Uneducated People Research Articles

Knowledge State of Two Endemic Varieties of Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata with Yellow Flesh ("Kounougbé" and "Kangba") Cultivated in the Gbêkê Region and the Level of Chemical Weeding Use

Background: Yam is the main staple food in Ivory Coast and plays a crucial role in food security. However, indigenous yellow-fleshed varieties of the Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata species, such as "Kounougbé" and "Kangba" are gradually being abandoned in favor of modern varieties. Study Design: A study was conducted in the departments of Bouaké, Béoumi, Sakassou, and Botro, in the Gbêkê region, to assess the knowledge of these varieties, the preference for their tubers, and the use of chemical weeding. Results: The chi-square (χ²) test of independence showed that variables gender, age group, ethnic group and educational level influence significantly (P < 0.05) the knowledge level of "Kounougbé" and "Kangba" varieties. This knowledge level is relatively high in the different departments. The study revealed that uneducated people have better knowledge (83.97%) of these varieties. It also indicated that people aged at least 55 years old have a very good knowledge of these varieties. Moreover, the survey revealed that the natives are more familiar with "Kounougbé" and "Kangba" varieties with a rate of 92.68%. Concerning the characteristics preference for said varieties tubers and chemical weeding use, they impact meaningfully (P < 0.05) the age group variable. People at least 55 years old have the highest preference and use of chemical weeding levels with respective rates of 98.61% and 41.46%. Conclusion: This study constitutes a source of basic data which would contribute to the revaluation of endemic varieties of yellow-fleshed yam.

The Prevalence and Management of Diabetes Mellitus Among Educated and Uneducated Populations in Pakistan. A comparative study

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a growing public health challenge globally, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan. Education plays a crucial role in DM management and awareness. Objective: The aim of this work was to compare the rate and the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) in educated and uneducated people of Pakistan. Methodology: This comparative study was conducted on 500 participants out of which 300 has been given formal education that is at least secondary education whereas 200 has no formal education that is they have dropped out at least at primary level. Diabetes prevalence, awareness, and management and lifestyle practices data were collected using structured questionnaires and blood glucose measurements. Data analysis was done with SPSS v 25.0, where chi-squared tests and logistic regression were used to assess the relationship of educational status with DM prevalence and its management. Results: The result showed that DM was higher among the uneducated group which was 32% compare to the educated group which was 18%. The participants who were educated had better understanding of DM, better compliance with the prescribed drug regimen and improved life style changes. On the other hand, the uneducated group had poor disease knowledge and worst management hence poor management of their disease condition. Conclusion: Education has a great effect on the incidence and control of DM. The study implies that there is a significant lack of knowledge about DM among the uneducated population hence the need to conduct health education to create awareness and ensure proper management of DM.

The Spread of Amoebic Dysentery in Balad District/Salah Al-Din Governorate/Iraq

Fecal samples were collected from the laboratory of Balad General Hospital in Salah al-Din Governorate, for age groups that ranged between (1-60) years and for both sexes for the period from December 2022 until May 2023, and the Entamoeba histolytica parasite was diagnosed through microscopic examination. For fecal samples in 60 samples out of 225 samples, with a percentage of 26.66%. The highest rate of infection with the parasite was recorded in March, at 37.5%, and the lowest rate of infection was in May, at 13.33%. The highest infection rate was recorded in females, reaching 30.43%, while it reached 22.72% in males. The highest percentage was in the age group 11-20 years, where the percentage reached 38.71%, while the lowest infection percentage was recorded in the group 1-10 years, which was 17.75%. The highest rate of infection with the parasite was recorded in Yathrib, at 28.76%, and the lowest rate of infection was in the Hadera area, at 23.18%. The highest rate of infection with the parasite was among uneducated people, at 31.25%, and the lowest rate of infection was among university students, at 21.42%. The study aimed to know the prevalence of amoebic dysentery in Balad district and the impact of some prevalence standards on the spread of the disease.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Dengue Fever among People in District Multan, Pakistan

