Uneven Spacing Research Articles

Optimization of Cooling Fan Based on Unequal Angle and Leading-Edge Triangle Blade Design

In order to reduce the noise of the axial fan, an uneven blade spacing was used to optimize tonal noise and blade leading edge triangles were added to optimize the broadband noise. First, different angular distribution schemes were designed on the basis of ensuring the dynamic balance of the fan, and the noise of the different schemes was simulated by using the computational aeroacoustics (CAA) numerical simulation method. Then, the best optimal angular distribution design was selected for experimental verification, which confirmed the reliability of the numerical calculation. The test results also show that the uneven blade spacing has little effect on the fan pressure and efficiency. Additionally, triangular leading edges were added to each blade based on the uneven blade spacing design. Combining these two optimization schemes proved to reduce the fan noise by 13.4 dBA.

Hidden Markov Mixtures for Change Detection in Unevenly Spaced Time Series

This work tackles sequential data change-point detection, a research area with various applications in different fields. It focuses on analyzing sequential data such that the distance between locations of consecutive observations is not fixed. The models developed here for change detection extend a Hidden Markov Mixture approach originally designed to handle irregular spacing to improve the identification of atypical values. These models consider the probability of Markov dependence explained by the distance between locations. Bayesian inference is carried out via Gibbs Sampling. Informative priors for the dependency structure are crucial to identify clusters. The models adapt these priors to enable change identification in a general setting. Two mixture models are formulated: one for mean changes and another for mean or variance changes. Post-processing strategies are suggested to categorize observations among the components to facilitate change identification by the mixtures. These strategies are based on maximum posterior probability and consider the uncertainty associated with classifications. Models and clustering performances are evaluated in simulation studies including a Monte Carlo scheme. The analysis also explores three real illustrations. Finally, the proposed approaches are compared to existing clustering and change detection methods available in the literature.

Spurious correlations in surface-based functional brain imaging.

The study of functional MRI data is increasingly performed after mapping from volumetric voxels to surface vertices. Processing pipelines commonly used to achieve this mapping produce meshes with uneven vertex spacing, with closer neighbours in sulci compared to gyri. Consequently, correlations between the fMRI time series of neighbouring sulcal vertices are stronger than expected. However, the causes, extent, and impacts of this bias are not well understood or widely appreciated. We explain the origins of these biases, and using in-silico models of fMRI data, illustrate how they lead to spurious results. The bias leads to leakage of anatomical cortical folding information into fMRI time series. We show that many common analyses can be affected by this "gyral bias", including test-retest reliability, fingerprinting, functional parcellations, regional homogeneity, and brain-behaviour associations. Finally, we provide recommendations to avoid or remedy this spatial bias.

ANALISIS PENCAHAYAAN LAMPU PENERANGAN JALAN UMUM (LPJU) PADA JALAN TOL SEMAYANG

Several issues with public street lighting are often found and do not meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). Common problems include uneven spacing between streetlight poles, improper pole heights, poorly organized streetlight installations, and incorrect selection of lamp types and wattages according to the SNI standards. The lack of streetlights on busy road sections results in inefficient operation and discomfort for road users due to inadequate light intensity at the streetlight locations caused by various factors. To address these issues, solutions are needed to improve the existing situation, including energy-saving measures for public street lighting. Some necessary actions include replacing non-compliant streetlights and conducting evaluations by relevant authorities after installation works are completed. The existing condition of streetlights along the Semayang Toll Road shows an average illumination level produced by 150W SON-T lamps of 3.1 lux with light uniformity of 0.0, which does not comply with SNI 7391:2008. Simulation results using Dialux 4.13 software indicate that the average illumination level produced by Philips LED luminaires of 150W is 11 lux with a light uniformity of 0.106 lux, meeting SNI 7391:2008 requirements. Similarly, for Philips LED luminaires of 120W, the average illumination level is 11 lux with a light uniformity of 0.114 lux, thus meeting the standards. Based on the simulation results using Dialux 4.13 software, the use of 120W LED lamps for public street lighting on the Semayang Toll Road can lead to a 20% reduction in electricity consumption.

