Undyed Fabrics Research Articles

Exploring Ultrasonic‐Assisted Extraction and Eco‐Friendly Dyeing of Organic Cotton using Syzygium cumini Leaf Extracts

AbstractThe demand for natural dyes is increasing due to the negative environmental impacts of synthetic color. In fact, customers are becoming more concerned about their health and the environmentally friendly products. The aim of this research is to disclose the dye extraction process using the ultrasonic method and eco‐friendly dyeing of organic cotton knitted fabric. Initially, 10 g of Syzyguim cumini leaf powder was dissolved in 150 mL of purified water maintaining a 1 : 15 M : L ratio to extract the color. After that, the extracted dye solution was added to coloration bath following the M : L ratios of 1 : 16, 1 : 12, and 1 : 8 for producing dark, medium, and light shades, respectively. Post mordanting was done using natural lemon juice for colorfastness improvement. The color attributes were revealed by the spectrophotometric analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to comprehend the successful relationship that exists among SCL dyes and organic cotton fibers, and the TGA analysis confirmed that dyed fabric is more stable than undyed fabric. Moreover, the colored sample‘s pH, formaldehyde level, and presence of forbidden Azo groups (aromatic amines) were examined. The test results revealed that very good to excellent color fastness properties were obtained and no harmful chemicals were detected in the dyed samples.

Improvement of Hand Feeling Properties of Fabrics Containing Recycled Fibers by Enzymatic Treatments

Clothing is one of the most basic needs for human survival. For this reason, the textile sector is one of the sectors with the highest consumption. However, the use of chemicals, water and natural resources in this large sector has increased to unbelievable levels. Today, there is a need for studies under the name of sustainability due to increasing population and decreasing natural resources. The most basic element in the studies is observed as recycling. However, it is observed that the hand feeling properties of fabrics containing recycled fibers are not meet with market needs. In this study, different enzyme combinations were applied to undyed fabrics by conventional methods in order to improve the hand feeling of fabrics containing recycled fibers. The subjective hand feeling evaluations, whiteness-yellowness values and hydrophilicity values of the obtained fabrics were compared. As a result of the tests, positive or negative changes were observed in the fabric behavior and these changes were evaluated as a result of the application of different enzyme combinations with different methods. Enzyme applications positively affected the hydrophilicity of the fabric. Positive and negative results of different enzyme applications were observed in the whiteness-yellowness values of the fabric.

SIMULTANEOUS COLORING AND ANTIBACTERIAL FINISHING TO COTTON THROUGH ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY WAY

The present paper purposed to color %100 cotton fabrics with ensuring also antibacterial activity through eco-friendly way. For this aim, cationized and pre-mordanted fabrics were dyed by using everlasting flower extract as a natural dye source. After dyeing process, antibacterial activity, CIEL*a*b* color values, and fastness properties (washing, perspiration, rubbing) of the dyed fabrics were investigated, as well as the bursting strength of the dyed and undyed fabrics was examined.

Synthesis of a Novel Cationic Dye to Impart Mosquito-Repellent and UV Protection to an Acrylic Fabric.

The growing demand for innovative routes to develop functional textiles initiated the necessity of new efficient functional molecules. Dyes can provide durable functional protection to textiles due to their ability to generate strong dye-fiber interaction. New dyes to improve a dyed substrate's quality and aesthetic appearance are in huge demand. This research aims to prepare a mosquito-repellent and UV-protective acrylic fabric using a novel cationic (basic) dye. The cationic dye was synthesized and thoroughly characterized with the help of FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and CHN analysis. The dye was further used for the dyeing of the acrylic fabric by using an infrared dyeing machine. To analyze the suitability of dyed fabrics for daily use, washing, rubbing, and light fastness of dyed fabrics were determined. The amount of dye (%) taken up by the acrylic fabric (exhaustion %) was determined, and more than 72% of exhaustion was obtained. The fixation (%) of the dye on acrylic fabrics was also quantified, and more than 80% fixation was obtained. The coloration properties of the dyed fabrics (L*, a*, b*, and K/S) were examined. The dyed fabrics showed a K/S of more than 3. The mosquito-repellent action provided by the dyed fabrics was also analyzed, and 100% repellency was obtained. The dyed fabrics provided an excellent UV-protective property. The multifunctional properties of dyed fabrics were retained significantly even after laundering treatments. The dyed fabrics were characterized using X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. A reduction in crystalline peak intensity after dyeing was obtained. The dyed and undyed fabrics were also tested for their tensile strength.

