Burden Of Unemployment Research Articles

Does the Labour Service Cooperation Policy Promote Re-employment: Evidence from China

Abstract While debates about the effectiveness of labour service cooperation policies are raging in Western countries, more information about this topic is needed in the Chinese context. Using the difference-in-differences identification framework and provincial panel data to estimate the employment-promoting effects of the labour service cooperation policy implemented in pilot provinces in China, this study found that the labour service cooperation policy helped to reduce the number of unemployed people and that public–private cooperation created a new approach by combining all stakeholders, such as job seekers, employers, and public employment service agencies. The labour service cooperation policy had a lag policy effect on employment promotion, which was persistent and constantly amplified. The policy was more effective when implemented in regions where the manufacturing industry is the primary sector and the unemployment burden is high.

How Large Is Unemployment and Its Impact on Workers’ Economic Leverage?

The reserve army of the unemployed is typically proxied by the unemployment rate. This article takes seriously measurement choices in calculating unemployment severity. Should everyone experiencing unemployment (unemployment incidence) be the measure? Should “discouraged” and involuntarily part-time workers be included? It then asks the policy question, to what extent have state and federal unemployment-compensation policies increasingly exacerbated unemployment duress? And, it interrogates the impact of women’s paid work on the burden of unemployment on households. JEL Classification: E24, E3

Foreign direct investment, technological transfer, employment generation and economic growth: new evidence from Ghana

PurposeThis study examines the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on employment and economic growth in Ghana and examines the role of technology in these relationships.Design/methodology/approachThis study applied the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration and Granger causality tests to data from 1995 to 2017.FindingsBased on the empirical analysis, the key findings are as follows: FDI does not affect economic growth or employment in Ghana. However, technology moderates the relationship between FDI and economic growth and FDI and employment in the short run. The study also finds that technology exerts a positive effect on economic growth in both short and long run, whereas trade has a significantly negative effect on economic growth in Ghana.Research limitations/implicationsThe greatest constraint that faced the authors is the nonavailability of data,.Practical implicationsThe transfer of technology agreement enshrined in the GIPC Act should be made more robust and unambiguous, to make it a strict requirement for MNEs to be allowed to operate in Ghana. This increases Ghana's gains from FDI inflow.Social implicationsThe GIPC should tighten its monitoring regime so that MNEs do not exceed their expatriate employment quotas. This will ease the burden of unemployment among the youth in Ghana.Originality/valueThis study adds a new dimension to the literature on the impact of FDI on emerging economies by examining the role of technology in the association between FDI and growth, and FDI and employment.

Antecedents of Social Entrepreneurship Intention among the Private University Students of Pakistan

The study proposes to investigate the antecedents of social entrepreneurship intention (SEI) among the students of private universities of Pakistan. A conceptual model is developed from the literature, and the hypotheses are formulated for testing. This is a quantitative study of the nature. We collected the cross-sectional data from private university students by employing quota sampling. In total, 400 questionnaires were distributed. In return, 244 usable samples were received back and valid 61% of response rate. By employing the structural equation modeling, the outcomes of a study show a positive and significant influence of emotional intelligent (EI) creativity and moral obligation (MO) on SEI among the private universities’ students of Pakistan. The conclusion of an investigation would help in knowing the role of creativity, EI and MO in developing the SEI. The university authorities and policymakers may develop their ideas to divert the mind of the students towards SEI in order to reduce the burden of unemployment. Finally, it would contribute to the literature of entrepreneurship and psychology, particularly for developing contexts.

The reversal of privatization in China: A political economy perspective

We document reversals of privatization in China—local governments re-possessing ownership stakes in a quarter of previously privatized firms during 1998–2007, a period when the privatization process was still ongoing. This type of ownership restructuring helped ease the unemployment burden in the local labor markets, and was more likely to occur in firms located in provinces led by an official without strong political status in the Chinese Communist Party. A reversal in privatization led to higher leverage, lower profitability and lower labor productivity. Our paper sheds light on how frictions in the political structure affect the implementation of economic policies in a top-down system.