The present study was conducted to evaluate the Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding dengue fever among people in district Multan, Pakistan. In this study numbers of four towns of Multan (i) Bosan Town (ii) Shah Rukn-e Alam Town (iii) Mosa Pak Town (iv) Mumtazabad Town were selected. Total number of 400 People (217 males and 183 females) 18 years to above 60 years of age, permanent residents of Multan were interviewed. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding dengue were evaluated among people through pre-designed set of questions. Of the 400 respondents, 87% of the respondents already heard about this type of fever, 72% of them considered mosquito bite as cause / mode of spread of this disease. The study reported that among the participants of the study literate people had more and correct information than un-educated people. As regards the prevention of this disease, 83% of study populations were in favor of preventing mosquito bites by the use of anti-mosquito spray while 39% were of the opinion to reduce the mosquito population by attacking the breeding sites. Although most of the individuals in sample population were aware of various aspects of dengue fever but detailed knowledge and awareness were lacking. People need more understanding of the disease particularly its vector characteristics. The study has suggested that there is a need to develop and implement the targeted health education programs that focus on disseminating accurate and accessible information about dengue fever. These programs should address the knowledge gaps identified in the study and be tailored to the specific needs of different demographic groups within the district. Mass media platforms such as television, radio, newspapers, and social media must be used to disseminate the health messages related to dengue fever among general public. The study has also recommended to develop informative content that reaches the wide audience and reinforces the dengue preventive practices.

Nigerian Pidgin English

Nigerian Pidgin (hereafter NP) is the most widely spoken language in Nigeria, but many Nigerians view it negatively, as they associate it with uneducated people in the country and often caricature it as a bad form of English. However, attitudes towards NP in the diaspora and its role as a marker of social identity within and outside Nigeria have not been researched. Through informal interviews and focus group discussions with 10 Nigerians (5 men; 5 women) in Canada, I find that the participants choose NP as the language they use to express their identity as Nigerians in Canada. While the women embraced Standard English, the men had more positive attitudes towards NP suggesting covert prestige. Therefore, this study provides a good pilot project for analyzing attitudes towards NP and its role as a language of identity for Nigerians in the diaspora.

Study on awareness, knowledge, and practices towards antibiotic use among the educated and uneducated people of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance developed through the inadequate use of antibiotics; is an overriding task for global public health. Objective: To explore awareness, knowledge, and practices, and compare the elements associated with antibiotic misuse in different University students and uneducated people of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted from July to December 2020 using a validated questionnaire. Data were collected from eleven different university students and uneducated people of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Results: 3,600 questionnaires were completed, consisting of 56.9% Male and 43.0% Female. 1,999 (55.5%) of the antibiotic users reported through the survey used non-prescription antibiotics within a one-month study period. Out of the participants, 230 (6.3%) were uneducated or their education level was below matric rest were university students. 1999 (55.5%) reported buying Antibiotics with Medical Prescription. Most self-medicated participants (56.9%) stop taking antibiotics when they feel better. More than 90% of the respondents answered that doctors and pharmacist staff do not guide them well that how to use antibiotics. 2,171 (60.03%) respondents mistakenly believed that antibiotics improve restoration from coughs and colds. Only 720 (20%) respondents knew that antibiotics also disturb normal flora and 547 participants (15.9%) agree that unnecessary use of antibiotics causes bacterial resistance. Conclusion: Finding from this study may have important implications for public health policy in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan given the growing global resistance to antibiotics and the reported health issues related to their improper use.

Decomposition Analysis of Antenatal Care Utilization Inequities in Kembata Tembaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia.

Health equity has emerged as a global issue in the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals, and Ethiopia is no exception. Despite positive improvements, inequities in maternal health service utilization among demographic groups continue to be one of Ethiopia's significant challenges in decreasing maternal mortality. This study focuses on antenatal care service discrimination among a local poor group known as the "golden hands" community in Ethiopia's Kembata Tembaro zone. The subgroup community consists of outcast artesian groups known as "golden hands," formerly known as "Fuga," who face discrimination in all aspects of life owing to their living conditions and ethnic background. A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in Ethiopia's Kembata Tembaro, zone in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR), from January to February 2022. The study focused on two groups, "golden hands" and "non-golden hands," consisting of women aged 15-49 years. Using stratified and multistage cluster sampling, 1,210 participants were selected, with 440 from golden hand communities and 770 from non-golden hand communities. Data was collected through translated questionnaires, and data quality was rigorously monitored. The concentration curve and index, as well as logistic-based decomposition analysis, were used to examine inequality. The statistical significance threshold was set at p < 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval. This study comprised 1,210 eligible participants, 440 of whom were golden hand community members. Discrimination accounted for 60.23% of the decreased antenatal care (ANC) service use by the golden hand community. Age, urban residence, and wealth index were the most important independent factors with statistically significant contributions to changes owing to differences in effects (discriminated difference). Since ANC service discrimination is prevalent, the government and nongovernmental organizations should take steps to ensure that marginalized groups in society, such as golden hand women, the poor, the uneducated, and rural people, have equal access to service utilization opportunities.

Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Anak yang Sedang Menjalani Proses Pembinaan di Lembaga Pembinaan Khusus Anak

Children who grow up in an environment that contains educated, polite, friendly people tend to follow people around them because what is seen is the manners carried out by adults. If the child grows up in an environment that contains uneducated people or even surrounded by perpetrators of crime, then the child will be more likely to behave violently and not hesitate to commit crimes or violence. The research method that the author uses is the normative juridical method, which is research that prioritizes literature data, namely research on secondary data. The secondary data can be primary, secondary or tertiary legal material. This research includes research on positive legal provisions in force in Indonesia relating to legal protection of children who are undergoing the formation process at the Special Child Development Institute (LPKA). Based on the results of the study, the author concludes that the form of legal protection for children who undergo the formation process at the Special Child Development Institute is the right to worship in accordance with their respective religions and beliefs, the right to get care both physical and spiritual care, the right to education and teaching, the right to get proper health and food services, the right to complain, the right to get reading materials and to follow broadcasts Other mass media that are not prohibited, entitled to visits by family, legal counsel, or certain other persons, are entitled to reduced criminal terms (remission), parole (assimilation), leave (leave to visit family and leave before release.

Wizytówka Messnera

Reinhold Messner has said frequently that in the fi rst period of his activity in the mountains his climbing partners were often local farmers from the Valley of Funes in South Tyrol. The entire region of the Alps is inhabited by traditional peasant communities. Despite civilisational transformations we can still encounter there farms and their residents who like to climb the mountains for pleasure. Yet the Golden Age of mountaineering in the mid-19th century was dominated by an elite of British climbers with aristocratic, scholarly and cultural backgrounds. They were guided by highlanders from the foot of the Alps.&#x0D; However, as early as in the 1950s and 1960s British mountaineering became the domain of the working class as well, thanks to Don Whillans. Among the modern climbers from Western Europe and the United States there are many workers, manual labourers, people with no higher education. On the other hand in Poland mountaineering was from the beginning an elite activity and has remained so to this day. Climbing has attracted and still attracts engineers, academics, creative professionals, doctors and artists. Among Polish climbers there have not been and there are no farmers, workers, uneducated people or those doing manual labour. The exception is mountain guides and rescuers, but they climb professionally, so to speak, and not con amore.&#x0D; Why is that? Why do Polish highlanders — with few exceptions — not climb? Why has this been the case for nearly two hundred years? And what is surprising about Reinhold Messner’s visiting card which he gave Jerzy Kukuczka?

Trend analysis of common disabilities and causes among in-patients of paraplegic center Peshawar during last five year

Objectives: To assess the trend of common disabilities in paraplegic Centre Peshawar during last 5 years. To assess the trend of common causes of disabilities in Paraplegic Centre Peshawar. Methodology: - A retrospective study was conducted in The Paraplegic Centre Peshawar irrespective of age and gender to assess the common disabilities, causes and which gender, age and occupational group is more susceptible in the patients presented during last 5 years. The Data was collected manually through chart review. The data was collected from 600 charts. All relevant data will be recorded and analyzed using the SPSS 19.0 Software package. Results: A total of 500 patients including both Genders of all age groups &amp; profession were included in this study. Male were the most commonly affected gender (77.6%) Followed by Female (22.4%). Disability was found highest among age group 21-30 third decade (33.4%). Disability is common in uneducated people (45.2 %). Among disabilities type paraplegia was most common (79.6%) followed by tetraplegia (20%) &amp; others (0.4%). In all disabilities the most important cause was Fall from height.

Strategic Entrepreneurship: Goat Rearing

Goat Farming is an emerging agri-business opportunity for all businessmen, professionals, educated, uneducated, skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled people. before the 19th Century goat farming is just a source of additional income for marginal labour, landless workers and small-scale farmers. But in now’s day goat farming concept is totally changed because of the demand for meat and high returns in the goat farming business. but when newcomers have entered this business so strategic planning is needed, when you plan your farm effectively then businesses can easily grow and farmers can earn more and more profit from the same. in goat farming to many areas where we need to make some strategic plans like housing, feeding, marketing, financing and labour management.

