Unemployment Rates Of Women Research Articles

Social Program “Family 500+” as an Instrument Reducing Family Income Poverty in Poland

The aim of the article was to show the specificity of the “Family 500+” program in the context of the effects of reducing poverty in families. The main reason for introducing this program in Poland were pro-natal aspects, but the second, equally important reason for this program was to reduce the income poverty of families with children. So far, it has not been directly indicated whether and how this social solution affects this phenomenon. The data necessary to conduct the research came from: a critical review of literature, analysis of data from the Central Statistical Office regarding: the extent of extreme poverty in Poland (especially among children), the unemployment rate of women and the professional activity rate of women. The methods of synthesis, inductive and deductive reasoning and interpretation were used. After implementing the program, sustained improvements in poverty rates were observed. The declines are noticeable in all age categories, and the largest among children – in the age group 0-17. Changes in the labor market are also visible. After the program was introduced, some women resigned from work due to family responsibilities (although this phenomenon was noticeable even before 2016), while a larger number of women took up work then. The “Family 500+” program did not contribute to an increase in the fertility rate, but it reduced poverty. This was especially true for children. In this group of people, the rate of extreme poverty before the program was introduced was high compared to other European Union countries.

Women and youth unemployment in Western Balkans with particular focus on Kosovo

Using the secondary data from Eurostat, World Bank, SEE Jobs Gateway Database and Kosovo Agency of Statistics labour source survey results the authors investigate female and youth unemployment as well as the level of inactivity in the labour market of Western Balkans with a particular focus on Kosovo. The results indicate that in Kosovo the unemployment rate remains the highest among Western Balkan countries. Whereas the unemployment rate of women and youth in Kosovo is even higher, presenting one of the main challenges and concerns for the country. The authors conclude by providing recommendations, which include implementing appropriate policies in order to decrease the unemployment rate, and the share of economically inactive women and youth by encouraging them to register as active job seekers or attend entrepreneurship training to gain the knowledge and skills needed to start a business.

Rates of self-reported postpartum depressive symptoms in the United States before and after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundThis study aimed to determine the relationship between the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and changes in postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS) in individuals in the United States. Further analyses explored how these changes related to state-level measures of pandemic severity, economic hardship, and social isolation. MethodsData were collected from users of the Flo mobile health application who completed a survey about their mood within 90 days of giving birth. Analyses assessed changes in national and state-level self-reported PDS from a pre-pandemic period (N = 159,478) to a pandemic period (N = 118,622). Linear regression determined which state-level pandemic severity or economic factors were associated with changes in PDS. ResultsNational rates of PDS increased from 6.5% (pre-pandemic) to 6.9% (pandemic). There was a significant increase in PDS over the course of the pandemic timeframe. Linear regressions revealed a negative association between percent change in PDS across states and COVID-19 deaths per 100 K residents as well as 2020 women's unemployment rate. There was no association between change in PDS and COVID-19 cases per 100 K residents, percent job loss, percent change in women's unemployment rate, or percentage of population staying at home. ConclusionsThere was a national increase in PDS that worsened over the course of a year following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. States with a greater increase in PDS tended to show overall fewer deaths from COVID-19 and lower women's unemployment rates. Further work is needed to identify what individual-level factors may be driving these differences.

No activation without reconciliation? The interplay between ALMP and ECEC in relation to women's employment, unemployment and inactivity in 30 OECD countries, 1985–2018

AbstractComparative welfare state research as examined the outcomes of active labour market policies (ALMP) and work‐family reconciliation policies by and large been separately. As a result, potential complementarities between these policy areas have received scant attention empirically. Using macro‐level data, this study answers the question to what extent, and in which way, governments' efforts in ALMP and in early childhood education and care (ECEC) services are complementary to each other in promoting women's employment rates and reducing women's unemployment and inactivity rates in 30 OECD countries from 1985 to 2018. The article theorises about how the various policies that constitute a welfare state relate to each other, distinguishing between pluralism, complementarity and substitutability. These findings provide support for the notion of welfare pluralism, in the sense that ALMP and ECEC policies work together in improving women's employment rates in slightly different ways: ALMP achieve this through reducing women's unemployment rates, whereas ECEC also achieve lower inactivity rates for women. There was, however, more support for the notion of substitution rather than complementarity: the marginal benefits associated with an increase in either ALMP or ECEC were smaller in the context of large investments in the other policy. In other words, the highest rates of women's employment, and the lowest rates of unemployment and inactivity, are found in countries with large investments in both ALMP and ECEC, but such higher investments are associated with diminishing returns.

