Labor Unemployment Research Articles

Labour Unemployment Insurance and Pension Asset Allocations

Labour Unemployment Insurance and Pension Asset Allocations

THE IMPACT OF MGNREGA ON TRIBAL POPULATION: A CASE STUDY OF JALPAIGURI DISTRICT IN WEST BENGAL

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) was passed in 2005 and went into effect on February 2, 2006, covering 200 districts across India. Later on, this scheme was renamed the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in 2009.This act was passed to improve the stability of rural livelihoods by offering every household whose adult members agreed to perform unskilled manual labour 100 days of guaranteed pay employment in each financial year.The Ministry of Rural Development implements this scheme in partnership with state governments. The local governance bodies, such as Panchayati Raj Institutions, play an important role in the project development and implementation ofthis scheme in rural India. MGNREGS programs include water conservation, drought mitigation, land development, rural connection, and other rural infrastructure-building initiativeschosen according to local requirements and priorities.We selected the Jalpaiguri district for our study because it has several problems such as seasonal lockouts of tea plantations, shuttered tea gardens, unemployed laborers in isolated and closed forest villages, no heavy industry since independence, etc. In this paper we attempt to find out whether the implementation of the MGNREGA program in the Jalpaiguri district has improved the livelihood of the Tribal Population in the district and also how effective this program is in dealing with the unemployment problem among the ST population in the district.This study is based on both primary and secondary data from two blocks of Jalpaiguri district i.e. Mal and Nagrakata blockscovering the period 2017-18 to 2022-23. And from each block, I have chosen the two most populace GPs within the blocks.Although the MGNREGS is a good program for reducing rural poverty and unemployment, our primary survey reveals inadequate results in terms of job creation for tribal peoples and those living in the remote tea garden areas within the district. Furthermore, this scheme does not improve Scheduled Tribes (STs) standard of living by providing jobs and promoting their participation in village affairs, hence it is less effective as the participation of ST workers against active workers currently stands at only 12.86 percent.

Index of female labour force participation and its association with demographic dividends of India

ndia has entered into Amrit Kaal (an auspicious period most conducive to achieving the country’s potential). Share of working-age population (WAP) has exceeded the combined share of children and elderly population since 2018 and is likely to continue till 2055 with peak expected around 2041. To take maximum advantage of demographic dividends, India needs to increase female labour participation rate (FLFPR) and bring the unemployed labour into the labour market by implementing policies aiming at gender equality, improved health, education, expansion of opportunities of employment, etc. The paper describes multidimensional index of FLFPR of a country at t-th year I F L F P R t by aggregating correlates of FLFPR and also describes measures of both first and second demographic dividends ( and ). I F L F P R t avoids problems of logarithmic transformations, scaling/normalization, finding weights and issues related to multiple regressions and involves no bias for developed, developing or under-developed countries. Since base period figures are different for different countries, comparison of countries may be meaningful in terms of progress made from base period or on Year-to-Year basis. Since higher considering theoretical advantages, I F L F P R t is recommended for finding relationship of the form Demographic dividend = α + β ( F L F P R ) further relationship of GDPt or Per Capita GDPt of a country with ( F D D t and S D D t ) by regression analysis to see effect of FLFPR on economic growth.

A dynamic analysis of capital, corruption, and labor market interactions

The complex relationship between corruption, economic growth, and labor dynamics has long been a challenge for policymakers. This study sheds new light on these dynamic interactions by constructing a novel economic model with saturation effects that integrate employment considerations. Unlike static or purely empirical models, our approach captures the system’s evolution over time, employing a logistic growth function to realistically reflect economic limitations and distinguishing between employed and unemployed labor segments. By incorporating a Holling type II function, the model captures the nonlinear influence of corruption on economic growth, acknowledging diminishing returns at higher corruption levels. Through advanced theoretical analysis, we establish the existence and stability conditions for three distinct long-term equilibria: stagnation, corruption-free growth with full employment, and a coexistent state where corruption persists alongside some economic activity. Our analysis goes beyond merely identifying these equilibria by revealing the specific conditions under which each state prevails, and we solidify these theoretical predictions with comprehensive numerical simulations depicting the system’s behavior under varying conditions. The findings underscore the importance of robust anti-corruption measures and a labor-intensive economic approach, highlighting that fostering growth outpacing resource depletion is crucial for escaping stagnation and achieving sustainable development. Overall, this research advances the field by integrating employment dynamics, a Holling type II function for corruption, and a focus on stability analysis, providing invaluable insights for policymakers aiming to promote sustainable economic development, combat corruption, and ensure healthy employment conditions.

