UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Research Articles

국가무형유산 범주로서의 '구전 전통 및 표현'에 대한 검토와 적용

There are 160 items designated as national intangible cultural heritage in South Korea, which can be classified into seven designation categories, however, not a single item has been designated in the category of “oral traditions and expressions.” The National Heritage Administration has recognized the need for new designations in this field and commissioned a two-year project. I criticize this as reflecting a lack of understanding of the “oral traditions and expressions” category and, furthermore, of the designation categories. Since intangible cultural heritage has diverse and three-dimensional characteristics, it is often not possible to limit it to a single category. The designation category is a detailed description of the scope of designation, and intangible cultural heritage can actually have multiple categories. Therefore, classifying intangible cultural heritage into a single category can generate many criticisms. Even UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage, which has greatly influenced our efforts, selects multiple designation categories (domains) and does not recognize them as affiliated departments. We also point out that using this designated category as a classification and publicizing it as-is can cause the general public to misunderstand a heritage item. To address this criticism, I examined the historical evolution of Korea’s designated categories. “Oral traditions and expressions” is a category that was created in 2016 under the influence of the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage system. Therefore, I explored how this category is used in this system and what heritage actually exists in “oral traditions and expressions.” Currently, 37 of the national intangible cultural heritages are “oral traditions and expressions.” However, these heritages are not limited to “oral traditions and expressions,” but have a complex nature. On the other hand, one thing that cannot be limited to “oral traditions and expressions” is “story culture,” or folktales. There is no room for discussion about the intangible cultural heritage value of folktales and the need to designate them as national or provincial intangible cultural heritages. However, when looking at the criteria of the existing intangible cultural heritage policy, several issues regarding the designation of folktales arise that are discussed.

DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNET AITYS IN KAZAKHSTAN

Aitys is a type of oral literature of the Turkic people, which has existed since ancient times and is preserved today in Central Asia and the Anatolian region. The Kazakh and Kyrgyz people call it aitys/aitysh, and the Azerbaijani and Turkish people call it Aşıklık (minstrelsy) tradition. Both of these are listed in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Aitys takes place between two or more poets. The artist who participates and performs in it is considered as a poet or aitysker in Kazakh and Kyrgyz, ashyk in Azerbaijani and Turkish folklore. According to tradition, they do not prepare for aitys in advance, but, by competing with the opponent, they touch on any topical problems of society and convey them through their improvisational abilities. Poets’ aitys in Kazakhstan used to be held at celebrating events and palaces of culture, sometimes broadcast on TV channels. In the 21st century, with the current technology and electronics development, it began to spread out through Internet sites and social networks such as Facebook, Instagram, Skype, vk.com and YouTube. As a result, in addition to traditional aitys, word contests such as internet-aitys and online-aitys are appeared. Recently, more and more online-aitys has been organized in Kazakhstan, and public attention has begun to pay special attention to it. By this it can be said that a cultural change has taken place, and aitys is developing in a new way as a type of oral literature of the Kazakh people. Traditional Kazakh aitys have previously studied by researchers such as Akhmet Baytursynov, Halel Dosmukhamedov, Saken Seyfullin, Sabit Mukanov, Mukhtar Avezov, Muslim Bazarbayev, Zaki Ahmetov, Esmagambet Ismailov, Muhamedrahim Jarmuhamedov, Metin Ergun, Bekir Şişman, Nergis Biray, Eva-Marie Dubuisson, Lazzat Urakova and Guldana Salimjan. And the topic of Internet-aitys and online-aitys is found only in the article of Bekarys Nurimanov and Zhuldyzay Kishkenbayeva. Therefore, this topic needs to be studied within the framework of internet folklore, which means that it needs to be studied under netlore theory. This article analyzes the history of Kazakh aitys and current issues within the framework of four sub-themes: “About the history of the aitys genre”, “contemporary aitys art”, “internet aitys and its topics” and “the development process of online aitys”. As a basis of the research there were sampled the first online-aitys organized by the information portal “Abai.kz” in 2010, the “Aitys Online” project organized in 2019, and the online-aitys during the pandemic. The texts of the above-mentioned aitys were analyzed within the framework of the theory of netlore, and the differences between traditional and online aitys were compared. Their impact on the Kazakh society and the work of poets were considered. Although the place of the aitys has changed, it was found that the nature of the aitys and the cultural value of the past have not lost their meaning during the poets’ aitys competition. From this point of view, it has been proven that the freedom of Internet-aitys and its uniqueness prevails in telling the truth to the public. In addition, the article discusses how the heritage of aitys lives in a society governed by digital media technologies, what is the peculiarity of aitys as a cultural heritage of society in providing a new experience to a person.