Structural Analysis of Women’s Labor Force and Unemployment in Turkey

Increasing the share of women, who make up half of the total population in Turkey, in total employment will positively affect economic growth and development. Although female employment in Turkey is generally low, policy recommendations and action plans are prepared by the relevant ministries to increase women's employment. Throughout the world, women face some difficulties in business life and the importance of policies to be developed in order to increase women's employment as well as to ensure its continuity is among the issues on the agenda. With the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of gender equality and the regulations to be made for women's participation in business life is underlined once again. The main purpose of this study is to analyze structurally the female workforce and female unemployment in Turkey. For this purpose, women's employment, the effects of women's employment on the economy and the problems women experience in participating in business life are explained. The structure of the female workforce and unemployment in Turkey has been examined throughout the country and regionally. In the study, the labor force participation rate of women, the distribution of women's employment according to economic activities and the female unemployment rate are based on. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on women's employment were explained and a policy proposal framework was tried to be determined. Accordingly, regulations to be made on issues such as wages, leave arrangements, prevention of dismissals and policies to be implemented in this context come to the fore as important factors for increasing women's participation in the workforce. When the labor force participation rate and unemployment rate of women are evaluated regionally, it is seen that there are differences between regions. This situation makes it necessary to consider the labor market dynamics of the regions in the policies to be developed.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ РИНКУ ПРАЦІ В УКРАЇНІ ТА КРАЇНАХ-РЕЦИПІЄНТАХ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ТРУДОВИХ МІГРАНТІВ У КОНТЕКСТІ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ

The article applies a comprehensive approach to the research of the impact of labor migration on the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals 8 "Decent work and economic growth", which is based on the theory of labor migration and the concept of sustainable development; a system of indicators describing the problems in the labor market of the country of origin of migrant workers is proposed. As a result of the research, a system of indicators was proposed, which includes four groups that meet the current problems in the labor market of Ukraine. Using the proposed system of indicators, we investigated the impact of labor migration on the current problems of the labor market of Ukraine, which include: 1) the inconsistency of skills of job seekers to the requirements set by employers; 2) low productivity; 3) population reduction and aging; 4) low level of women's participation in the labor force. These problems were researched on the example of Ukraine and the recipient countries of Ukrainian labor migrants (in Poland, the Russian Federation and Italy). As part of the analysis of the first problem, the following indicators were researched: the level of coverage of the population with higher education, the unemployment rate, the share of those employed with higher education. To address the second problem, the labor productivity index and the competitiveness index were used, namely its sub-index "labor market efficiency". The third problem was analyzed using indicators of natural growth, population decline, 65+ age, life expectancy and Lancet aging rating. To analyze the fourth problem, the proportions of the employed female population, the level of wages and the unemployment rate of women and women were used in comparison with similar indicators of men. This system can be successfully used for comparative analysis of labor market characteristics of donor countries and recipient countries of migrant workers. We concluded that labor migration is more effective and can contribute to the implementation of Goal 8 if it is considered a temporary phenomenon and is followed by the return of migrant workers to their homeland. In this case, Ukraine will be able to take advantage of foreign experience, knowledge and skills, which will increase productivity, reduce unemployment, increase the share of the employed women.