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN TRIPLE SKILLING DALAM MEMBANGUN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA TERAMPIL DAN PRODUKTIF (STUDI KASUS: BALAI BESAR PENGEMBANGAN LATIHAN KERJA BEKASI)

The development of skilled and productive human resources is one of the main priorities of President Joko Widodo's policy. The unemployment burden which continues to increase due to the emergence of mismatches of workers' skills with company needs and automation will be a threat to the future of the workforce in Indonesia. The Triple Skilling Policy (Skilling, Re-skilling, Up-skilling) were made to minimize labor problems in Indonesia. Balai Besar Pengembangan Latihan Kerja Bekasi as one of the vocational training centers that conducts job training has implemented a Triple Skilling policy in 4 vocations which are Electronic Engineering, Refrigeration, Information and Communication Technology, and Tourism. The purpose of this research is to determine the implementation of the Triple Skilling policy in BBPLK Bekasi and the benefits of the policy in building competent and productive human resources. This study used a qualitative approach with data collection using direct observation techniques and in-depth interviews with head of the training program section, instructors, and training participants at BBPLK Bekasi. Through the implementation, several problems were encountered, such as the short duration of training, the diversity of educational backgrounds and skills of training participants, and the need to improve the competence of instructors at BBPLK Bekasi.

The Prevalence and National Burden of Treatment-Resistant Depression and Major Depressive Disorder in the United States.

Estimates of prevalence and burden of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) vary widely in the literature. This study evaluated the prevalence and burden of TRD and the share of TRD in the burden of medication-treated major depressive disorder (MDD) using the most commonly accepted definition of TRD and a novel bottom-up approach. Prevalence and health care burden of TRD were estimated by synthetizing inputs across 4 similarly designed claims studies in adults covered by Medicare, Medicaid, commercial plans, and the US Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Productivity (absenteeism and presenteeism) and unemployment burden were estimated based on inputs from a study conducted with data from the Kantar National Health and Wellness Survey (NHWS; 2017). A targeted literature search for additional inputs was performed. A cost model was developed to estimate the burden of TRD and medication-treated DSM-5-defined MDD in the United States. Study outcomes were the 12-month prevalence of TRD and the annual health care, productivity, and unemployment burden of TRD and medication-treated MDD in the United States. The estimated 12-month prevalence of medication-treated MDD in the United States was 8.9 million adults, and 2.8 million (30.9%) had TRD. The total annual burden of medication-treated MDD among the US population was $92.7 billion, with $43.8 billion (47.2%) attributable to TRD. The share of TRD was 56.6% ($25.8 billion) of the health care burden, 47.7% ($8.7 billion) of the unemployment burden, and 32.2% ($9.3 billion) of the productivity burden of medication-treated MDD. TRD is associated with disproportionate health care costs and unemployment, suggesting potentially large economic and societal gains with effective management.

Waiting and temporal control: The temporal experience of long-term unemployment

This article analyses how long-term unemployed persons experience time during their unemployment trajectories. This article uses a combination of interviewing and participant drawings to study the experience of time passing during the unemployment trajectory. We focus on the experience of wait time and find that the wait experience varies with control: some clients experience temporal agency and others a loss of control over time. When the wait time is characterised by uncertainty and a loss of control over time, it reinforces an experience of stagnation in the unemployment trajectory and a feeling of being a temporal outsider, living a life on hold, in comparison to societal norms of a working life. For these clients, wait time adds to the burden of unemployment. For clients experiencing temporal agency, wait time is experienced as meaningful, even useful. These clients experience control over the wait time or that the wait time has a fortunate timing in relation to other things happening in the clients’ lives. Based on the analysis, temporal control is decisive for the long-term unemployed, and therefore, a focus on time is crucial both in research on social and employment services for vulnerable clients and in the practice field.

