Undo Research Articles

Universal Design and Adaptive Equipment

Rebecca Morris*Universal Design and Adaptive Equipment: Ideas and Solutions for Music SchoolsReceived December 2008[1] Universal design and adaptive equipment are important concepts for all public facilities, including music schools. In what follows, I will explain what those terms mean and explore some applications in academic environment we share as students of music and as musical scholars.Universal Design[2] Universal design is a term referring to the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to greatest extent possible, without need for adaptation or specialized design(1) This concept goes beyond familiar notion of enshrined in Americans with Disabilities Act. For disabled accessibility, you can have a wheelchair ramp next to a set of stairs. With design, you have no stairs to entrance at all. As a result, everyone can use same entrance-that's universal in design.[3] The North Carolina State University Center for Universal Design has an excellent website at http://www.design.ncsu.edu/cud/, which lays out principles of design. These include: (1) equitable use, (2) flexibility in use, (3) simple and intuitive use, (4) perceptible information, (5) tolerance for error, (6) low physical effort, and (7) size and space for approach and use. Let me discuss these seven principles one by one, and suggest some ways in which each might be realized within a school of music. Equitable use would include a floor-level entrance, ramps with handrails up to stages, and elevators which do not require a key to operate, available for all to use. In addition to helping people whose mobility is impaired, these design elements can benefit cellists, double bassists, and harpists.[4] Flexibility in use would include knobs on a piano bench so that people of drastically different heights and people with back problems could use them. Likewise, music stands should be adjustable to full range of height.[5] An example of simple and intuitive use is power doors that automatically open, rather than having to press a button, location of which may or may not be obvious. As with examples of equitable use above, such a feature is helpful to people whose mobility is impaired by musical equipment as well as by biology.[6] Perceptible information usually refers to large print, Braille, and what is called redundant cueing (meaning instructions are available for multiple senses to help those who are blind, deaf, or both). In music libraries instructions for playing recordings are not always clear and consistent, so people who are not there frequently need this sort of help. Music libraries and orchestra libraries should endeavor to keep Braille music in their collections as much as possible.[7] A good example of tolerance for error is command-Z or undo command available in much computer software. This feature should be available on all music software! This concept is also important for electronic hardware; some types of equipment, especially microphones it seems, are so sensitive that their tolerance for error is too low for a person who has any kind of physical anomaly. Those who are responsible for buying electronic equipment should keep this factor in mind when selecting it.[8] Low physical effort is reasonably self-explanatory: environments should be designed to demand as little bodily exertion as possible. Easily-turning casters on pianos would be a simple illustration of this principle. …

Undoing the work of the fool.

Undoing the work of the fool.

Undoing aggregation

Undoing aggregation

Undoing, and: What My Father Did Not Use

Undoing, and: What My Father Did Not Use

Arterielle Hypertonie und metabolisches Syndrom

Das metabolische Syndrom oder Insulinresistenzsyndrom ist eine metabolische Storung, die durch eine eingeschrankte physiologische Reaktion auf Insulin charakterisiert ist. Die klinische Definition stutzt sich auf den Nachweis einer arteriellen Hypertonie, einer abdominellen Adipositas, erhohte Triglyzerid- sowie niedrige HDL-Cholesterin-Werte und eine diabetische Stoffwechsellage. Die Pravalenz des Insulinresistenzsyndroms nahm in den letzten Jahrzehnten dramatisch zu und ist auf die Anderung des Lebensstils in industrialisierten Landern sowie in Schwellen- und Entwicklungslandern zuruckzufuhren. Die klinische Bedeutung des metabolischen Syndroms liegt im hohen Risiko, fruhzeitig kardiovaskulare Erkrankungen zu bekommen bzw. an diesen zu versterben. Ziel arztlichen Handelns ist es deshalb, das Auftreten eines metabolischen Syndroms zu verhindern (Pravention) und begleitende Faktoren wie arterielle Hypertonie und Dyslipidamie zu therapieren. Die abdominelle Adipositas ist hierbei als Schlussel fur die Entstehung des metabolischen Syndroms zu sehen, weshalb eine konsequente Gewichtsreduktion die erste Prioritat einnehmen sollte. Die Gewichtsreduktion mit Ruckgang der Adipositas fuhrt nachfolgend auch zur Verbesserung von Hypertonie und Dyslipidamie. Die Bedeutung eines aeroben Ausdauertrainings wird kontrovers diskutiert, es wird jedoch als begleitende Masnahme zur Gewichtsreduktion empfohlen. Erhohte Blutdruckwerte sind zum einen Kardinalsymptom des metabolischen Syndroms, zum anderen fuhren sie zu einer uberproportionalen Steigerung des kardiovaskularen Risikos bei Patienten mit diabetischer Stoffwechsellage. Aus diesem Grund wird eine aggressive Blutdrucksenkung auf Werte unter 130/80 mmHg gefordert, wobei Diuretika, ACE-Hemmer und Angiotensin-II-Typ- 1-Rezeptor-Blocker als First-Line-Antihypertensiva verwendet werden sollten.