Ethnobotanical survey and conservation of the indigenous plants used for traditional orthopedic care practices in Bayelsa Central Senatorial District, Nigeria

Abstract. Olatokunbo HS, Olanipekun MK, Michael OO. 2022. Ethnobotanical survey and conservation of the indigenous plants used for traditional orthopedic care practices in Bayelsa Central Senatorial District, Nigeria. Asian J Ethnobiol 5: 130-137. The practices of the trado-orthopedic system of healing in all forms among indigenous healers are extensively linked to plant resources. We investigated the plant species exploited among folks involved in traditional orthopedic care services in Bayelsa Central Senatorial District, Nigeria. The district was delineated into three Local Government Areas (LGAs). Information on the plant species used for traditional orthopedic services was fetched by an open-ended conversation with 150 respondents across 15 communities in the LGAs. The respondents are mostly women, 117 (78%), while 33 (22%) are men. The adults 60 (52.67%) years and above showed more interest in using traditional medicine than the younger ones. The young people considered traditional medicine superstitious and used by uneducated or poor people. Thirty-nine (39) plant species in thirty (30) different families were accessed as species used for bone healing in the area. Thirty-two (82%) species of the plants were found on the scale of abundance, while seven of the species (18%) accessed were rare in occurrence. The plants were used as food, timber, and medicine; the highest citations occurred in Malvaceae and Amaranthaceae families, with three species each. Different sections of the plants were exploited for treatment options ranging from bone hardening to pain reliever, fester prevention and swelling, to pushing dislocated bones back in position. Physical examinations and oral interviews are major tools among TOCPs in the diagnostic test to ascertain the level of casualty such as deformity, the inability of the limb to act, and shortened limb, among others. Also, the extraction pattern, which was either predatory or annihilative, was noted. Given the preceding, plants for sustainable use of the species were proposed. Moreover, we recommended that further research into the efficacy and safety use of the species in treating fracture and bone-related ailments are taken on.

DISCOURSE ON SOCIALLY RELEVANT HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA

From generations back it has been the concept in the society that who are possessing education especially higher education must be reflecting socially acceptable norms in their behaviour. “Being educated you should not talk like this”, “Being educated you should not behave like this”, such type of statements from seniors were often noticeable. Educated people were responsible to maintain peace, resolve the conflicts judiciously and reflect patience and tolerance whenever situations arisen. We believe that this has been the basic goal of education in any society across the globe. Essence and rationale of education could logically be extracted by speculating on the need of a community to establish a school of institution of higher learning. Unquestionably, we find that institutions of education have primary purpose to serve is betterment of society. University education should be explained in terms of the process for the betterment of the universe. Nowadays, we are living in social and environmental crises of universal nature affecting several countries and cultures. In general observations we found that uneducated people are less accountable in bringing big disasters. Neither big disasters nor the highly educated criminals are the subjects to be discussed here, whereas we are trying to find out the substance of the education, provided to present generation, especially living in urban setting but not limited to urban only. Urban youngsters are getting priority over rural because of density of institutions of education in the area. Moreover, civic sense of urban and educated people has often been imitated by non-urban population whenever they are visited and having interaction.

People's Education and Social Status in Folk Songs

Literature is created by the well-known poets and preserved by the learned people. Aru. Alagappan says folk songs are created by lay people and saved by them. They have created folk songs in the form of oral literature in various categories such as lullaby songs, ghummi songs, themmangu songs, sports songs. These songs are about the joys and sorrows of the common people but, they may not be documented. The songs do not have formal grammatical forms or word structure. But it has all the flavors and concepts of the people like pleasure, suffering, waiting, achievement, trial, heroism, love and loss. These songs are the time pieces that show the history of the people of that period. No one knows who composed these songs. Yet, it continues to be preserved by lay people and passed down to the next generation. These songs are still sung in villages. Just like a banana tree grows its offspring, these folk songs also continue to grow along the way. It may vary slightly from time to time in some places, but that does not detract from its authenticity. It is the duty of the learner to document this properly. There is a lot of difference between the world seen by educated people and laymen. The lay people sang the world as they had seen, the world they had to see, in the words they knew, in the ragas they knew, and solved their grief and pain. Even though all the songs are not recorded or written, they are preserved by word of mouth. We should not forget that all these are songs of an uneducated people. However, this article examines the folk songs sung by the lay people and how they gave importance to education and through these songs one can get a clear idea about their social status.

