are willing to pay to acquire reinsurance protection and the fact that without adequate protection the insurance companies might not be licensed to do business. The purpose of this work is to enhance the reader’s understanding on the various contribution of reinsurance business to the economy.&#x0D; Methodology: A desktop literature review was used for this purpose. Relevant journal articles for the study were identified using search engines such as Google Scholar, Google Books, Semantic Scholar, Science.gov and Research Gate. The studies included in the study were note that were less than ten years old.&#x0D; Findings: From the findings, researchers have shown that without the guarantee of reinsurance, most businesses could not operate as they do today, and construction projects could not go forward.&#x0D; Recommendations: This study recommended that insurance firms should seek for re-insurance as it provides for protection against the potential large accumulations of individual losses that can result from catastrophic events. Insurance firms should also seek for reinsurance as an effort to restrict the loss to their balance sheets, and in that sense, helps them to stay solvent. Other firms should also be insured in firms that have undertaken reinsurance in order to add stability to the firms by evening out the results of the insurance companies as they continue to absorb the impact of large losses which would have led to very damaging results to the individual insurance companies. Moreover, insurance firms should consider regional reinsurance so that in case of a national catastrophe, the foreign firms can be in a position to compensate.

The smart money is in cash? Financial literacy and liquid savings among U.S. families

Most financial advisors recommend storing three to six months of expenses in liquid assets in case of an emergency. Yet we estimate that more than half of U.S. families do not have at least three months of their non-discretionary expenses in liquid savings. We find that financial literacy is strongly predictive of having three months of liquid savings, controlling for income, income variability, and even parental resources. We also find that financial literacy predicts liquid savings across the income distribution. These results indicate that accumulation of an emergency fund is not simply a function of income. Finally, financial literacy is predictive of liquid savings even among high illiquid wealth households. This suggests that the phenomenon of “wealthy hand-to-mouth” families may reflect financial mistakes rather than portfolio optimization. Our paper highlights the importance of financial knowledge in explaining families’ preparedness to deal with unexpected expenses or disruption in their income.

Penerapan Data Mining Pada Penjualan Produk Digital Konter Leppangeng Cell Menggunakan Metode K-Means Clustering

The Leppangeng Cell counter is a counter that sells digital products in the form of Credit, Data Packages, PLN Electricity Tokens, Electricity Payments, BPJS Payments, PDAM Payments. Spidy or Indihome Payments, Home Phone Payments, Postpaid Payments, Game Voucher Sales, Cable TV Payments, Credit Installment Payments, Train Ticket Payments, PGN/Gas Payments, Shope Payments and Cash Transfer Services and Top Up. However, from the counter sales, of course, not all of them sell well, there are also products that don't sell. Sales data, purchases and unexpected expenses at the Leppangeng Cell Counter are not well structured, so the data only serves as a store archive and cannot be used to develop marketing strategies. Therefore, it is necessary to apply data mining using K-Means at the Leppangeng Cell Counter. The K-Means method can be applied to the Leppangeng Cell Counter to determine sales of digital products that are selling well and not selling well. The application of the K-Means method at the Leppangeng Cell Counter is by grouping digital product stock data. Then select 3 random grub as initial centroid. After the data for each group does not change, the results of data processing are obtained in the form of 114 products that sell, 5 underperforming, and 14 not sold. Then, the application of the K-Means method to Rapidminer is carried out by entering the initial product stock, the sold stock and the final stock to be changed and form K-Means. After that, Rapidminer will produce which products have high and low demand

CHANGES IN THE PRE-RETIREMENT PLANS OF OLDER WORKERS (50-60 YEARS) IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN RIVERS STATE AMIDST THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: IMPLICATIONS FOR HOUSEHOLDS

The Covid-19 pandemic has had devastating impact on employees retirement planning. Thus, this study assessed the changes in the pre-retirement plans of older workers in public universities in Rivers state amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and its implication on households. Simple random sampling technique was employed to draw a sample of 150 workers from two (2) government institutions in Rivers State namely: Rivers State University and Federal College of Education (Technical), Omoku. Questionnaire was the main instrument used for data collection which was validated by three experts with a reliability coefficient of 0.73. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data collected from the study and presented in tables and charts. Majority of the respondents (82%) indicated that Covid-19 has affected their retirement savings. A high number (40%) of the respondents indicated that the Covid-19 has changed their savings behavior and reduced their savings rates while 30% indicated that the pandemic has caused additional withdrawals. More than half of the respondents (63.6%) indicated that they plan to retire about the same time as planned while 18.2% plan to retire earlier than planned due to the pandemic. A large number (75%) indicated that they have withdrawn more money than usual from their retirement savings and 77.8% of the respondents used the withdrawals to help cover unexpected expenses. Also, 41% of the respondents indicated that building a stronger retirement funds and obtaining professional financial advice were some measures they were taking for their pre-retirement plans amidst the pandemic while 33.3% indicated spending less and saving more. The result showed a dramatic strain on the retirement planning of workers which could pose an effect on households by reducing household income and savings. Support in the form of counseling, education and flexibility should be given to workers by their employers to prepare for retirement.