Undo as concurrent inverse in group editors

As an important mechanism for error recovery and exploration of alternatives in interactive and collaborative applications, an undo facility should have the capability of undoing any operation at any time. However, supporting undo in collaborative applications is technically challenging and none of the existing group undo solutions is able to offer such a capability. In this article, we contribute an undo solution with such a capability for group text editors. The basic idea is to interpret an undo command as a concurrent inverse operation by means of operational transformation. To cope with the high complexity of group undo, a generic undo framework has been adopted to separate undo policy from the undo mechanism and to separate transformation control algorithms from transformation functions. The proposed undo solution consists of a generic transformation control algorithm that is capable of generating, transforming, and representing valid inverse operations in any context, and a set of transformation functions that are capable of preserving undo-related transformation conditions and properties. Formal proofs are provided to show the correctness of the undo transformation control algorithm in achieving the required undo effect, undo property, and consistency properties. Solutions to the known undo puzzles are provided to show soundness of the transformation functions. A Web-based group text editor REDUCE (REal-time Distributed Unconstrained Cooperative Editing) has been implemented to demonstrate the feasibility and usability of the proposed undo and other technical solutions. The proposed undo solution is generally applicable to collaborative applications that support concurrent insertion and deletion on shared documents consisting of one or multiple dimensions of linearly ordered data objects with positional references.

Undo as concurrent inverse in group editors

As an important mechanism for error recovery and exploration of alternatives in interactive and collaborative applications, an undo facility should have the capability of undoing any operation at any time. However, supporting undo in collaborative applications is technically challenging and none of the existing group undo solutions is able to offer such a capability. In this article, we contribute an undo solution with such a capability for group text editors. The basic idea is to interpret an undo command as a concurrent inverse operation by means of operational transformation. To cope with the high complexity of group undo, a generic undo framework has been adopted to separate undo policy from the undo mechanism and to separate transformation control algorithms from transformation functions. The proposed undo solution consists of a generic transformation control algorithm that is capable of generating, transforming, and representing valid inverse operations in any context, and a set of transformation functions that are capable of preserving undo-related transformation conditions and properties. Formal proofs are provided to show the correctness of the undo transformation control algorithm in achieving the required undo effect, undo property, and consistency properties. Solutions to the known undo puzzles are provided to show soundness of the transformation functions. A Web-based group text editor REDUCE (REal-time Distributed Unconstrained Cooperative Editing) has been implemented to demonstrate the feasibility and usability of the proposed undo and other technical solutions. The proposed undo solution is generally applicable to collaborative applications that support concurrent insertion and deletion on shared documents consisting of one or multiple dimensions of linearly ordered data objects with positional references.

The "enduring rivalry" between Greece and Turkey: can 'democratic peace' break it?

The purpose of this paper is not to provide and evaluate the long list of inter-state disputes between Greece and Turkey. Instead, the paper will focus on how it might be possible to break out of this pattern of conflicts and break or undo a rivalry that has endured half a century of relentless efforts at conflict resolution. The first part of the paper will address the causes or rather the processes that make the rivalry so unrelenting. Why is it that Greece and Turkey can not cooperate? The second part of the paper, on the other hand, will explore the possibility of whether the notion of 'democratic peace' might be a possible path towards creating an environment conducive to cooperation. The paper will conclude that though techniques such as confidence building measures, inter- governmental dialogues, mediation, etc., are very important they may not succeed in achieving more than conflict reduction or management. What is really required is a sort of paradigmatic shift allowing a conducive environment for the notion of 'democratic peace' to take root.