Travel Burden and Timely Linkage to Care Among People Newly Diagnosed with HIV Infection in South Carolina from 2005 to 2020

This retrospective study explored the association between travel burden and timely linkage to care (LTC) among people with HIV (PWH) in South Carolina. HIV care data were derived from statewide all-payer electronic health records, and timely LTC was defined as having at least one viral load or CD4 count record within 90 days after HIV diagnosis before the year 2015 and 30 days after 2015. Travel burden was measured by average driving time (in minutes) to any healthcare facility visited within six months before and one month after the initial HIV diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression models with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator were employed. From 2005 to 2020, 81.2% (3,547 out of 4,366) of PWH had timely LTC. Persons who had longer driving time (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR): 0.37, 95% CI: 0.14–0.99), were male versus female (aOR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.58–0.91), had more comorbidities (aOR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.57–0.94), and lived in counties with a higher percentage of unemployed labor force (aOR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.06–0.71) were less likely to have timely LTC. However, compared to those aged between 18 and 24 years old, those aged between 45 and 59 (aOR:1.47, 95% CI: 1.14–1.90) or older than 60 (aOR:1.71, 95% CI: 1.14–2.56) were more likely to have timely LTC. Concentrated and sustained interventions targeting underserved communities and the associated travel burden among newly diagnosed PWH who are younger, male, and have more comorbidities are needed to improve LTC and reduce health disparities.

Impact of Gender Empowerment on Gender-based Wage Inequality and Unemployment: A Theoretical Analysis

The article develops a three-sector competitive general equilibrium model with an agricultural sector, a manufacturing sector and a non-traded service sector and three factors: male unskilled labour, female unskilled labour and skilled labour. The article shows how sociocultural barriers impact female labour force participation and male–female wage disparity in the presence of male unemployment in the labour market in a developing economy. The analysis finds a rise in gender wage inequality and a decrease in male unskilled labour unemployment when the female labour force rises due to a fall in sociocultural barriers. Finally, we show that the Gini coefficient of income inequality of unskilled labour and gender-based wage inequality move in opposite directions due to the rise in female labour participation in the workforce and the fall in the male unemployment rate. JEL: D50, J31, J61

The impact of labour unemployment insurance on entrepreneurial intention and new business creation

The impact of labour unemployment insurance on entrepreneurial intention and new business creation

Analysis and Forecast of China's Unemployment Rate

The unemployment rate is an important economic indicator that measures the proportion of the unemployed labor force. The natural unemployment rate is the normal unemployment rate based on economic fluctuations. Analyze the unemployment rate to determine its root causes. By forecasting the unemployment rate, people can obtain an estimate of the future conditions of the labor market. Not only can the government make policy adjustments based on this, people can use this prediction to make wise career choices and planning, or to learn the necessary skills. The risk of unemployment is closely related to everyone, especially now during the economic downturn due to the impact of global catastrophic events such as COVID-19. Understanding the unemployment rate is an important part of analyzing the characteristics of the current labor market. If we can make more connections about the labor market and even make rough predictions about future trends, college students will be able to make future career choices that are more suitable for them. This study predicts the unemployment rate in the next nine years based on China's unemployment rate from 2012 to 2022, which will fluctuate within a fixed range. The government can increase spending (such as on education) and use monetary and finance polices to ensure that unemployment does not exceed forecasts.

Does labor unemployment insurance affect corporate tax aggressiveness?

This paper examines the effect of unemployment insurance benefits (UIB) on corporate tax aggressiveness. Given that aggressive tax avoidance is risky and costly for the firm and its employees, we argue that low state UIB increases workers' exposure to unemployment risk and, hence, influences firms' tax strategies. Our results show a positive relation between tax aggressiveness and UIB. We also find that this relation is more pronounced for firms in industries that are more labor-intensive and firms with high financial constraints and less pronounced for firms in industries with high labor bargaining power.

Exploration of Dynamic Optimization Paths for Work Search Models under Incomplete Information Conditions

This article is based on the application exploration of dynamic optimization theory under incomplete information conditions. Based on the job search model and its extended model, this theory is analyzed in detail, explaining the relationship between unemployment rate and wages in the labor market, exploring the impact of Western labor unemployment formation, summarizing the experience of urban unemployment in the process of social construction in the new era, and developing high-quality and high-quality employment work for college students, It will have very important inspiration and reference significance.