LIFE OF WORKERS AT INDUSTRIAL PARKS AND EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES IN VIETNAM – CURRENT SITUATION AND SOLUTIONS

After decades of renovation, the rapid development of our country's industry has resulted in a rapid increase in the number of workers working at industrial parks and export processing zones. In addition to advantages, such as skill level, sense of style, discipline, income, etc. of workers have increased, there are also many problems, namely accommodation, learning opportunity, mental and recreational life of workers are not guaranteed. At the same time, the existing risk of a generation of workers who "prematurely retire" and become a burden of unemployment of society is posing itself as a problem that is yet solved. Obviously, this problem required the attention of workers, business owners and state management agencies alike; however, it cannot be dealt with after one night. The fact that a considerably large number of workers who are just rushing to work for money, satisfied with a barely enough living conditions and accept that these difficulties drag on will persist unless the government and the entire society soon have appropriate solutions.
 
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COVID-19, Keep in mind these words: Exposure Dose

We are currently experiencing the third wave of the COVID-19 spread in Iran. After a relative successful control of the first and second waves, the situation is going to be complicated again. We are facing two strong threats at the same time; COVID19 and struggling economics. And this is not only limited to Iran, but seems to be a major issue for many governments, too. Recently, new FDA approved vaccines turned on the glimmer of the hope, but it should be noted that worldwide vaccination will not happen just in few months and many areas may suffer COVID19 morbidity and mortality for long time. Additionally, do not forget the “mutations” that may simply make a resistant version of COVID19 to vaccination similar to flu viruses. The main idea for writing this short note is how we can live with COVID19 while not stop our daily activities, just modify or reshape them. Our experience showed that staying at home and social distancing are significant and already-solving solutions for COVID19. However, with reduction of limitations and reopening of shops, malls, offices, and public transportation, we are facing another peak of the disease. Reopening is a critical decision for any government to reactivate the economic cycles and decrease the burden of unemployment and economic downturn, however, this a one side of the coin and the other side may be deterioration of the economy by recurrent outbreaks of the disease and high wasting of human and medical resources. The major issue is “crowds”. We are not knowing how exactly the virus behaves and spreads, but we see that anywhere you can find a “crowded” place, soon there will be a victim there. COVID19 does not respect gender, ethnicity, position, or age. Unfortunately, in the third peak that we are already facing, the morbidity and mortality of youth, especially healthy ones, are highly increased. It does not seem to be as a result of change in virus epidemiological behavior, but rather due to the concept of “exposure dose” to the virus. The morbidity and mortality are not a simple function of victims age, immunity, associated risk factors such as DM, IHD, etc. Rather it seems to be a function of exposure dose that is different for each person and dependent to the probable risk factors. If you are young but spending much more time in a crowded clinic, you may be at a higher risk relative to an older clinician visiting just a few patients per day. If you are healthy without any risk factor, there is no guarantee not to being infected by COVID19 and even being its victim! Although facial mask, hand hygiene, and social distancing in the clinics are highly significant in prevention, they are not working 100%. Many of the asymptomatic COVID19 infected people are living among us and we are not even aware of them. And also, we have to continue serving medical care to our patients. Please review the “exposure dose” daily with yourself, to increase the safety of yourself and your patients. I strongly suggest to never let your clinic to be overfilled with patients; avoid “crowds”. Arrange the appointments, with a logical interval between patients, that only few ones waiting for visiting or para-clinic services. Reassure that distancing is completely obeyed in the waiting rooms. Clinician visit time should be as short as possible to decrease the exposure dose with probable infected persons. Any patient candidate for surgery, whether emergent or elective, should underwent the testing for COVID19 and positive cases should not be scheduled for elective operations. Tele-medicine should be a high priority for every health system to provide patients with timely health care services and without crowding the hospitals and clinics. Any present costs for tele-medicine is actually much more beneficent than later costs related to the burden of the COVID19 spread devastating both human and financial resources. The current fact is we have to learn how to live with COVID19.