Kontroverze konceptu minimální mzdy, aplikace na Českou republiku

The issue of minimum wage is highly topical in the context of the so-called minimum wage controversy, which contradicts the attitude of the neoclassical school. The aim of this paper is to analyse the effect of minimum wage increase together with effects of changes in other exogenous variables such as GDP growth rate, inflation rate, unemployment compensation and other social benefits on the real unemployment rate in the Czech Republic in 2006-2018. Linear regression models are tested using the Cochrane-Orcutt method. The effect of minimum wage increase on the rate of unemployment proved to be insignificant in the period 2006-2018. A negative effect of GDP growth rate was confirmed in 2006-2018, while unemployment benefits seemed to have a positive effect on the unemployment rate. The results show a negative effect of increasing minimum wage on the unemployment rate of women in 2011-2018, in line with the neoclassical theory. The conclusions of this paper have significant economic implications for minimum wage policy.

Bedouin Rising: How Saudi Female Entrepreneurs are Leading Saudi Arabia into a Knowledge-Based Economy

Over the last decade, the unemployment rate of women has been triple that of men in Saudi Arabia. Cultural obstacles perpetuated by the conservative patriarchy of the Kingdom such as guardianship, gender segregation, and childcare options continue to obstruct the entry of Saudi women into the workforce. In response to these entrenched social practices, an increasing number of women have chosen to develop entrepreneurships as a way to circumnavigate these barriers. This essay examines how entrepreneurship has allowed Saudi women to transcend social barriers and achieve financial security and greater social freedom without compromising their traditional matriarchal roles. Specifically, Saudi women have employed four tactics to circumnavigate barriers and achieve greater freedom via entrepreneurships. These tactics include obtaining funding from family members, exploiting higher education opportunities, leveraging technology, and utilizing social networking. By employing creative problem solving strategies, Saudi women have entered the labor force and elevated their status beyond traditional roles. These female entrepreneurs have also secured a place for their families in the middle class and achieved work-life balance through flexible scheduling. This essay concludes with recommendations for specific actions that Saudi businesswomen can undertake to maintain their place in the labor market and aid Saudi Arabia in its transition into a knowledge-based economy. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n9p346

Unemployment and Transitions in the Turkish Labor Market: Evidence from Individual Level Data

This paper provides a systematic analysis of the determinants of transitions in the Turkish labor market by using the Household Labor Force Survey (HLFS) panel data of 2000 and 2001. We provide two types of evidence. First, we compute annual transition probabilities between the labor market states of employment, unemployment and out-of-the labor force under Markovian assumptions by gender and rural-urban residence and marital status. Transition probabilities are used to analyze the differences in unemployment rates of these groups. Second, we present estimates of gender-specific multinomial logit models to analyze the determinants of men's and women's transition probabilities across labor market states. We find that urban women have higher unemployment rates than urban men because they have lower probability of exiting unemployment for a job and higher probability of exiting employment for unemployment. Non-married men and women's unemployment rates are higher than married men and women's. This may be attributed to the higher probability of non-married men and women's to lose a job. Increases in education level are found to decrease the probability of losing a job. University graduates of two-year and over are more likely to find employment compared to non-graduates. Younger individuals are more likely to lose a job but older individuals are less likely to find a job from unemployment. In provinces with high unemployment the probability of obtaining a job is lower from unemployment. The findings indicate negative duration dependence for women, but not for men. Men improve their chances of obtaining a job if they use newspapers or worker agents.

Selection Policy and the Labour Market Outcomes of New Immigrants

Many countries are placing a greater emphasis on productive skills in the immigrant selection policies as a way of achieving national objectives regarding immigration. These changes stem primarily from the belief that skill-based immigrants do better in some sense and provide greater economic benefits than immigrants admitted on the basis of their family relationships. This paper takes advantage of a change in Australian selection policy in the 1990s to assess the extent to which selection policy can facilitate employment outcomes for new arrivals over the medium run. The results indicate that the increased emphasis on productive skills in the selection process led to striking differences in the human capital endowments of new immigrants. These improvements in human capital in turn completely explain the higher participation rates amongst immigrants arriving in Australia at the end of the 1990s. Moreover, approximately half of the fall in men's unemployment rates also stems from increases in productive skills, though the substantial decline in women's unemployment rates are driven solely by changes in the returns to skills rather than skill levels themselves. Overall, these results indicate that there is a large potential for selection policy to influence immigrant outcomes not just immediately after migration but also in the medium run. At the same time, it is also clear that income-support policy and the overall state of the Australian labour market also had a hand in improving the labour market position of new arrivals.