Environmental Decay of Single Use Surgical Face Masks as an Agent of Plastic Micro-Fiber Pollution

Large numbers of Single Use Surgical-type Face Masks, used by the public as personal protective equipment during the 2020–2022 COVID-19 pandemic, have been lost or intentionally discarded and have entered the environment rather than the waste management stream. These masks, made from non-woven polypropylene fibers, will undergo environmental decay which will release fiber fragments as microplastics into the environment. While the photochemical process of the decay of polypropylene polymers (photo-oxidation) is well understood, and while there are numerous studies that investigate mask decay and micro-fiber shedding in laboratory settings, there are no observational data that describe the progress and speed of decay on polypropylene face masks in real-life environmental settings. This paper examines the breakdown of single use surgical-type face masks under natural conditions. Masks from three manufacturers were exposed to natural sunlight over a ten-week period and their state of decay was photographically recorded in situ at weekly intervals. Visible decay accelerated after three weeks, with masks made from thinner spunbond fabric decaying more rapidly. Among same-weight fabric, photo-oxidation affected fabric dyed light blue more than undyed fabric, leading to a total breakdown after six weeks. The results are novel as they demonstrate a differential decay between the spunbonded and the melt-blown fabric, which cracks and breaks down much faster due to thinner fibers of shorter length and the lack of thermal bonding points. The resultant extensive micro-fiber generation was accelerated by external physical forces such as wind. This experiment highlights the fact that municipal agencies have only a narrow window of time to remove stray face masks from the urban environment if micro-fiber pollution is to be prevented.

The Sustainable Coloration of Wool Fabric Using Naturally Extracted Dyes from Sappan Heartwood

ABSTRACT Dyestuffs extracted from naturally originated materials are getting popularity in terms of environment-friendly biobased perspective and awareness. The natural colors were imparted into the wool fabric surface after extraction from sappan wood plants through applying exhaustion dyeing methods. Besides, three mordants (aluminum potassium sulfate (AlK(SO4)2, copper sulfate (CuSO4), and zinc sulfates (ZnSO4·) were used as mordanting materials for better fixation of extracted dyes on wool fabrics. The colored wool fabrics exhibited better color performances especially at optimum conditions (temperature 80°C, time 60 min, and pH 4.0) in terms of CIE lab values (CIE L* a* b*) and color strength (K/S). Moderate colorfastness results were also achieved without any color fading on wool surfaces. The morphological analysis showed that dyed fabrics surfaces are more uniform than undyed fabric. The FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) spectra confirmed the presence of higher absorptions onto dyed fabric, resulting in a better thermal stability property for dyed fabric. Besides, UV protection of the dyed fabric exhibited a higher UPF value than undyed fabric, which denotes that our utilized dye could enhance the functional property of the wool fabric. Satisfactory mechanical properties also further confirmed the successful application potentiality of greenly synthesized natural colorants on wool fabric.

The effect of iron mordanting and sol‐gel coating on the hydrophobicity and colour properties of cotton fabrics dyed with natural tannin

AbstractCotton fabrics were dyed with natural tannin and post‐treated with a metallic salt mordant and/or sol‐gel coating. The effects on colour properties and hydrophobicity were studied. Pad‐dyeing was carried out using a reddish‐brown, tannin‐rich dye. Some samples were then post‐mordanted with iron(II) sulphate. Samples were sol‐gel coated using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) with small amounts of organically modified alkoxysilane precursors phenyltriethoxysilane (PHY) and n‐octyltriethoxysilane (OCT) to impart hydrophobicity, and with 3‐(glycidoxypropyl)‐trimethoxysilane (GLY) to improve adhesion between the coating and the fabric. The colour parameters were analysed in the CIELab colour space. Dyed samples appeared reddish‐brown, with the exception of those post‐mordanted with iron(II) sulphate, which were dark brown. Sol‐gel coating with hydrophobic alkyltriethoxysilanes (PHY or OCT) increased the hydrophobicity of the undyed fabrics, increasing contact angle values and drop absorption times. However, this hydrophobic sol‐gel coating alone failed to impart hydrophobicity to the dyed fabrics. Post‐mordanting with iron(II) sulphate was more effective in improving the hydrophobicity of the dyed fabrics than sol‐gel coating. Only the dyed sample treated with both iron(II) sulphate and OCT completely prevented absorption of water droplets. Sol‐gel coating was found to improve colour fastness to washing, light, and crocking. Post‐mordanting with iron(II) sulphate improved colour fastness to washing and light, but not to crocking.