Profiling the unemployed from selected communities in South Africa based on their experiences, commitment to employment, and job search behaviour

Unemployment has negative consequences for individuals’ psychological well-being. Consequently, interventions should be designed and implemented to alleviate the psychological burden of unemployment. The design of these interventions should, however, be approached with care, as ‘the unemployed’ may not be a homogeneous group. The aim of the study was to determine whether the four already identified (the optimists, the desperate, the discouraged, and the adapted) South African unemployment profiles could be replicated in other unemployed communities in South Africa. The study also aimed to examine the associations between these profiles and negative emotions and basic psychological need frustration. To establish the replicability of the types, a multiphased sampling design was followed to recruit 867 unemployed people residing in Boipatong and Orange Farm in the Gauteng Province in South Africa. Through latent profile analysis, the study replicated the four profiles: the optimists, the desperate, the discouraged, and the adapted. The profiles were differentially associated with negative emotions and psychological need frustration, further attesting to the validity of the profiles. The results of the study can be applied towards creating tailored interventions for the different types of unemployed people from South African communities to enhance the efficacy of these interventions.

Unemployment insurance program accessibility and suicide rates in the United States

Unemployment is a risk factor for suicide. Unemployment insurance is the primary policy tool in the United States for alleviating the burden of unemployment on individuals. Our objective was to estimate the effect of state unemployment insurance accessibility on suicide rates, and effect modification by sociodemographic factors and unemployment rate. We used quarterly data from all 50 U.S. states and Washington, DC from 2000 to 2015, for a total of 3264 state-quarter units of analysis. The exposure was the quarterly unemployment insurance recipiency rate, i.e. the percentage of unemployed persons who received unemployment insurance. The outcome was the state-quarterly suicide rate per 100,000 population. Linear regression models included state, year, and calendar quarter fixed effects, state time trends, and state-level economic covariates to account for state-specific time-varying confounding. We assessed effect modification by the state-level unemployment rate, educational attainment, age, gender, and race. Based on fully adjusted models, potential protective effects of higher unemployment insurance recipiency rates appear to be small and restricted to demographic groups at higher risk of suicide including men, non-Hispanic White Americans, and those 45–64 years of age. These groups also generally have higher UI recipiency rates, therefore differences in subgroup estimates may reflect variations in eligibility policies and accessibility of UI programs.

Predicting entrepreneurial intention among business students of public sector universities of Pakistan: an application of the entrepreneurial event model

PurposeThis paper tries to examine the entrepreneurial intention of business students of public sector universities of Pakistan through the entrepreneurial event model (EEM).Design/methodology/approachThe study is a quantitative study and is based on cross-sectional data. The data is collected through a survey questionnaire. The random sample technique is used for data collection. The respondents are the business students of different public sector universities of Pakistan. In total 310 valid samples are utilized for final analysis.FindingsBy employing to SEM through Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) version 26.0, the overall findings show a positive and significant impact of perceived feasibility (PF), perceived desirability (PD) and self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intention (EI).Practical implicationsThe outcomes of the study may be helpful for policymakers to formulate the policies regarding the promotion of entrepreneurship and self-employment for reducing the burden of unemployment. Possibly, it may prove as an appliance for prosperity and income generation through boosting entrepreneurship. Moreover, it may contribute to the literature of entrepreneurship, mainly for Pakistan and the developing world.Originality/valueThe study would support in achieving economic development by diverting individuals' intention for entrepreneurship.

Experiences, Attitudes, and Behaviors of the Unemployed: The Role of Motivation and Psychological Needs.

Alleviating the psychological burden of unemployment and preventing the unemployed from withdrawing from the labor market remains a priority for unemployment researchers and practitioners alike. Job search motivation and the differential relationships with experienced psychological need satisfaction (and need frustration) potentially induce different well-being (i.e., experiences), attitudinal outcomes (i.e., employment commitment), and behavioral outcomes (i.e., job search intensity) in unemployment. This study examined if job search motivation relates to the experiences, attitudes, and behavior of the unemployed over time through basic need satisfaction and frustration. In a two-wave study (nT1 = 461; nT2 = 244), the results demonstrated that job search motivation has no relationship with the affective experiences, attitudes toward employment, and job search behavior over time. It also showed that only controlled motivation and amotivation were significantly related to need frustration. Finally, only psychological need satisfaction, and not the frustration of their needs, was significantly related to affective experiences over time. The implications for unemployment and self-determination theory research are discussed, and recommendations for practitioners are made.