Good water governance through cultural evolution along river basins: The role of UNESCO heritage sites and intangible cultural heritage

Highlights Effective water governance is essential for sustainable management of water resources, particularly within river basins where diverse stakeholders intersect. Cultural evolution along these river systems has profoundly influenced water governance practices. UNESCO heritage sites and intangible cultural heritage play a pivotal role in preserving traditional knowledge and practices related to water management. By recognizing and learning from UNESCO sites, we can enhance contemporary water governance strategies. As water experts, we recognize that the preservation of cultural heritage is inseparable from effective water governance. Let us continue to celebrate and protect these invaluable resources.

Chinese Space, Identity, and Presence in Malaysia: Exploring the Yingxiong Haohan Ideal of Wu Masculinity in the Wangkang Festival of Melaka

Abstract The Wangkang Festival has been celebrated for nearly two centuries in Melaka, Malaysia. In 2005, it was recognized as part of the national heritage of Malaysia; and in 2020 garnered global recognition with unesco Intangible Cultural Heritage designation. The festival centers on apprehending evil spirits believed to cause epidemics and chaos, while invoking peace and prosperity. The tradition revolves around the worship of Ong Yah, also known as the “Five Sworn Brothers,” making it a vibrant cultural site to study Melaka’s local Chinese identity through Taoist folk religious practices. This article documents the 2020 festival in the midst of the covid pandemic, observes the notable absence and marginalization of women, explores gender constructions through the notion of wu (武) in Chinese masculinity, particularly through the ideal of yingxiong haohan (英雄好漢), and argues that the Chinese community carves out a Chinese public space, identity and presence in Malaysia within the Wangkang Festival context.

Participation and cultural heritage management in Norway. Who, when, and how people participate

ABSTRACT Participation in democracy has been suggested as an inherent value of democracy by allowing citizens to participate in political decision-making. Since the 2000s and, more particularly, after the creation of the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention and the Council of Europe’s Faro Convention, there has been a call for a participatory approach to heritage management. In 2008 Norway ratified the Faro Convention justifying the existence of statutory participatory practices and community engagements. This paper assesses these practices as they read at the national legal provisions to evaluate how Norway articulates participative processes regarding cultural heritage management. The results indicate that the legal framework long for an active role of inhabitants in local administration and planning and heritage management but prevent them from influencing governance beyond the elections. Accordingly, cultural heritage management is still far from being considered a ‘sharing responsibility’ between citizens and authorities as the Faro Convention calls for.

Strategic Skepticism: The Politics of Grassroots Participation in an Afro-Andean Nomination to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Representative List

Abstract This article analyzes the grassroots participation politics in the nomination of a set of Afro-Andean musical and dance practices—atajo de negritos and pallitas—to the UNESCO Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage. These are performed during the Catholic celebration of Christmas in the Ica region in Peru. I suggest that the participation of grassroots practitioners in this case study featured a behavior pattern I label “strategic skepticism.” This behavior is a critical but passive form of grassroots engagement, alternative to both compliance and resistance, which allows a form of local agency that clashes with the neoliberal logics of the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage process. The article, based on fieldwork conducted in the region of Ica in Peru between 2017 and 2018, includes perspectives from grassroots practitioners and state Intangible Cultural Heritage officials.

How to Digitally Preserve UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage? A Web-archive for Ephemeral Events at the Basler Carnival

How to Digitally Preserve UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage? A Web-archive for Ephemeral Events at the Basler Carnival