Examining Safety of Biocolourants from Fungal and Plant Sources-Examples from Cortinarius and Tapinella, Salix and Tanacetum spp. and Dyed Woollen Fabrics.

Biocolourants have been investigated as alternatives to synthetic dyes. However, natural origin per se is not a label of harmlessness and research is needed to obtain safe dyes. We studied the cytotoxicity of the extracts from fungal (Cortinarius semisanguineus, Tapinella atrotomentosa) and plant (Tanacetum vulgare, Salix phylicifolia) sources and the woollen fabrics dyed with the extracts. Cytotoxicity in vitro using hepa-1 mouse hepatoma cells for 24 h and 72 h exposure was observed as the highest tolerated dose. All biocolourants produced intensive colour on fabrics with fastness properties from moderate to good. The Salix and Cortinarius samples did not show any cytotoxic effects, whereas the Tanacetum and Tapinella samples had slightly higher test values but were not interpreted as being significantly toxic. Higher than zero values of the undyed fabrics showed the importance of examining their toxicity as well. It was found that the cytotoxicity of the samples dyed with the biocolourants did not differ significantly from the undyed wool fabric. The concentrations of dyes used in the assays were very low, imitating the dose of the user. In addition to colouring properties, natural dyes may have pharmaceutical and antibacterial properties which would enhance the interest in using them in products for added value.

Influence of MCT-β-cyclodextrin treatment on strength, reactive dyeing and third-hand cigarette smoke odor release properties of cotton fabric

The concept of third-hand cigarette smoke is a newly-emerging field of interest in public health. Release of second-hand smoke chemicals on the textile surface as a third-hand smoke to the surrounding environment is a malodorous release of hazardous chemicals to health. In this study, the influence of MCT-β-cyclodextrin treatments on not only the third-hand cigarette smoke odor release property but also on the mechanical and dyeing performances of cotton fabric was investigated. MCT-β-cyclodextrin treatments increased the stiffness and tensile strength of cotton fabric. The presence of MCT-β-cyclodextrin on cotton fabric did not significantly affect the dyeing properties and caused no profound effects on the obtained color strength levels on fabrics dyed with Drimarene reactive dyes. MCT-β-cyclodextrin treatment resulted in a significant reduction of the third-hand smoke odor release intensity from the smoke-contaminated cotton, for both dyed and undyed fabrics. The reactive dyes resulted in a positive influence on the third-hand smoke odor release intensity. MCT-β-cyclodextrin presence on the dyed fabric enabled a significant decrease in odor and produced a masking effect with an odor release reduction of up to 65.5%. Inclusion complex between the β-cyclodextrin rings and the volatile organic compounds of the cigarette smoke is believed to be a smoke odor chemical trapping mechanism. MCT-β-cyclodextrin treatment effectively masks chemical malodors from second-hand cigarette smoke and lessens the third-hand smoke odor chemical release onto cotton fabric. Therefore, MCT-β-cyclodextrin treatment may lessen the potential health hazards of third-hand smoke released from the contaminated textile surfaces. This is promising and encouraging for odor emission control and third-hand smoke release problems for smoke-exposed textile products.

English

English

Nanolayer atmospheric pressure plasma graft polymerization of durable repellent finishes on cotton

High-density, non-thermal, glow-discharge atmospheric-pressure plasma was used for graft polymerization of a vapor deposited fluorocarbon mixture of 1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorodecyl acrylate and 1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorododecyl acrylate on undyed cotton fabrics, which furnished a highly durable nanolayer water and oil repellent finish. In this study, monomer vapor was deposited onto cotton fabrics on single and double sides of the fabrics. The influence of monomer flow rate and plasma preactivation was studied. The surface of the cotton treated with fluorocarbons is evaluated using the standard AATCC Test Methods. Surface chemistry and morphology of the treated cotton were characterized using FTIR, XPS, SEM, and TOF–SIMS. Plasma-assisted graft polymerization of fluorocarbon in the presence of the crosslinker pentaerythritol triacrylate (10:1 molar ratio of monomer: crosslinker) resulted in a polyfluorocarbon nanolayer on cotton, which was hydrophobic and durable to one accelerated laundering, which is equivalent to 10 home launderings.