Unemployment insurance in unionized labor markets with mobile workers: neither Ghent nor centralized

This paper analyzes unemployment insurance (UI) schemes in the presence of mobile workers and trade unions at industry or country level that are capable of internalizing the effect of wage demands on UI contribution rates. We compare two types of existing UI systems. When UI is organized at trade union level (decentralized Ghent UI), trade unions strategically lower the benefit levels of their UI schemes to deter welfare recipients from other unions from entering their UI scheme, leading to a race to the bottom in UI provision. With centralized provision of UI, by contrast, trade unions do not fully account for the cost of higher wages as mobility allows them to partially shift the burden of unemployment to other UIs. A system of coordinated UI, combining a centrally set benefit level with decentralized funding as in Ghent UI systems, can circumvent both the strategic benefit setting and the fiscal externality problems, thus reconciling the equity and efficiency aims in the design of unemployment insurance.

Unemployment burden and its distribution: Theory and evidence from India

AbstractWe develop a measure of unemployment that takes into account both the duration and intensity of unemployment. This measure satisfies several desirable properties, including distribution sensitivity, which deals with differences among the unemployed. It is particularly suited to developing countries because individuals in these countries display considerable variation in labor force participation, unemployment duration, and unemployment intensity. It can also be decomposed into mean and variance components and contributions to unemployment by various subgroups of the population. We use this measure and data from National Sample Surveys on employment and unemployment to understand unemployment in India during the period 1993 to 2012. We show that unemployment has generally fallen, although the distribution of unemployment has worsened. Moreover, unemployment is driven to a greater extent by higher educated groups; the unemployment among these groups is also fairly substantial. We explain these findings and suggest some policies.

High Net Migration during a Period of No Net Job Growth: Implications for Young Job Seekers

From July 2008 to July 2009 the labour force grew by 166,000 but there was no increase in the number of people employed. Consequently this increase translated directly into growth in unemployment. But the burden of unemployment was not shared equally. Previous work has shown that employment actually grew among people aged 55 and over but fell among those aged 15 to 34. Thus young people were disproportionately affected. The present article focuses on the contribution of Australia's record levels of immigration. Most of the labour-force growth (88 per cent) has been due to immigration and most migrants in the labour force have found work, partly because changes in social welfare rules make this essential for them, regardless of wages or conditions. In consequence the competitive labour-market pressures facing young Australians are now intense.

(Development of SMEEs for Reducing Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia)

(Development of SMEEs for Reducing Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia)

What Will Happen to Retirement Economy in the Baltic States?

The new term economy, as no other one, characterises realities not only of the modern labour market, but also of the world economy. The adverse demographic situation in the Baltic States allows speaking about the inability of the present retirement system for future pensioners. Besides low birth rate it is necessary to mention substantial out-migration of able-bodied population to other countries with good working opportunities. The adverse demographic situation and labour migration are the basis of pessimism and non-confidence of the population, especially of the youth, in the state retirement system. People understand that if at the moment of their retirement in the country there is not enough labour force, and the number of young people has been reduced, it will not be possible to resolve the issue of decent pensions. The raising of retirement age will hardly help to make a difference. Aging of the population on the European continent in general and Latvia in particular leads to increase in demographic loading. The share of aged population in the national economy increases quicklier than the inflow of young and middle-aged population, i.e. persons who are at the age of labour activity. The immigration flow accruing from year to year also has a negative impact on a qualitative structure and number of labour forces. One of solutions could be a paradoxical decision to lower retirement age. In order to free up jobs for young people, particularly keenly felt the burden of unemployment and to motivate them to participate in social programs and pension funds.

PERANAN KEKERABATAN SEBAGAI ADAPTASI EKONOMI BAGI MASYARAKAT PERANTAU PADANG LAWAS UTARA

This research is an adaptaion case of the Paluta Regency migrants people to Medan. Method used in this research is qualitative method, by interview, observation to the business owners where they work and to the officials who hold positions in Medan as the key informant. This research is to give the social integration description in solving the unemployment burden.