145 The effect of a plant secondary metabolite blend on energy metabolism and nutrient balance of beef cattle consuming low-quality warm season grass hay

Abstract Plant secondary metabolites (PSM) such as condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, saponins and essential oils purportedly impact rumen fermentation at low inclusion rates in beef cattle diets. Twelve steers (347 ± 23 kg BW) of British and continental influence were allocated to 1 of 4 replicated 3 x 3 Latin squares. Latin squares each had 14 d periods (10 d adaptation and 4 d for sample collection). All cattle were fed ground warm-season hay (89.5% DM, 92.8% OM, 65.9% NDF, 43.6% ADF, 6.70% CP) at 1.5% of BW (DM-basis) and supplemented with soybean meal at 0.18% of BW (DM-basis) once daily. Treatments consisted of a blend of tannins, saponins and essential oils provided at 0% (Control), 0.1% (Low) and 0.3% (High) of hay offering. Treatments were mixed with daily soybean meal allotment and provided before feeding of hay. Urine and feces were completely collected from d 11 through 14 at 0730 h and daily amounts of urine and feces produced were measured gravimetrically. Measures of gaseous exchange were determined via indirect calorimetry on d 13 and 14. Open-circuit respiration calorimeters (91.4 × 91.4 × 191.2 cm) were used to collect respired gas and ruminal methane production. Total oxygen consumption and production of carbon dioxide and methane were calculated from the difference in concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and methane from air exhausted from each calorimeter and concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and methane in ambient air and multiplied by amounts of air flowing from each calorimeter standardized for temperature, pressure, and humidity. Data were analyzed for a Latin square using the MIXED procedure of SAS with fixed effect of treatment, period and square and random effect of steer. Linear and quadratic contrast coefficients were assigned using PROC IML for uneven spacing of treatments. Significance was declared when P ≤ 0.05. Per experimental design, forage N and OM intake did not differ (P ≥ 0.77). Apparent total tract digestion of OM, NDF and ADF did not differ (P ≥ 0.66) among treatments. Fecal nitrogen excretion, and the percentage of N excreted in feces increased linearly (P = 0.01). N balance tended (P = 0.08) to decrease linearly with increasing PSM supplemented. Methane (L/kg DMI) was not affected (P = 0.28) by treatments. Methane, GE, DE, and ME (mcal/kg DMI) was unaffected (P = 0.19) by treatment. Under the conditions of this experiment, a blend of PSM had little effect on rumen fermentation or energy metabolism in beef steers.

The Value of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Stormwater Management: A Case Study of a Traditional Village

In recent years, floods have occurred frequently in urban and rural areas around the world, causing heavy casualties and property damage. In contrast, some traditional Chinese villages have never flooded. It is hypothesized that these villages, because of their long-term adaptations to their environment, hold necessary ecological knowledge regarding stormwater management so that damaging flooding can be avoided. Previous studies on the traditional ecological knowledge regarding stormwater management in traditional Chinese villages are mostly qualitative studies, and these fail in their evaluation of the functional performance of stormwater management facilities and measures. Therefore, we use the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) in our quantitative evaluation of stormwater management in Zhuge, a traditional Chinese village, so as to rationally analyze the traditional ecological knowledge regarding stormwater management in traditional Chinese villages. In order to analyze the functions and efficiency of stormwater management facilities such as ponds, canals, and permeable pavement in Zhuge Village, this study sets out four scenarios: the No Pond Scenario (NO-PO), the No Canal Scenario (NO-CO), the No Permeable Pavement Scenario (NO-PP), and the actual Current Scenario (CS). The SWMM is used to simulate and quantitatively analyze the stormwater hydrological processes of the four scenarios in different rainfall return periods. The following conclusions emerged from our evaluation of the approaches used in Zhuge Village: (1) The rainwater regulation system composed of ponds, canals, and permeable pavement can play a dual role in alleviating rainstorm disasters and fully storing rainwater, achieving the flexible allocation of rainwater resources. It can effectively alleviate the problem of uneven time and space of local rainfall in shallow, hilly areas, reflecting the traditional ecological wisdom of residents in adapting to the local natural environment. (2) As a rainwater regulation device, ponds are very effective in storing water and mitigating periods of intense runoff. (3) The main function of canals is to rapidly drain water and balance rainwater resources. (4) The main function of permeable pavement is to increase rainwater infiltration and reduce the peak runoff and runoff. (5) The use of the SWMM proved effective in both quantifying the results as well as elucidating stormwater management strategies.