Staining of undyed fabrics when washed with dyed cotton fabrics using alkyl polyglucoside mixtures with anionic surfactant

The increasingly widespread use of non-ionic surfactants as main ingredients in domestic detergent formulations requires an understanding of their performance during washing, not only as separate products but also as binary mixtures with anionic surfactants. In order to attain acceptable levels of biodegradability and toxicity, alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) have appeared on the market. These non-ionic surfactants, obtained from natural substances (saccharides), are 100% biodegradable and have very attractive features for application to washing. They are highly soluble, only slightly sensitive to the presence of electrolytes and rarely affected by water hardness. The aim of our work was to analyze behavior in the staining of undyed cotton fabric with the dye desorbed in the washing of cotton fabric previously dyed and finished with resin and softened, by means of the use of the surfactant APGs with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, separately and in mixtures in different proportions. Likewise, the staining of undyed diacetate, polyamide, polyester, acrylic, cotton and wool fabrics was obtained. The cotton was previously dyed with red, orange and blue direct dyes. The behavior of the discoloration of dyed and finished and unfinished cotton fabric and the staining of undyed fabrics in washing were related to the zeta potentials of the fabrics obtained by the streaming potential method in the presence of the surfactants and their mixtures used After washing, the undyed fabric with the anionic surfactant showed a greater difference in color than non-ionic surfactant and when the concentration of the non-ionic surfactant in the mixture was increased the color difference decreased. The zeta potentials (absolute values) of undyed and dyed and finished cotton fabric in the presence of these surfactants gave the same order values, which increased with the surfactant concentration.

Expert aspects of information technologies for evaluation of spectral characteristics of textile materials

Expert aspects of information technologies for evaluation of the spectral characteristics of textile materials are considered in the paper. The main research goal is to develop recommendations on evaluating the results of color reproduction on fabrics with different textures based on the analysis of the results, obtained using computerized evaluation systems, mathematical description and reproduction of color and solving production coloistics problems. To achieve this goal, the empirical results are analyzed, and the main task, namely, to establish an objective quantitative relationship between the fabric texture and spectral characteristics of colors, obtained with direct dyes is solved. It is found that the Gurevich-Kubelka-Munk function values increase when decreasing the thinness of fabric and weaving, which provides a higher reflection coefficient of undyed fabric, in this case, a twill weave. It is shown that color deviation definition in NBS units does not accurately reveal color discrimination. During the examination of the spectral characteristics of textile materials to meet the standards, it is recommended to assess color discrimination not only in NBS units, but also according to the hue. The considered expert aspects of information technologies for evaluation of the spectral characteristics of textile materials allow not only to improve the examination methodology, but also the technological regimes to enhance the production efficiency of textile materials.

Influence of the dye transfer inhibitors for the washing of softened cotton fabric

In this, work the performance of several dye transfer inhibitors (DTI) copolymers (PVP, PVNO and PVNO with PVP) was tested for use as DTIs in washing softened undyed cotton fabric, in the presence of a direct dye in the washing bath, with and without water hardness. Three direct dyes were tested: red, blue and yellow. The detergent used was composed of an LAS anionic surfactant and a non-ionic fatty alcohol ethoxylate surfactant with 7 m. OE, both separately and in the different molar proportions anionic with non ionic, at a total concentration of 5 × 10−3 M, and in the presence of zeolite as a builder. Washing temperature was 40°C and washing time was 30 min. Staining of the softened undyed cotton fabric was assessed as the CIELAB colour differences between the original fabric and the stained fabric after washing.The different DTIs and the dye in the washing bath with and without water hardness were tested.

Time survivor study of Escherichia coli with polyhexamethylene biguanide on cotton

Time survivor or time kill studies are commonly used to investigate the efficacy of antimicrobial agents in homogeneous solutions. Such a study was attempted via a textile treated with an antimicrobial agent. For this study, a finished undyed cotton fabric and a commercially available antimicrobial agent, polyhexamethylene biguanide, were used. The release of the antimicrobial agent from the cotton fabric when submerged in water with a liquor-to-cloth ratio of 20:1 was evaluated. The antibacterial agent-treated cotton fabric was also tested according to the JIS L 1902 absorption antibacterial testing method at various agent concentrations applied to the fabric and incubation times. The treated textile showed a quick release of agent when submerged in water and the results of the antibacterial tests showed increasing antibacterial activity with increases in concentration, as has been found in homogeneous solutions. Fabrics treated with lower concentrations of the agent show bacteriostatic action. A regrowth of microorganisms was additionally noted at certain incubation times.