Breeding Hope during the Crisis: A Study on Unemployed Laborers’ Willingness to Receive Educational Compensation under the Chinese “Zero-COVID” Policy

Under the Chinese “Zero-COVID” policy, many laborers were forced out of work. Participating in educational compensation can effectively help unemployed laborers achieve re-employment. This paper selected Jining, Shandong Province, as the research area, analyzed the data using a questionnaire survey and key interviews, and observed factors that affect and change willingness to receive educational compensation (WTEC) and the willingness to accept the training duration (WTTD) of unemployed laborers. The study found that 77.78% of unemployed laborers are willing to receive educational compensation, and the WTTD is 12.05 days. Among them, eight factors affect WTEC, such as the years of education, the duration of unemployment, whether there are dependents in the family, and the family’s size. Nine factors such as gender, age, education, unemployed duration, dependents, and other supportable incomes affect WTTD. Based on this, by taking measures from the government and laborers, WTEC and WTTD can be improved, and then the rate of re-employment can be enhanced, and finally, the employment problem can be ameliorated.

Web-Based Service-Providing Platform (Labour Mitra)

Abstract: The on-demand home service system is a highly beneficial resource for anyone in need of services like plumbing, electronic repair, gas range fixing, and RO maintenance, among others. This system also caters to the service and maintenance of electrical systems. In today's fast-paced world, time-saving and hassle-free solutions are highly sought after, especially when relocating to a new place. Online home services offer a convenient solution to these problems. Our system is designed for two types of users: service providers and service seekers. Service providers are an integral part of our project and can register on our website by providing details of their services and additional offerings. To learn more about a particular service provider, users can access their phone numbers on our website. This feature makes it easier for users to connect with the service provider of their choice and get their issues resolved promptly. In summary, the on-demand home service system is a useful tool that connects service providers with users seeking assistance. which ultimately the platform for reducing unemployment in labor and the gap in getting work. with just a few clicks, users can easily access the services they need while providers can showcase their skills and expand their customer base

The economic and social effects of skill mismatch in China: A DSGE model with skill and firm heterogeneity

This paper examines the economic and social effects of skill mismatch by analyzing its impacts on the diffusion channels of skilled labor market search and matching efficiency shock. By presenting and estimating an NK-DSGE model using the macro-data from China, we find that skill mismatch reduces the unemployment of skilled labor by exerting a significant “crowding out” effect on the employment of unskilled labor. The resulting distortion of human resource allocation has widened the income and consumption gap between groups. We also consider the possibility of skill degradation induced by skill mismatch, which reduces the welfare loss of skilled labor at the cost of welfare deterioration of the unskilled. Both skill mismatch and skill degradation weaken the industrial structure by aggravating the labor shortage of high-tech enterprises. These findings imply that China's labor market reform should aim to alleviate skill mismatch and degradation.

Neoliberal state and criminal activities in Nigeria

ABSTRACT This paper argues that the failure of neoliberal economic policies in Nigeria leads to increasing spate of criminal activities in the country. It explains how such neoliberal economic policies like privatisation, removal of state subsidies and deregulation cripple pre-existing substructure of the Nigerian economy; thereby increasing criminal activities everywhere in Nigeria. While criminal activities are closely associated with neoliberal states, privatisation and deregulation have facilitated the creation of huge unemployed labour by crippling existing industries and local ingenuity which explains the level of economic marginalisation and the stagnant pool characterised by abject poverty in Nigeria. While the state and its allies struggle to maintain their unpopular economic policies by all means, the victims and the unemployed find expression in criminal activities. The study uses mixed methods of data collection and analysis made up of descriptive statistics and content analysis.

Labor Unemployment Risk and CEO Incentive Compensation

Unemployment risk influences workers’ incentives to invest in firm-specific human capital. This paper investigates the impact of unemployment risk on chief executive officers (CEOs)’ risk-taking incentive compensation. Exploiting state-level changes in unemployment benefits, we find that after unemployment insurance benefits become more generous, boards increase the convex payoff structure of CEO pay to encourage risk taking. The increase in CEOs’ convexity payoff is stronger in firms with more independent and diverse boards, higher ownership of long-term shareholders, and in industries requiring highly skilled labor. Our findings suggest that boards internalize workers’ interests in firms’ risk-taking decisions and executive compensation is one mechanism used. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, finance. Funding: K. Zhang acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 72272099 and 71902115]. Supplemental Material: Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4714 .