The Lisbon fado and its study in the context of the history of Portugal

Fado, sometimes called Portuguese urban romance, is a cultural phenomenon whose meaning goes far beyond this definition and generally beyond the framework of musical culture at all. It has become an important part of the traditional culture of Portugal, an iconic element of the image of the country, having gone through several phases of evolution in its relatively short (slightly less than two centuries) history. Having arisen and being at the initial stage an element of the folklore of the urban lower classes of Lisbon, fado later underwent cultural appropriation by the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie, who saw in it the features of the national spirit and the expression of the mentality of the Portuguese. In particular, it was associated with such properties of the national character, which are generalised in the concept of «saudade» – melancholic or tragic longing for the distant, unattainable, often gone into the past. On the other hand, fado was condemned and stigmatised as a low genre associated with marginal strata, as well as with the backwardness and decline of the country. In the first half of the 20th century, the professionalisation and prestige of the fado is increasing, it penetrates the theatre scene, grows popular with the general public, becomes famous abroad. To a large extent, this is due to the innovations of a new generation of authors and performers, in particular, Alfredo Marceneiro, Hermínia Silva and Amália Rodrigues, sometimes defined as the «fado triangle». The significance of fado for Portuguese and world culture was marked by its inclusion in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2011.

Transnational Religious Practices as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage: The Complex Case of the Traditional Latin Mass

The 2003 UNESCO Convention definition of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) covers religious practices and rites, as can be seen from normative descriptions and dozens of actual examples, many of which are Catholic religious traditions. The Traditional Latin Mass (TLM), practiced in one form or another for over 1500 years by an ever-increasing number of peoples and nations and in possession of a common stable set of rules, meets the UNESCO criteria for listing as ICH; in fact, it is arguably the best possible example. It is also a complicated one. After the Catholic Church’s liturgical reform in the 1960s and 1970s, new rites were introduced and the old rites were officially abandoned; nevertheless, a minority of clergy and laity continued to celebrate the TLM, and, over time, the legitimacy of their attachment to it was recognised by several popes, who also spoke regularly of the great value of the Church’s cultural and artistic patrimony and recommended that it remained joined with its religious origins. In contrast, the current pope, Francis, has recently become opposed to the continuation of the old rites. Be this as it may, it is quite possible that such a threatened but deeply appreciated international ICH as the TLM could be proposed for listing by several states that (unlike the Holy See) have signed the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, to give it a recognition appropriate to its immense historical and present-day cultural value.

A Study on the Characteristics of Traditional Hanji, Xuan Paper, and Washi for UNESCO Registration

Hanji is defined as traditional paper manufactured according to Korea's unique manufacturing technology, using mulberry fiber produced in the Korean peninsula as the main ingredient. Although hanji has excellent characteristics such as preservation and durability and has historical and cultural values, it has not yet been registered as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, unlike Chinese traditional paper, Xuan paper, and Japanese traditional paper, Washi. In the case of Xuan paper and Washi, it has already been registered as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO and is receiving worldwide attention, and efforts are being made to preserve and inherit paper culture. Therefore, it is judged that Hanji culture needs to be listed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity to promote the excellence of Hanji, which is a unique heritage of Korea, and to preserve and inherit Hanji culture. Therefore, this study attempted to analyze the characteristics of traditional paper in Korea, China, and Japan, and to prove that Hanji also has unique and excellent characteristics different from Xaun paper and Washi. In order to analyze the characteristics of traditional paper in each country, optical characteristics, intensity characteristics, and surface characteristics were measured. Through this study, it is believed that this study can serve as basic data for the registration of Hanji culture as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

“L’arte dei muri a secco”, confronti tra esperienze per la conservazione del patrimonio culturale dei paesaggi rurali

The European rural landscape has been designed for centuries by the art of the construction of dry stone walls and by the arrangement of terraced bands, becoming a cultural expression of identity common also to rural contexts geographically distant from each other. In 2018, eight European countries obtained the transnational recognition of the “Art of dry stone walls” in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List. The contribution questions, on the basis of some case studies, how UNESCO recognition can concretely favor the start of that necessary support for studies and conservation of the knowledge preserved in the experience of the workers, who often lack professional recognition and regulatory support. It also proposes an analysis on the processes of protection, management, enhancement and conservation of this cultural heritage. If some case studies express guidelines and identifiable as repeatable good practices, others appear to be the lack of adequate policies for the protection of value landscapes.