감즙염색포의 날염방법에 따른 문양직물의 개발과 그 특성에 관한 연구

In this study, printing was introduced to the common dip-dyeing method of persimmon juice dyeing so as to develop two different colored persimmon juice dyed fabrics with printings of 'jorangmal' patterns (a national monument) instead of producing a plain textile. Following are the results of a comparative study between the persimmon dyed fabric and undyed fabric, both with printings, in terms of its properties, and hand values. Cotton and rayon were chosen as samples and were compared separately. Firstly, the samples showed differences in terms of clarity and visual sensation depending on the presence of persimmon dye, even if the same pattern and color was used. Secondly, the air permeability of two samples improved after persimmon dyeing even though their thickness increased, and their moisture regain increased as well in all humidity conditions. Thirdly, protectiveness against UV increased in dyed samples, and sweat, sunlight, and compound colorfastness improved in printed dye-fabrics compared to plain dyed ones. Therefore, printing proved to be effective in preventing discoloration. Fourthly, tensile linearity and resilience, bending rigidity, compressive linearity and resilience, and shearing stiffness increased more in the dyed samples compared to undyed ones. However, shearing recovery decreased in both dyed fabrics. Fifthly, the result of its hand value showed that Koshi value increased in all samples than undyed ones, whereas Fukurami, Numeri, and Softosa values decreased. Incorporating printing in persimmon dyeing process could expect creative outcomes not only in today's diverse fashion but in areas of arts or crafts as well.

Textile applications of photochromic dyes. Part 4: application of commercial photochromic dyes as disperse dyes to polyester by exhaust dyeing

A series of commercial photochromic dyes was applied to polyester fabric as disperse dyes. The photocoloration properties of the dyed fabrics were investigated by applying techniques previously established in our laboratories using an independent source of ultraviolet irradiation and traditional colour measurement instrumentation. The dyed fabrics showed reversible photochromism, developing pronounced colours from weak background colours on irradiation with ultraviolet light and returning to their original state when the ultraviolet light source was removed. However, the extent of photocoloration and the depth of background colour varied significantly with the particular dye used. The dyeing procedure was optimised by maximising the degree of photocoloration, expressed as the colour difference (ΔE1) between the colour developed after ultraviolet exposure and background colour, while minimising the background colour, expressed as the colour difference (ΔE2) between unexposed dyed and undyed fabrics. Optimum dyeing concentrations were determined. The colour development and fading properties, fatigue resistance and storage stability of the dyed fabrics were investigated.

Investigation of the fastness properties and color values of cotton fabrics knitted from ring spun and Sirospun® yarns

Sirospun yarn production is a new approach to produce two‐folded and twisted yarns. This method integrates the spinning and folding action in a single step. Therefore, it may have some important advantages such as simplicity of the process, lower production costs, lower investment, space saving, etc. The purpose of the study is to compare the color fastness and colorimetric properties of sirospun yarn, single and two‐folded ring spun yarns produced by same cotton fiber blend. Therefore, three reactive dyes were applied at 1% omf (on mass of fabric) depth of shade to the single jersey fabrics which are produced by sirospun yarn, single and two‐folded ring spun yarns at three different counts. The examination of color coordinates of undyed and dyed samples on CIELAB color space shows that undyed sirospun fabrics show slightly higher whiteness than both undyed single and two‐folded ring fabrics for all three yarn counts. Also, the color strength values of the samples are determined as slightly different for all three dyes. The experimental studies show that sirospun yarns have no disadvantages with respect to conventional folded and twisted yarns when their fastness properties were compared.

Determination of light transmission through multiple sheets of cellulose triacetate using ordinary absorption spectroscopy

Ordinary optical absorption spectroscopy is used to assess the effects of reflection, scattering and optical absorption on light beams passing through sheets of cellulose triacetate fabric. The attenuation of light transmitted through multiple sheets of undyed fabric is analysed using a model that incorporates the concepts of reflection and turbidity. The attenuation of light by sheets of dyed fabric under conditions of significant light scattering is analysed using the model cited above. The results obtained under conditions of significant light scattering yield optical absorbance values for dye molecules incorporated in the fabric that correspond exactly with the absorbance values measured under conditions of total transparency, which is achieved using matching index of refraction spectroscopy.

Assessing colour values of polyester fabrics produced from fibres having different cross‐sectional shapes after abrasion

This study assesses the colour, colour difference and colour strength values obtained for eight disperse‐dyed polyester fabric samples produced from full and hollow round and trilobal fibres after four sets of abrasion cycle. Each fabric was produced from the same yarns in warp and weft directions. The L*, C*ΔE*ab and K/S values of the undyed fabrics and dyed fabrics before and after increasing cycles of abrasion are presented and discussed. Fabrics produced from full and hollow fibres showed great differences regarding colour values in abrasion behaviour. Fabrics produced from hollow fibres were found to be very sensitive to increasing abrasion cycles.