Effect of decrease of physical activity on depression and anxiety after the COVID-19 lockdown: A survey study.

We focused on changes in the amount of physical activity (PA) and depression and anxiety symptoms in people, who were previously regularly physically active, as they were all members of fitness centers at time of lockdown because of COVID-19. We sampled 150 fitness center members, tested individually in facilities of fitness centers. Depression and anxiety were measured with subscales of Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) and PA was measured with global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). We found that depression (t = -1.97; p < 0.05) and anxiety (t = -2.66; p < 0.05) was more present in female participants than male participants, single participants experienced more depression (t = 2.04; p < 0.05) than participants in relationship, unemployed participants experienced more depression (F = 3,24; p < 0.05) and anxiety (F = 5,32; p < 0.01) than employed participants and participants with lower levels of education experienced higher levels of affective depression (F = 3,42; p < 0.05) and physiological anxiety (F = 3,72; p < 0.05) than participants with higher levels of education. Finally, we found that mental health can be influenced by changes in amount of movement-both anxiety (p < 0.05) and depression (p < 0.05) (in whole and its specific dimensions) increased for male participants when there is less strenuous work-related activity, less walking, or cycling to work and when they would spend more time each day sitting. For female participants, affective depression (t = 3.78; p < 0.01) and anxiety (t = 3.23; p < 0.01) increased with increased sitting time. Ex-competitive athletes are particularly immune to anxiety (t = -2.18; p < 0.05) and depression (t = -2.09; p < 0.05). As in some previous studies, our results show that because of lockdown, the most endangered groups for mood disorders are women, singles, unemployed and students, uneducated people and those, who had less PA, and more sitting time. Additionally, those who had some sport competitive history are less endangered for depression and anxiety. Isolation has great impact on mental health, the most effective solution to stress relief and anxiety is physical exercise, which was limited or non-existent in the time of pandemic. Ex-professional athletes are especially immune to anxiety and depression in events such as COVID-19 lockdown. For future studies we recommend focusing on likelihood of increased depression and anxiety levels in individuals, who were physically active before the isolation period.

Socio-Regional Variations in the Conversation of Al-Hussainyya Speech Community

This research deals with language variations in Al.Hussaiyya conversation in the city of Kerbala compared to Standard Arabic. This study deals with social variables depending on the geographical location of the region and the social factors affecting the use of these variables as age, gender, social class, educational and cultural background of the speakers. The study also deals with the situations, as well as the status of these variables among the people of the region. This paper aims at measuring the effect and checking the correlation of social variables (gender, age and education) and the regional one with linguistic variations. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; This study aims at showing, as explicitly as possible, how the “network concept” developed by Milroy &amp; Milroy (1978), can be used as tool for describing social relations. In our study, the researcher assumes that, in the city centre, women favour to use the high prestige. This is may be due to the fact that they have little contact with the people of the town. Therefore, they are more conservative than men who participate in more cohesive social networks. The present work focuses on investigating the language variation in Al.Hussaiyya. It focuses on two areas: urban and rural. It also focuses on high and low prestige. The number of informants is forty eight. It consists of twenty four for male and twenty four for female. Age consists of two group, each group consists of twenty four. First group is between 20- 40 and the second one is between 41- 60. As far as education consists of &nbsp;two groups. It consists of educated and uneducated people. Each one consists of twenty four. Finally, regional variation consists of urban and rural. The investigation is only concerned with the four linguistics variables (i.e. /?a/, /al/, /q/ and /ġ/) and the social variables of gender, age, education and regional.

Some features of the “educated – uneducated” opposition in stories by Nguyen Huy Thiep

A specific artistic feature of stories by Ngueyn Huy Thiep (19502021) is the opposition town village, which often attaches to the opposition educated uneducated, or intellectuals common people. However, the opposition of educated people and uneducated one has a number of peculiarities. Thus, in the stories of the present time we find the opposition intellectuals common people, but in historical stories uneducated common people are opposed by Confucians (nh nho), representatives of educated class typical of traditional Vietnam. At the same time, in a number of stories the educated uneducated opposition has been transformed into the public person (con người x hội) natural person (con người tự nhin) opposition. Once again this confirms the conclusion that hostility to educated people is one of obvious ideological dominants being the conceptual base of the writers work.