Jeju Divers as Models of Modern Korean Women in Korean Media Under the Japanese Colonial Rule

This study examines the challenging lives and roles of Jeju divers as independent modern women reflected in Korean media during the Japanese colonial era, by analyzing the articles in Maeil-shinbo, the only Korean newspaper at the time. Jeju woman divers were registered as UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2016 and have great significance as a leading model in the beginning of modern Korean women. In previous studies, Jeju divers have been treated as a unique lifestyle and cultural construct formed in the special environment of the island region. However, they pursued a pioneering and progressive life despite the double oppressive structure of the colonial rule and the feudal tradition that restrained women. They became independent economic agents by enduring extreme labor in the dangerous environment of the deep sea, and also resisted power without being silent about the exploitation and oppression of the colonists. And through the organization of voluntary decision-making bodies, they themselves protected their rights and interests in economic activities.

한지 유네스코 등재를 위한 한·중·일 전통종이 제작기술 비교연구

The purpose of this paper is to provide baseline data that can be used for inclusion in the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of Korea's Hanji culture and to suggest directions for its implementation. To this end, Xuan paper and Washi, which were registered on the Representative List of UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2009 and 2014, were investigated. The contents of the investigation include the origin, Historicity, raw materials, and manufacturing process of paper making. In addition, prior research was conducted through interviews and field visits. In addition, the origin and historicity of Hanji was verified through ancient documents and relics. And it has been investigated that traditional Hanji’s culture is an intangible cultural heritage that has been maintained, protected, inherited and developed. Finally, the development of traditional Hanji’s culture and the direction to be taken were presented. Therefore, it is expected that this study can be used as a research material for the inclusion of Hanji as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

THE SONG CELEBRATION AS POWER OF CULTURAL MEMORY AND A MISSION OF MODERNITY

Following the publication of the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention in 2003, and its entry into force in 2006, the Song Celebration tradition and symbolism in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania was added to the intangible cultural property. The tradition of the Song festivals, inspired by the protestant culture, has become an integral part of the Baltic States’ identity. The Song festivals were created to demonstrate the diversity of heritage and national history; now they also make efforts to modernise cultural practice, which is passed on from generation to generation, and they still retain the positive, immediate, uniting and mobilising function that is essential for the survival of the nation. Declaring national identity and creativity, the Song and Dance Celebration of the Baltic States reflects their patriotic and historical barriers, ideological conformism, and cultural maturity. What is the common reality of the Song and Dance Celebration as a national cultural priority in all the three Baltic States? It is the programme, the participants, a developed tradition, the creative, ideological and artistic value, the relationship with the media, the role of innovation in the television broadcasts and online communication – all this forms just a small part of topicalities related to the Celebration that requires attention, evaluation and reflection. The article studies the tradition of the Lithuanian Song and Dance Celebration as a multifaceted phenomenon, viewing it through the prism of contemporary cultural discourse. Following the French philosopher Michel de Certeau, the article examines the Lithuanian Song Celebration as a modern cultural phenomenon, which shapes our collective representations of the past and imports our traditional cultural heritage into the cities. The Song Celebration is also defined as a site of memory (lieux de mémoire) the significance of which is outlined by the French historian Pierre Nora, and which is used to strengthen the national authority and promote patriotism. It is also analysed as a practice of cultural memory (kulturelles Gedächtnis), which helps to reconstruct cultural identity and foster self-reflexive processes, as the German researchers Jan and Aleida Assmann claim. However, it can be observed that in recent decades many global memory projects integrate similar memory practices in transnational networks around the world. Besides, in the context of globalism, a very intense visual culture has emerged including a multitude of festivals and spectacles requiring revision and updating of the Song Celebration concept, which would allow us speak openly and boldly about the interpretation of the traditional culture and create new models of communication, without turning the Celebration into a commodity product, and finding original ways to discover a deeper meaning of ethnic culture.

Can the Unesco Award be a Facilitator to Change the Quality in After-School Programmes? - Visions for Future

Summary In April 2021 the “common welfare oriented sports club culture” has been awarded by German UNESCO intangible cultural heritage (ICH). To maintain this award, there has to be a future vision for the immaterial cultural heritage in terms of inclusive, equal opportunity, high-quality education. In Germany, sports clubs cooperate with (primary) schools in after-school programmes, often organized by the school (ASPO). However, offers of sports clubs are understood as offers for pastime and day-care, on the contrary, offers of other partner of cooperation are regarded as offers of education. During Corona crises grassroots sports in Germany was forbidden and more than that, ASPO and PE were cancelled immediately, with consequences e.g. for common welfare and health. “Existing concepts no longer work!” (Pühse, oral comment Bratislava 2021). P.E. teachers experimented with homework, but failed. However, exercise instructors and coaches came up with new motivating ideas and sports clubs seem to take over the role of high-quality education. Can the UNESCO award be part of a creative change not only for sports club culture but also for ASPO and excessively so to understanding PE in its multi-perspective? Let´s finally consider it in a future workshop, based on scenario, which reflects the relevant developments.