Learning Disability (Dysgraphia): A Case Study on a Second Grade Student at Elementary School

Student who had difficulty in writing, especially if asked to write cursive letters. There were several writing difficulties faced by students such as the student's lack of focus in copying the writing on the board, this made student was slow in completing work. This study aims to analyze the learning writing disorder experienced by the student and ways to overcome the student's writing disorder. The qualitative research study that explores a second-grade student's writing issue. This research attempts to define the student's learning (writing) disorder, the type of learning disorder the student has, and solutions to overcome the student's writing issue. To collect data from second-grade students at elementary school the study used a case study design and descriptive approach. This study employed a qualitative research design using descriptive methodology and a case study approach. This study utilized direct observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques in this research consisted of three stages: data collection, data reduction, and drawing conclusions. The study's findings indicate that the student problems with arranging written work on paper, spelling, and uneven spacing. The research closes by advising that the student get special education programs to address his or her writing problem.

The Influence of Micro-Hexapod Walking-Induced Pose Changes on LiDAR-SLAM Mapping Performance.

Micro-hexapods, well-suited for navigating tight or uneven spaces and suitable for mass production, hold promise for exploration by robot groups, particularly in disaster scenarios. However, research on simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) for micro-hexapods has been lacking. Previous studies have not adequately addressed the development of SLAM systems considering changes in the body axis, and there is a lack of comparative evaluation with other movement mechanisms. This study aims to assess the influence of walking on SLAM capabilities in hexapod robots. Experiments were conducted using the same SLAM system and LiDAR on both a hexapod robot and crawler robot. The study compares map accuracy and LiDAR point cloud data through pattern matching. The experimental results reveal significant fluctuations in LiDAR point cloud data in hexapod robots due to changes in the body axis, leading to a decrease in map accuracy. In the future, the development of SLAM systems considering body axis changes is expected to be crucial for multi-legged robots like micro-hexapods. Therefore, we propose the implementation of a system that incorporates body axis changes during locomotion using inertial measurement units and similar sensors.

Tinjauan Sistem Penyimpanan dan Pengambilan Berkas Rekam Medis di Rumah Sakit Graha Permata Ibu

Introduction: Medical record storage is a place where there are files containing records in which there is a patient's identity, recording of diagnoses, treatment of patients, and actions taken by confidential health services. The problems in the medical record storage room are ineffective spatial planning, uneven spacing between shelves, a frequent occurrence, and the confidentiality of medical records is not guaranteed because the storage space is used for traffic other than officers. Objectives: To carry out a Review of the Medical Record File Storage and Retrieval System at Graha Permata Ibu Hospital in 2022. Methods: The type of research used is descriptive research using qualitative methods to obtain information about the system for storing and retrieving medical record files at Graha Permata Ibu Hospital in 2022. Researchers chose informants who were deemed appropriate and who knew about problems related to the system for storing and retrieving medical records at home. Hospital Graha Permata Ibu Depok provides complete and clear medication. The instrument in this research is the researcher himself which can then be developed to complete the data and compare it with data obtained through observations and interviews. Results: The results of this study obtained information on the number of officers in the storage or filing room totaling 10 people, the facilities and infrastructure in medical record storage are complete, the storage system used is centralization, this centralization system is supported by a final number alignment system or terminal digit filing. Conclusion: still found the occurrence of misplaced medical record documents (misfile). This is because officers are less careful in storing and not using tracers when retrieving medical record documents, so when storing medical record documents there are no tools as guidelines for storing medical record documents again.

Intelligence System towards Identify Weeds in Crops and Vegetables Plantation Using Image Processing and Deep Learning Techniques