Modeling of unstable economic systems based on the distribution of the population engaged in the economy of Tajikistan

Object: The purpose of this study is to analyze and develop a mathematical model of the distribution of the employed population in the economy of the Republic of Tajikistan, according to the types of economic activity using the Sigma Plot program.Methods: In the present study the mathematical and statistical modeling of the distribution of the population employed in the economy of the Republic of Tajikistan is used. Modern computer technologies and programs create opportunities for developing and verification of new models and also help to improve model-based research methods, as well as the methods for analysis and presentation of simulation results.The narrowly professional use of modeling methods is giving way to the wide use of simulation models based on modern computer programs. And there is an inevitable need to put the issue of development of modeling in the context of real-life issues and interpretation of its fundamental concepts.Findings: For the proposed models the mathematical regression equations are obtained and the coefficients of these equations are calculated using computer programs. By the proposed mathematical and statistical models the ratio of the employed population and the unused labour force in the Republic of Tajikistan is calculated. The results showed that in order to accelerate the industrialization of the country and ensure the sustainable development of industry, it is necessary to take into account this ratio in the country.Conclusions: The developed mathematical model in the present work has been applied to show the dynamics of changes in the employed and unemployed labour force in the Republic of Tajikistan for the period 2006-2022. Consequently, we showed the possibility of using the unused labour force in order to solve one of the strategic goals of the republic, that is, the accelerated industrialization of the country

Why Does Agricultural Growth Dominate Poverty Reduction in Low- and Middle-income Countries?

“Alternative models have to compete on the basis of their ability to give a satisfying account of some facts. Facts ask for explanations, and explanations ask for new facts”. Robert M. Solow, Daedalus (Fall 2005) This paper provides an explanation of the relation between agricultural growth and poverty reduction for open economies with full employment. The analysis also shows that the poverty-reducing impact of agricultural growth in an open economy is far greater if there is unemployed labour or if the supply of labour is highly elastic—conditions often thought to prevail even in open economies. The model draws attention to the critical role of the rural non-tradable sector in poverty reduction. While ample data are available to show that sector to have a large share of employment, even relative to agriculture itself, data for other variables for the sector such as the share of GDP, labour intensity, price, and income elasticities of demand are not available. Thus, an important contribution of the paper is to establish the need for such data if the processes of poverty reduction are to be understood. JEL classification: Q01, I30 Keywords: Agricultural Growth, Poverty, Developing Countries, Open Economy

Minimum Wage, Unemployment Insurance and Universal Basic Income in a Wealth Concentration Process: A Theoretical Approach

Abstract: Ortiz and Castillo (2020) built a multisector economic model where concentration of capital ownership diminishes the society´s purchasing power capacity. After some concentration threshold is overcome, labour unemployment rises due to the lack of effective demand, the wage rate must be set to the minimum, and distribution of income shifts in favour of capital. Based on that approach, this paper analyses two alternative policies: an unemployment insurance and a universal basic income. The unemployment insurance program is fairer than the competitive outcome but it is not efficient, whilst the optimal universal basic income is fairer and efficient. An minimum wage rate that minimizes the unemployment rate is also found.

An empirical analysis of the impact of higher education on economic growth: The case of China.

China's domestic labor market has limited demand for tertiary graduates due to an unbalanced industrial structure, with a weak contribution to economic performance over the past decade. This study estimates the asymmetric effects of higher education progress (highly educated employed workforce), higher education utilization (highly educated unemployed workforce), and the separate effects of higher education utilization interactions with high-tech industries on economic growth in China from 1980 to 2020. Using a Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model, this study finds that the expansion of higher education progress (the employed workforce with higher education) promotes economic growth, while contraction of higher education progress (employed workforce with higher education) reduces economic growth. Likewise, an increase in higher education utilization (the unemployed labor force with higher education) suppresses economic growth, while a decline in the higher education utilization (the unemployed labor force with higher education) promotes economic growth. The study also found that the expansion of high-tech industries and government spending on education significantly stimulate economic growth. The moderating role of higher education utilization (unemployed labor force with higher education) in the impact of high-tech industries on economic growth is significantly positive. This study strategically proposes that China's higher-educated unemployed labor force can be adjusted to high-tech industries, which need to be developed equally in all regions. Moreover, the country is required to invest more in higher education and the development of high technological industries across all regions, thus may lead to higher economic growth.

Labor unemployment insurance and bank loans

I investigate the influence of unemployment insurance (UI) benefits on the cost of bank loans by exploiting changes in state unemployment insurance laws as a source of variation in labor unemployment costs. The evidence shows that the cost of bank loans is significantly lower for firms headquartered in states with more generous UI programs. The relation between UI benefits and the cost of bank loans is more pronounced for firms that face higher unionization rates, are more labor intensive, or have a higher layoff propensity. These results are robust to controlling for loan characteristics, macroeconomic conditions, and borrower characteristics and using fixed effect regressions. I also find further evidence of a causal relation between UI benefits and the cost of bank loans through a difference-in-differences (DID) approach. Overall, the results suggest that the credit market evaluates workers' unemployment costs while approving and pricing loan contracts.