A STUDY ON THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE (ICH) PROCESS AND THE METHOD OF CONSERVATION OF CULTURES IN SOUTH KOREA

Kore, coğrafi konumu nedeniyle Kore Savaşı (1950-1953)’nın gerçekleştiği yıllara kadar çevresindeki yakın ülkelerin sömürgeciliğe varan saldırılarına maruz kalmıştır. Sömürge altında yaşadığı dönemlerde toprağını sömüren ülkenin kültürlerini hatta yaşam biçimlerini kabul etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Örneğin Çin’in etkisi altında kaldığı dönemlerde (M.Ö 109) Kore yarımadası, Çin’in dinini, dilini hatta siyasi düzenini bile benimseyerek yaşamıştır. Yakın tarihte Japon sömürgesi (1910-1945) altında yaşamış olan Kore, bu dönemde Japonya’nın çeşitli baskılarına maruz kalmıştır. Japonya’nın uyguladığı baskılarda amaç Kore halkının, kendi kültürüne karşı yabancılaşması ve Japon kültürünü yaygınlaştırmaktır. Bu nedenle Kore, sömürge dönemlerinde kendi geleneksel kültürlerinin değişime uğrayacağını düşünerek geleneksel soyut kültürlerini korumaya çalışmıştır. Bu amaçla çeşitli kurumların ve eğitim merkezlerinin açılmasına destek vermiştir. Güney Kore Hükümeti, 2005 yılında UNESCO’nun Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miraslar sözleşmesini imzalayarak soyut kültürel varlıklarının yerel ve uluslararası düzeyde bilirliğini arttırmayı amaçlamıştır. Bu makale çalışmasında, Güney Kore Hükümeti’nin somut olmayan kültürel miraslarını korumak için kurduğu kurumlar, her yıl düzenli olarak gerçekleştirdiği festivaller ve programlar ele alınmıştır. Böylelikle Güney Kore Hükümetinin geleneksel somut olmayan kültürlerini nasıl korudukları hakkında genel bir araştırma yapılmıştır.

The Sustainable Development of Intangible Cultural Heritage with AI: Cantonese Opera Singing Genre Classification Based on CoGCNet Model in China

Chinese Cantonese opera, a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) of Humanity, has faced a series of development problems due to diversified entertainment and emerging cultures. While, the management on Cantonese opera data in a scientific manner is conducive to the sustainable development of ICH. Therefore, in this study, a scientific and standardized audio database dedicated to Cantonese opera is established, and a classification method for Cantonese opera singing genres based on the Cantonese opera Genre Classification Networks (CoGCNet) model is proposed given the similarity of the rhythm characteristics of different Cantonese opera singing genres. The original signal of Cantonese opera singing is pre-processed to obtain the Mel-Frequency Cepstrum as the input of the model. The cascade fusion CNN combines each segment’s shallow and deep features; the double-layer LSTM and CNN hybrid network enhance the contextual relevance between signals. This achieves intelligent classification management of Cantonese opera data, meanwhile effectively solving the problem that existing methods are difficult to classify accurately. Experimental results on the customized Cantonese opera dataset show that the method has high classification accuracy with 95.69% Precision, 95.58% Recall and 95.60% F1 value, and the overall performance is better than that of the commonly used neural network models. In addition, this method also provides a new feasible idea for the sustainable development of the study on the singing characteristics of the Cantonese opera genres.