Due to uneven spacing of the plants, identification of weeds and bushes in crops and vegetables plantations is more difficult than identification of weeds and bushes in crops. There has not been much research done on weed identification in vegetable plantations thus far. Although there is a wide variety of plant species, the traditional crop weed detection techniques are used to directly identify weeds. This research introduces a novel approach that combines image processing and deep learning techniques. Instead of directly tackling weed detection, the proposed method focuses on identifying vegetables. The process begins by utilizing a trained CenterNet model to detect and create bounding boxes around the vegetables. Subsequently, any remaining green objects outside the bounding boxes are classified as weeds. By narrowing the scope to vegetable detection, the model avoids the complexities associated with different weed species. Moreover, this approach offers the advantage of reducing the complexity of weed detection and minimizing the required training image dataset, leading to improved performance and accuracy in weed identification. To separate the weeds from the background, a color index-based segmentation technique is employed using image processing methods. Using Genetic Algorithms (GAs), the employed colour index is chosen and assessed in accordance with the Bayesian classification error. The trained CenterNet model gets score 0.953 in Figure 1, a recall of 95.2%, and a precision of 95.8% during field test. In comparison to the widely used ExG index, the PI (Proposed Index) is 19R + 24G + 2B = 864 produces outstanding segmentation accuracy at significantly less cost for computation segmentation. Outcomes of this experiment show that the suggested strategy for weed identification in vegetable plantations may be used successfully on the ground.

Changes in lumbar muscle diffusion tensor indices with age.

To investigate differences in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters and proton density fat fraction (PDFF) in the spinal muscles of younger and older adult males. Twelve younger (19-30 years) and 12 older (61-81years) healthy, physically active male participants underwent T1W, T2W, Dixon and DTI of the lumbar spine. The eigenvalues (λ1, λ2, and λ3), fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean diffusivity (MD) from the DTI together with the PDFF were determined in the multifidus, medial and lateral erector spinae (ESmed, ESlat), and quadratus lumborum (QL) muscles. A two-way ANOVA was used to investigate differences with age and muscle and t-tests for differences in individual muscles with age. The ANOVA gave significant differences with age for all DTI parameters and the PDFF (P < .01) and with muscle (P < .01) for all DTI parameters except for λ1 and for the PDFF. The mean of the eigenvalues and MD were lower and the FA higher in the older age group with differences reaching statistical significance for all DTI measures for ESlat and QL (P < .01) but only in ESmed for λ3 and MD (P < .05). Differences in DTI parameters of muscle with age result from changes in both in the intra- and extra-cellular space and cannot be uniquely explained in terms of fibre length and diameter. Previous studies looking at age have used small groups with uneven age spacing. Our study uses two well defined and separated age groups.

CT imaging of Lindner tested, burnt timber

The durability of fire-retardant materials used for wooden structures and wood-based products can be evaluated on small cut-out samples with the so-called Lindner test, which is a standard procedure in Hungary where 1 g of hexamethylene-tetramine is burnt under the wooden specimen and the mass loss is measured. For further spatial information about the burnt part of the samples, the specimens were CT scanned after the Lindner test. The goal was to evaluate if the charred part can be properly segmented in a CT image set and if the two measurements combined are precise enough to provide charring rate data. With the segmentation of the CT image sets, the burnt volumes could be separated properly in each case even when knots were present. Spruce sample provided the most consistent results regarding the mass loss/burnt volume. This is probably due to the uneven ring spacing and other inhomogeneities in the density of oak and ash.

Atomic Zincophilic Sites Regulating Microspace Electric Fields for Dendrite-Free Zinc Anode.

Aqueous Zn metal batteries are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage due to their intrinsic advantages. However, Zn tends to deposit irregularly and forms dendrites driven by the uneven space electric field distribution near the Zn-electrolyte interphase. Herein it is demonstrated that trace addition of Co single atom anchored carbon (denoted as CoSA/C) in the electrolyte regulates the microspace electric field at the Zn-electrolyte interphase and unifies Zn deposition. Through preferential adsorption of CoSA/C on the Zn surface, the atomically dispersed Co-N3 with strong charge polarization effect can redistribute the local space electric field and regulate ion flux. Moreover, the dynamic adsorption/desorption of CoSA/C upon plating/stripping offers sustainable long-term regulation. Therefore, Zn||Zn symmetric cells with CoSA/C electrolyte additive deliver stable cycling up to 1600h (corresponding to a cumulative plated capacity of 8 Ah cm-2 ) at a high current density of 10mA cm-2 , demonstrating the sustainable feature of microspace electric field regulation at high current density and capacity.

Clock Drawing Test: Types of Errors and Accuracy in Early Cognitive Screening.

Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a commonly used screening tool for cognitive disorders, known for its ease of administration and scoring. Despite frequent use by clinicians, CDT is criticized for its poor predictive value in mild cases of impairment. To evaluate CDT as a screening tool for early stage of cognitive impairment in biomarker-verified Alzheimer's disease (AD) and depressive disorder (DD). We analyzed CDT of 172 patients with verified AD, 70 patients with DD, in whom neurodegenerative disorder was excluded using cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and 58 healthy older adults. CDT was scored using the semi-quantitative (Shulman) and itemized criteria (adapted from Mendez). Logistic regression showed that for both DD and AD patients with high Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores (27 and above) the significant predicting variable is uneven number spacing. As MMSE deteriorates (24-26 points), an additional error of setting clock hands is predictive of the disease. In the low MMSE condition, CDT showed an acceptable discrimination for AD (AUC itemized 0.740, Shulman 0.741) and DD (AUC itemized 0.827, Shulman 0.739) using both scoring methods. In the high MMSE condition, discrimination rates were acceptable using itemized scoring but poor using Shulman scoring for both AD (AUC itemized 0.707, Shulman 0.677) and DD (AUC itemized 0.755, Shulman 0.667) groups. Ideally, modern diagnostic process should take place before the cognitive performance drops beneath the healthy range. This makes CDT of little use when screening patients with very mild cognitive deficits.

Partitioning evapotranspiration using 18O abundance to understand water use efficiency in maize produced using ridge-furrow mulching system

The ridge-furrow mulching system (RFMS) is an efficient farming strategy that has been used widely for improving crop productivity in dryland agriculture. However, the physical mechanism that allows RFMS and its optimal ridge/furrow ratio to drive the efficient utilization of water in fields are unclear. Thus, we conducted a field research for two years with spring maize based on a long-term field experiment in a semiarid region of Northwestern China to quantify evaporation and transpiration, and their relationship with maize growth, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) under RFMS. Three planting patterns of ridge/furrow ratio were tested: (1) RF40, RFMS with 60 cm wide ridges and 40 cm wide furrows; (2) RF60, RFMS with 60 cm wide ridges and 60 cm wide furrows; (3) FP, traditional flat planting (control). Stable oxygen isotope (18O) analysis was used to partition the evapotranspiration (ET) into evaporation (E) and transpiration (T). The results showed that RFMS significantly increased the soil water content (SWC) in the early and late growing season, but not in the middle period (60–120 days after sowing, DAS) when dry matter accumulated rapidly and the highest transpiration occurred. RFMS significantly decreased the nonproductive evaporation, thereby increased the physiologically significant maize transpiration by 25.0–35.7% during the whole growing season. Therefore, the transpiration fraction of ET (T/ET) was 73% and 70% under RF40 and RF60 during the whole growing season, which were significantly higher than FP. Compared to FP, the maize yield and WUE increased significantly by 55.1% and 52.2% under RF40 and by 49.5% and 47.6% under RF60. We found RFMS drives optimization of ET fractions by increased transpiration but decreased evaporation and then improved WUE of maize, higher ridge/furrow ratio (RF40) create uneven line space and higher mulching area in the field, thus drives optimization of ET components and increased yield and WUE the most. Clarification of this physical mechanism improves our understanding of the optimization of maize production under RFMS, thereby helping to optimize the ridge/furrow ratio in semiarid regions.

Global Continuous Toolpath Planning with Controllable Local Directions

Toolpath planning for Continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites (CFRTPCs) 3D printing is a challenging task, which is vital to decrease the process complexity. In this paper, we propose a global continuous path planning method for CFRTPCs. First, for the set of 2D connected regions generated by slicing, we establish an optimized print sequence with a minimum idle stroke under interference constraints. Second, a continuous Zigzag path generation algorithm with controlled deposition direction is constructed for each 2D connected region, and path optimization is used to lessen the uneven deposition spacing. Finally, A separation axis theorem is used to prevent interference during the printing process, and we use a genetic algorithm to choose the connection points between 2D paths in a given spatial printing sequence to make the minimum idle stroke, creating a global continuous path with controllable deposition direction. The method proposed in this paper can provide the ability to customize the local deposition path direction and ensure the continuity of the global path to avoid interference and reduce the post-processing workload, so it is suitable for continuous path planning and multi-physics field optimization of complex structures, which can fully utilize the advantages of high-performance fibers to improve the customization ability and the performance of the fabricated parts for 3D printing and provide support for the manufacturing of high-performance structures in different fields.

After biosovereignty: The material transfer agreement as technology of relations.