Women's Unemployment During Transition: Evidence from the Czech and Slovak Micro-data

We analyse women's weekly probabilities of leaving unemployment in the Czech and Slovak Republics (CR and SR) in order to investigate three questions: 1) Why are unemployment rates much lower in the CR than the SR?; 2) Does the unemployment compensation scheme (UCS) substantially lengthen unemploment spells?; and 3) Why are women's unemployment rates higher than men's? We find that differences in the behaviour of the individuals, employers and institutions in the SR and CR (as measured by differences in coefficients) play a larger role in determining the CR's shorter female unemployment spells than do differences in measured demand and demographic variables. The UCS has only a moderate effect on duration and its impact is greater in the CR. The differences between men's and women's spells (in each republic) are explained more by differences in coefficients than by differences in observed characteristics.

Women's Unemployment Patterns in Postwar Business Cycles: Class Difference, The Gender Segregation of Work and Deindustrialization

This paper argues that the gender difference in unemployment rates over postwar business cycles and the changes in that differential in the 1980s (women's unemployment rates dropping below men's rates during the recession) can be explained by the continuing gender segregation of work and deindustrialization. My version of the segmentation hypothesis finds empirical support in the average pattern of men's and women's total unemployment rates, in the gender unemployment rate patterns for major occupational groups and in the fact that working-class women's unemployment rates have dropped below working-class men's rates during most postwar recessions. In addition, econometric analysis shows a tight fit between the gender differential in unemployment rates and deindustrialization, a variable whose explanatory power is rooted in the gender segregation of work. The final section of the paper assesses the implications of my findings for the other two major explanations of the effect of recessions on women: the buffer hypothesis and the substitution hypothesis.

The Unemployment Rates of Men and Women: A Transition Probability Analysis

Women's unemployment rates were considerably higher than men's for many years, but during the 1980s this difference has virtually disappeared. This study is the first to examine that change through an analysis of trends in the probabilities of labor force transitions — movements between employment, unemployment, and nonparticipation in the labor force. Using BLS data, the authors find that about half of the narrowing of the unemployment rate differential during the 1968–85 period was due to the increasing labor force attachment of women and the decreasing attachment of men. The other half reflects changes in men's and women's tendencies to move between employment and unemployment, which the authors attribute primarily to the secular decline of male-dominated industries.

The spatial variation in unemployment and labour force participation rates of male and female workers.

This paper uses 1980 US census tract data from Boston, Denver, Pittsburgh, Seattle, and St. Louis to examine spatial variation between male and female unemployment and labor force participation. Research shows that families and individuals with characteristics making them more prone to unemployment tend to live in central cities. Suburban workers living far from the city's center may also have higher unemployment rates due to higher job search and commuting costs. Female workers differ from male workers by earning less money, working fewer hours, and often, by valuing their travel time to work more highly. This study's variables include age, race, education, language, past migration experience, and occupation. In all of the unemployment equations, the percentage of black and education variables are highly significant. Distance variables are not significant in the overall unemployment equation, but distance is highly significant and positive in the female model: Women's unemployment rates are low for the central city and relatively high for suburban census tracts. Male unemployment is high in the central city, low in the suburbs, and becomes higher again at 10 miles distance from the center. The authors believe that job related information decreases as the worker moves farther from the central city. Labor force participation equations also show significant distance to have a detrimental effect on female participation but a positive effect on male participation. Demanding home roles may constrain womens' job choices; women are twice as likely as men to indicate self-imposed job location and work hour limitations. This paper's results suggest that unemployment reduction tactics such as improving transportation will affect male workers more than female workers, and may affect men and women differently. Continued research needs to consider the enormous increase in female labor force participation and develop economic theories appropriate for 2-earner households.