Undoing the "Package Picture" of Cultures

L'A. met l'accent sur l'importance de la presence de differentes valeurs parmi les membres de la meme culture et des affinites parmi les membres des differentes cultures. Son analyse porte sur les alliances interculturelles feministes

Undoing Business as Usual in Information Studies

L'enseignement superieur et notamment universitaire est considere comme un marche fragile, dont les couts ne cessent de croitre, avec un personnel vieillissant, de nouvelles manieres de faire le travail academique, et une demande de productivite fiscale et de responsabilite financiere. L'universite s'oriente vers un modele plus proche de l'entreprise (sens de l'entreprise, orientation des consommateurs, responsabilite financiere). Les ecoles de formation, dont Drexel, doivent s'adapter a ce changement d'environnement

Cosmic Doing and Undoing Without End: Chauncey Wright’s Idea of Ultimate Reality

L'A. expose les conceptions philosophiques de Wright afin de comprendre ce qu'il considerait etre la realite et la signification ultimes du reel. L'A. presente sa refutation physicaliste de l'existence de Dieu, qui fait de l'univers un monde incree et eternel

When Congress Overrules the Court

On October 22, 1990, President Bush announced that he would veto the Civil Rights Act of 1990. The announcement met with expected criticism from congressional sponsors of the bill as well as from spokespersons for the civil rights community. While these critics stressed the importance of the legislation for the civil rights movement, the amendments represent another, equally important, legal dimension: a developing institutional conflict between Congress and the Supreme Court. Congress' initiative in passing the Civil Rights Act did not occur in isolation. Rather, it is but one of several recent attempts by Congress to undo what it deems to be objectionable rulings of the Supreme Court. These efforts by Congress to overrule the Court may reveal important tensions in the constitutional relationship between these coordinate branches. Our intention, here, is to understand these recent struggles between Congress and the Court and place them in historical context, relying upon similar struggles that occurred at the dawn of the New Deal. There are, of course, many instances in which Congress has overruled decisions of the Court, most of which have innocent, constitutionally unexceptional, explanations. One of the authors served as a law clerk to Justice Minton, when his decision in a contracts case, Wunderlich v. United States, 1 was overturned by Congress with record-breaking speed. But, as the New Deal era has shown, not all the deeds of the Court and Congress can be innocently explained. There have, for example, been periods of political upheaval or turmoil in which the Court's erroneous interpretations appear to reflect deliberate attempts to frustrate the policy objectives of Congress. Under these circumstances, the dialectic between the

LYSP

Some ten years ago, a small group of us at IBM Research undertook to write a new kind of text editor, to run in the VM/370 environment, based on our experience with the experimental Business Definition System (BDS) we had implemented previously. This new editor, called the Parametric Editor, or P-EDIT, was to be upwards compatible with an existing popular editor in use at that time, while providing the ability to edit multiple versions of a file simultaneously, and providing a general UNDO command which could be used to return to any previous state of the editing session, and which itself was UNDOable.

Undoing degradation.

Undoing degradation.

Islamic Education in Syria: Undoing Secularism

Pendidikan Islam di Syiria adalah bagian dari strategi besar negara tersebut menuju nation-building. Sejalan dengan kebijakan pemerintah untuk mengeliminasi semua perbedaan di antara bangsa Syiria, pengajaran Islam di sekolah menanamkan ajaran Islam Sunni kepada semua muslim Syiria tanpa memandang suku. Namun, kurikulum agama ini berkebalikan dengan agenda pemerintah menuju sekularisme. Kurikulum agama Islam mengajarkan ketidaksetaraan di antara bangsa Syiria yang beragama Islam dan non-Islam. Ketidaksetaraan ini, yang menyebabkan perlakuan yang berbeda terhadap non-muslim, menjadikan mereka merasa tidak nyaman, dan pada akhirnya gelombang imigrasi ke negara lain pun terus terjadi.