Increasingly, countries in the Global South-notably South Africa, Brazil, and Indonesia-are introducing material transfer agreements (MTAs) into their domestic laws for the exchange of scientific material. The MTA is a contract securing the legal transfer of tangible research material between organizations such as laboratories, pharmaceutical companies, or universities. Critical commentators argue that these agreements in the Global North have come to fulfill an important role in the expansion of dominant intellectual property regimes. Taking Indonesia as a case, this article examines how MTAs are enacted and implemented differently in the context of research involving the Global South. Against the conventionally understood forms of contract that commodify and commercialize materials and knowledge, the MTA in the South can be understood as a legal technology appropriated to translate a formerly relational economy of the scientific gift to a market system of science. As a way of gaining leverage in the uneven space of the global bioeconomy, the MTA functions as a technology for 'reverse appropriation', a reworking of its usage and meaning as a way of countering some of the global power inequalities experienced by Global South countries. The operation of this reverse appropriation, however, is hybrid, and reveals a complex reconfiguration of scientific exchange amidst a growing push for 'open science'.

Deep Learning-Based Ultrasound Beam Shaping for Spatiotemporal Acoustic Holograms Generation

Acoustical hologram generation can be achieved via controlled beam shaping by engineering the transmitted phases to create a desired pattern. Optically inspired phase retrieval algorithms and standard beam shaping methods assume continuous wave (CW) insonation, which successfully generate acoustic holograms for therapeutic applications that involve long burst transmissions. However, a phase engineering technique designed for single-cycle transmission and capable of achieving spatiotemporal interference of the transmitted pulses is needed for imaging applications. Toward this goal, we developed a multilevel residual deep convolutional network for calculating the inverse process that will yield the phase map for the creation of a multifoci pattern. The ultrasound deep learning (USDL) method was trained on simulated training pairs of multifoci patterns in the focal plane and their corresponding phase maps in the transducer plane, where propagation between the planes was performed via singe cycle transmission. The USDL method outperformed the standard Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) method, when transmitted with single cycle excitation, in parameters including the number of focal spots that were generated successfully and their pressure and uniformity. In addition, the USDL method was shown to be flexible in generating patterns with large focal spacing, uneven spacing, and nonuniform amplitudes. In simulations, the largest improvement was obtained for four foci patterns, where the GS method succeeded in creating 25% of the requested patterns, while the USDL method successfully created 60% of the patterns. These results were confirmed experimentally via hydrophone measurements. Our findings suggest that deep learning-based beam shaping can facilitate the next generation of acoustical holograms for ultrasound imaging applications.

Sparse 2-D optical phased array with large grating-lobe-free steering range based on an aperiodic grid.

Two-dimensional (2-D) optical phased arrays (OPAs) usually suffer from limited scan ranges and small aperture sizes. To overcome these bottlenecks, we utilize an aperiodic 32 × 32 grid to increase the beam scanning range and furthermore distribute 128 grating antennas sparsely among 1024 grid points so as to reduce the array element number. The genetic algorithm is used to optimize the uneven grid spacings and the sparse distribution of grating antennas. With these measures, a 128-channel 2-D OPA operating at 1550 nm realizes a grating-lobe-free steering range of 53° × 16°, a field of view of 24° × 16°, a beam divergence of 0.31° × 0.49°, and a sidelobe suppression ratio of 9 dB.

Unequal exposure to heatwaves in Los Angeles: Impact of uneven green spaces.

Cities worldwide are experiencing record-breaking summer temperatures. Urban environments exacerbate extreme heat, resulting in not only the urban heat island but also intracity variations in heat exposure. Understanding these disparities is crucial to support equitable climate mitigation and adaptation efforts. We found persistent negative correlations between daytime land surface temperature (LST) and median household income across the Los Angeles metropolitan area based on Ecosystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station observations from 2018 to 2021. Lower evapotranspiration resulting from the unequal distribution of vegetation cover is a major factor leading to higher LST in low-income neighborhoods. Disparities worsen with higher regional mean surface temperature, with a $10,000 decrease in income leading to ~0.2°C LST increase at 20°C and up to ~0.7°C at 45°C. With more frequent and intense heat waves projected in the future, equitable mitigation measures, such as increasing surface albedo and tree cover in low-income neighborhoods, are necessary to address these disparities.