Individuals Financial Health During The Covid-19 Pandemic

This study aims to explore individuals’ financial health during the COVID-19 outbreak. The data were collected through an online survey between May 26 and June 15, 2020. The sample of the study consisted of 1333 participants (58.7% women; 41.3% men). The results showed that participants’ average financial health scores were (M = 60.4) under the category of financially coping. The average score in save indicator is 49which indicates that participants did not have satisfactory savings for affording to cover unexpected expense during this tough time. The average score in the plan or budget indicator is 46, which is the prime reason with saving indicator for getting financial health score in “financially coping” category. This study concluded that financial ignorance, financial anxiety, financial security, financial crisis, age, income, perceived income and education were significantly related to financial health.

Housing Cost Stress of Mortgagers and Tenants in Poland

Abstract The economic problems of mortgage takers, especially in light of the global financial crisis, is a very important issue, both from the point of view of housing policy and the stability of the banking sector. The analysis of the situation of mortgagors is usually limited to determining the percentage of mortgages in default. We compared the revealed mortgage repayment problems among Poles (arrears) with the unrevealed ones (such as high housing cost burden, inability to bear unexpected expenses), which we defined as housing cost stress. Next, we compared these problems with those of tenants at market rates. We found that, although we observe only a small percentage of mortgagors who are in arrears with their housing costs in Poland (about 3%), a large proportion of borrowers (about half of them) are in a difficult financial situation. At the same time, we noticed that their situation is still better than that of market rent tenants, because only one in five renters did not experience problems with covering housing costs. Among tenants, singles were much more likely to suffer from housing cost stress.

Identifying salient beliefs underlying intention to save regularly: an elicitation study of Malaysian Gen Y

PurposeUsing the integrated behavioural model as a theoretical framework, this study aims to identify salient beliefs underlying intention to save regularly among Gen Ys in Malaysia.Design/methodology/approachSemi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 participants who were selected using purposive and snowball sampling methods.FindingsWhile Gen Ys are not pushed by others to save, they find that older people (parents, parents-in-law, colleagues and relatives) influence them to save. The main facilitator of regular saving behaviour is low financial commitments. Expenses, particularly unexpected expenses, was found to be the main factor impeding the performance of regular saving. Overall, the participants feel that, irrespective of what happens in the future, they want to continue saving regularly. Lastly, self-efficacy might be present for some participants, but not self-control. Some end up withdrawing their savings for spending, emergency, and travel, thus ending up almost depleting their savings.Research limitations/implicationsOf this study’s 13 interviewees, only one has not managed to save any money. Such an imbalanced sample composition was not deliberate. It appears those who have not saved money were reluctant to be interviewed, as this topic might be uncomfortable for them. This could have led to only those who save being eager to be interviewed.Practical implicationsPolicy makers should find this study useful, as the behaviour of Gen Ys in Malaysia is different from the overall perception of Malaysians’ financial behaviours. Gen Ys have positive attitudes towards saving money, although they do not seem to practice long-term saving. Policymakers could identify, with banks and the Employee Provident Fund, ways to encourage Gen Ys to think long term. Government could play its part by creating and increasing awareness amongst Gen Ys on the long-term consequences of inadequate savings.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature by identifying the salient beliefs underlying regular saving behaviour through the conduct of elicitation interviews. It is an empirically grounded study enhancing the understanding of intention to perform regular saving among Gen Ys in an emerging market.

Sosialisasi Pemahaman Laporan Keuangan Dalam Menunjang Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) Melalui Metode Aplikasi Di Kelurahan Alak Kecamatan Alak Kota Kupang

The Covid-19 pandemic period that has occurred since February 2020 which has hit the Indonesian nation until now and natural disasters caused by tropical cyclone Seroja that hit East Nusa Tenggara Province including Kupang City from April 3 to 5, 2021, has a bad impact on financial management in an institution or organization that is profit-oriented or non-profit oriented, this is due to the large number of unexpected expenses that affect the financial statements in a company or organization. The results achieved in the PKL Community Service activity "Socialization of Understanding financial statements in supporting MSMEs through the Application Method in Alak Village" are as follows: The partner in this case MSMEs in Alak District become more understanding of the importance of regular financial statements through the application method so that financial statement management is easier to access and helps MSMEs develop properly; and the creation of an electronic-based financial report application so that it can be used and utilized by MSMEs in knowing the prospects for income and cost expenditure in improving MSMEs in Alak District; as well as the creation of a sustainable financial reporting process so that MSMEs can grow and develop in accordance with the goals of MSMEs in Alak District.

The Need of Dental Insurance Plan in India-Survey

INTRODUCTION: Practically in every developed country, dental insurance is available to a large number of people. It reimburses a percentage of dental visits and other dental treatment providers. Dental hygiene is an essential component of our daily lives. In most industrialized nations, dental insurance is one of the most common type of medical insurance, but not in India. Dental insurance shields consumers from the financial strains that come with unexpected dental expenses. If dental insurance were available, more people would seek dental care, reducing the hardening of dental disease and future costs for expensive dental treatment. If and when dental insurance is provided, it will have a favorable influence on people's attitudes toward dental care. The availability of dental insurance will help to improve oral health. Dental insurance will encourage patients to take better care of their teeth, resulting in improved oral health. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To formulate &amp; introduce a comprehensive dental insurance plan in India. To evaluate people’s &amp; dentist’s view on need of dental insurance in India. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Online questionnaire based, cross sectional study, conducted between 1st January 2022 to 30th January 2022, data was collected by filling the online questionnaire form from dentists &amp; patients. RESULT: There is demand &amp; need for comprehensive dental insurance plan in India. CONCLUSION: Government should provide dental insurance as part of general health care insurance to promote oral hygiene and dental field, also leading to control of the oral disease burden in India.