The role of enlightenment in the modernization of Indian and Kazakh societies

At the beginning of the 20th century, representatives of Indo-Kazakh literature, who initially promoted the idea of enlightenment, wanted to modernize society, calling for this through their works. The evidence offered in the article will be used to determine the cause of this phenomenon. After studying the works of writers from both countries, it was clear that each of them was a sympathizer for his people and an educator who shared their work with them. The educators believed that a person can be changed for the better, and recognized this principle as a new approach. In the Indian and Kazakh societies at that time there was a common historical phenomenon, through revolutionary uprisings people wanted new changes, the century of the emergence of a new direction in the field of literature began. There, those who saw the idea of ​​enlightenment as the power of awakening saw the arena of transformational ideas. Another important philosophical thought of that time was the emergence of sentimentalism, which began to view culture as a spiritual being of man, as literature began to pay more attention to human feelings and experiences. Thus, with the help of works of art, people are instilled with moral values. The Enlightenment viewed literature as a means of educating contemporaries in a new spirit, that is, it had a strong didactic origin. The main desire and goal of the writers of the Enlightenment, writing in a critical realistic style, was to awaken in uneducated people the feeling that they could be the basis of progress. The works of writers who contributed to enlightenment in Indian and Kazakh society continue to be in the spotlight, proving that the topic discussed in this article is still relevant today.

Esophageal Carcinoma and Associated Risk Factors: A Case-control Study in Two Tertiary Care Hospitals of Kabul, Afghanistan.

PurposeEsophageal cancer (EC) is the most common cancer among males in Afghanistan, thus we aimed to conduct a case-control study to determine the associated risk factors with EC in two tertiary care hospitals of Kabul, Afghanistan.Patients and MethodsWe enrolled 132 EC cases and 132 controls and used conditional logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with consideration of 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsThe results of our study revealed that esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) was the predominant type of EC constituting 75.8% of the cases. The results of the multivariate logistic analysis showed that males and older ages were at increased risk of developing EC (OR: 4.62, 95%CI, p-value=0.026) and (OR: 1.070, 95%CI, p-value <0.001), respectively. In addition, living in rural areas (OR: 46.64, 95%CI, p-value <0.001), being uneducated (OR: 13.94, 95%CI, p-value=0.042), using oral snuff (OR: 6.10, 95%CI, p-value=0.029), drinking hot tea (OR: 5.719, 95%CI, p-value=0.005), lack of physical exercise (OR: 32.548, 95%CI, p-value=0.001), less fresh fruit consumption (OR: 93.18, 95%CI, p-value<0.001) and family history of cancer (OR: 14.50, 95%CI, p-value=0.003) were significantly associated with the development of EC, while body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol drinking, consumption of spicy food and pickled vegetables did not have a significant association with EC. Moreover, the majority of the cases (83.3%) in our study were from to low-income families and the majority were unemployed (93.9%), of whom (50%) were farmers, who did not show statistically significant association.ConclusionOur study concluded that EC risk was higher in older ages, males, rural residents, uneducated people, oral-snuff users, hot tea drinkers, fewer fresh fruit consumers, lack of physical exercise, and family history of cancer. Further detailed studies and screening policies of the affected groups are suggested to further elaborate on the subject.

Impact of Civic Responsibility on Decision to Vote among Adults

Globally, the engagement of citizens in civic responsibility and politics is considered critical for the nurturance of democratic culture. In this context, this study was conducted to understand the citizens’ attitude toward civic responsibility and the decision to vote along with factors considered influential in determining this attitude. It was a mixed-method study. For a quantitative study, a survey was conducted by collecting data from 300 respondents: 150 from the rural background and 150 from the urban background. Quantitative results revealed that educated respondents belonging to the urban area and falling in the category of high monthly income are more likely to cast vote because according to them their vote can bring change, the vote is their responsibility and vote brings a real representative, whereas uneducated people belonging to the rural falling in the category of the low monthly income group are found more motivated for voting without casting vote. Additionally, the political identity of the candidate tends to influence the voting behavior of adults and it was also seen that age is an important demographic factor in determining the voting trend. Civic responsibility was found positively correlated with a) Reasoning which implies that voting is a responsibility and duty, b) Personal identity of the candidate, and c) Integrity which is the political experience of the candidate. Qualitative analysis of respondents living in urban and rural areas found that vote is a responsibility, people cast votes for the development of the country, and women's empowerment or equal right. However, respondents of both groups, rural and urban found to have a negative perception of politics and barriers to women’s voting. These findings can be used as an important source of information for policymakers to design special policies and initiatives to promote civic responsibility and the right of casting votes for the citizens.