Comparative Analysis of Exercise Intensity in Taekkyeon Training Movements

Background: Taekkyeon is designated as Korea’s Important Intangible Cultural Property No. 76 and listed as a UNESCO intangible cultural heritage. This study aimed to analyze the exercise intensity of Taekkyeon, with a focus on Honjayikhigi (“the movements for practice on their own while moving or in place; the basic movements of Taekkyeon”), Bondaeboegi (“the method of practicing movements that harmoniously connect Taekkyeon’s offense and defense movements”), and Majumegigi (“the method of practicing hand and kick movements for offense”) training movements, which are components of Taekkyeon. Methods: Eleven Taekkyeon instructors were included in this study. The performance of Taekkyeon movements was assessed at Dongguk University in March 2022. During Honjayikhigi, Bondaeboegi, and Majumegigi training movements, heart rates were measured using a polar monitor. For all variables, the means and standard deviations were calculated using descriptive statistics, and a paired sample t-test was used to compare the heart rates among Honjayikhigi, Bondaeboegi, and Majumegigi training movements. Statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. Results: The average heart rates during Honjayikhigi, Bondaeboegi, and Majumegigi training movements were 131.42 ± 8.85, 128.53 ± 8.43, and 126.34 ± 9.26 beats/min, respectively. The exercise intensity of Honjayikhigi was significantly higher than that of Majumegigi (p = 0.200). In Honjayikhigi, the exercise intensities of Naagamyoegigi (p = 0.007) and Mannajungikhigi (p = 0.017) were significantly higher than that of Seoseoikhigi. In Bondaeboegi, the exercise intensities of Apaugery Yeodulmadang and Diaugery Nemadang were not significantly different. In Majumegigi, the exercise intensities of Ikhimsu (p < 0.001) and Majuchagi (p < 0.001) were higher than that of Majugeori, whereas those of Ikhimsu (p = 0.003) and Majuchagi (p < 0.001) were higher than that of Maguemgil. The exercise intensities of Ikhimsu (p = 0.001) and Majuchagi (p < 0.001) were higher than that of Allermegigi. Conclusions: Adjusting the training sequence and duration according to Taekkyeon level must be considered when establishing a training program because of the apparent differences in exercise intensity among the training movements. Our findings suggest that a greater training efficacy can be achieved if training levels in each Taekkyeon movement are properly classified and customized for beginners.

ГАСТРОНОМІЧНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ НЕМАТЕРІАЛЬНОЇ КУЛЬТУРНОЇ СПАДЩИНИ ЮНЕСКО ТА ТУРИЗМ

The aim of the research is to analyze the gastronomic potential of the intangible cultural heritage of UNESCO (ICH), to substantiate the possibilities of its use in tourism, including the accordance with UNWTO tourism macro-regions, to improve the conceptual and terminological apparatus. The research methodology is based on the application of scientific methods, such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, classification, generalization, etc. The statistical method of information processing was used in the study of quantitative indicators regarding the gastronomic component of intangible cultural heritage, the cartographic method was used in the geospatial analysis according to the research topic based on the tourist macro-regions of the UNWTO, the graphic method contributed to the reflection of statistical materials in diagrams, etc. Results. The gastronomic potential of UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage is analyzed. The elements of the gastronomic heritage were identified in accordance with the Lists of the ICH, quantitative indicators were analyzed. The were highlighted, and tourist opportunities were revealed. The gastronomic potential of the UNESCO ICH in relation to the UNWTO tourist macro-regions was analyzed and the tourist opportunities were substantiated. The concept of "gastronomic heritage" was clarified. The need for additional protection of the ICH, including gastronomic heritage, during military aggression at the level of international institutions was underlined. Scientific novelty. The conceptual and terminological apparatus of UNESCO heritage, the concept of "gastronomic heritage", were improved. The gastronomic potential of the ICH was analyzed in accordance with the UNWTO tourism macro-regions. Practical significance. Research materials can be taken into account when forming the lists of intangible cultural heritage, can be used in the development of a tourist product, creation of tours with a gastronomic and culinary purpose or component, as well as in the training of tourism specialists.

Бурдонно-гетерофонное многоголосие мордвы как потенциальный объект Списка нематериального культурного наследия ЮНЕСКО

The research objective is as follows: relying on the data on the current state of Mordovian folk song tradition, the author justifies the necessity to include Mordovian bourdon-heterophonic polyphony in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List, grounds the necessity to develop a set of measures to preserve the vanishing type of polyphonic singing. Scientific originality of the paper lies in the fact that the researcher analyzes the existing ethno-musicological studies in the aspect of preserving Mordovian folk song tradition. The findings indicate that the areal of Mordovian three-voiced bourdon polyphony has decreased, and the status of remaining polyphonic ensembles has declined to secondary, which negatively influences the vitality of Mordovian polyphonic tradition.