Undeveloped Ones Research Articles

Knowledge, Perception and Uptake of Vaccine of Hepatitis B Virus among Residents of Ondo State

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the viral diseases that is threatening the global health. This study was carried out to analyze knowledge, perception of hepatitis B virus and its vaccine uptake among residents of ondo state, south west of Nigeria. The study was a descriptive survey that involved the use of questionnaire to facilitate the sampling and interview of respondents. This included recruiting residents who gave their consent in three communities (Ile-Oluji, Ondo and Owo) at three different senatorial districts (south, central and North) of the state (one community per senatorial district). Four hundred and fifty consented to participate in the study and were selected. A validated self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were used to analyze the data. It was observed that the Knowledge of the subject matter needed much improvement in all the towns, especially the undeveloped ones in the state on awareness, perception and knowledge of the virus and the availability of its vaccine uptake.

Awareness of Saudi Population about Causes, Diagnosis and Management of Depression: Review Article

Depression is one of the most concerning psychological disorderS of our modern world., That problem with depression seems to the high incidence of the disease especially among the young population between 20-40 and females. Depression incidence has been increasing in the last decades and is widespread in developed countries as it is in the undeveloped ones, Saudi Arabia is no exception., The awareness about the disease is not enough, some of the patients who have the disease are not also aware of it, and even if they do, little they do to combat it.The self-heal methods that traditional healers tryis problematic, because it’s also based on supernatural non-scientific beliefs which sometimes leads to further complications of the patient case, on the other hand the population must be aware of the importance of seeking the help of professional well trained doctors instead.
 Conclusion: We need more awareness about the disease, and it’s symptoms and how to deal with probably and when to see a doctor, depression is hazardous because it can lead to some serious social and health issues, and can cause death due to suicide.

Awareness of Saudi population about causes, diagnosis and management of Depression

Depression is one of the most concerning psychological disorder of our modern world, that problem with depression seems to the high incidence of the disease especially among the young population between 20-40 and females. Depression incidence is increasing in the last decades and is widespread in the developed countries as it is in the undeveloped ones, Saudi Arabia is no exception, the awareness about the disease is not enough, some of the patients who have the disease are not also aware of it, and even if they do, little they do to combat it. The self-heal methods that is tried by traditional healers is problematic, because it’s also based on supernatural non-scientific beliefs which sometimes leads to further complications of the patient case, on the other hand the population must be aware of the importance of seeking the help of professional well trained doctors instead. Conclusion: We need more awareness about the disease and it’s symptoms and how to deal with probably and when to see a doctor, depression is very dangerous because it can lead to some serious social and health issues, and can cause death due to suicide. Keywords: awareness; Saudi population; causes of depression; diagnosis of depression; management of depression.

БЕРЕГА ОСТРОВА ИТУРУП: МОРФОЛОГИЯ, ДИНАМИКА, ПРОГНОЗ РАЗВИТИЯ

Based on a field study (2019) of the Iturup Island coastal zone relief and interpretation of space images for the period 1980–2019, a morpholithogenetic coastal classification was developed and a map of the coast types was compiled. It was found that 85% of the coasts are eroding. But 80% of the coasts are stable and in fact have not undergone changes during the above mentioned period of time. Erosional coasts with poorly consolidated pyroclastic sediments retreat at an average speed of 2–2.5 m (up to 5 m) per year. Accumulative coasts in different parts of the island experience multidirectional movements: accumulation with an average speed of 1.5–2.5 m (up to 5 m) per year or retreat with an average speed of 1–2.7 m (up to 5.5 m) per year. In large bays, the directions of sediment movement were identified. All of the above mentioned observations are reflected on the coastal dynamics map. Also, the forecast of coastal development for the next 50 years was made. The most dynamic accumulative coasts, in general, will be advancing despite storm and tsunami erosion. The retreat of erosion coasts in poorly consolidated pyroclastics will depend on the height of cliff and the length of coastal collapse section, which determine the amount of material entering the coastal zone. Several sections of the coast (some of the undeveloped ones) were identified as favorable for the construction of berthing facilities.

Evaluation of the effects of one cold wave on heating energy consumption in different regions of northern China

Abstract The heating energy consumption per floor area (HECPA) and heating degree days (HDD) are effective indicators in quantifying the energy demand for heating with climate change. Using the heating energy consumption and meteorological data, an attempt has been made to analyse the relationship between the HECPA and HDD in different regions of northern China by the linear regression model. Based on the constructed model, the effects of one cold wave on heating energy consumption in different regions are evaluated. The results show that the HECPA and HDD in Beijing have a positive correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.68. During the cold wave in 2016, the heating energy consumption in Beijing approximately increases 2.37% compared with 2014. However, no correlation has been found between the HECPA and HDD in the relatively undeveloped regions. It seems that the cold wave has a greater effect on the developed regions than relatively undeveloped ones. It is considered that the reasons for the little effect of one cold wave on heating energy consumption in the undeveloped regions are outdated heating systems, insufficient energy supply for heating and low living standards.

UTJECAJI GLOBALIZACIJE NA ARAPSKI JEZIK

Globalization is defined according to the context in which it is analyzed, while globalism might be identified with the ideology promoting globalization. Globalization cannot be properly analyzed since as a complex process it has not been completed yet. It might be very diverse, and is reflected mainly in the domains of economy, politics, culture and language. Globalization enables a fast cross-border flow of information, goods, capital and people, and with it also the penetration of customs, habits and cultural values. As a part of it, developed countries impose economic rules, policies, cultural values, social norms and even language upon the undeveloped ones. Starting from the colonial period up to the present, the developed nations have used the Arabic language in an attempt to make globalization real in the Arabic speaking world by means of economic power, education system and also the campaign against literary language. However, the communities, characterized by mature linguistic awareness, have successfully resisted those negative effects of globalization. Although the native speakers do not play an important role, the Arabic language is exposed to the threats of globalization even because they take needless delight in anything foreign. Young people in the Arab world should show more respect toward their own mother tongue since it presents the main feature of their national identity. The Arabic language presents the language of the fundamental source of Islam, one glorious history and very rich medieval literature.

Spatial Characteristics and Driving Factors of Provincial Wastewater Discharge in China

Based on the increasing pressure on the water environment, this study aims to clarify the overall status of wastewater discharge in China, including the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of wastewater discharge and its driving factors, so as to provide reference for developing “emission reduction” strategies in China and discuss regional sustainable development and resources environment policies. We utilized the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) method to analyze the characteristics of the spatio-temporal distribution of the total wastewater discharge among 31 provinces in China from 2002 to 2013. Then, we discussed about the driving factors, affected the wastewater discharge through the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method and classified those driving factors. Results indicate that: (1) the total wastewater discharge steadily increased, based on the social economic development, with an average growth rate of 5.3% per year; the domestic wastewater discharge is the main source of total wastewater discharge, and the amount of domestic wastewater discharge is larger than the industrial wastewater discharge. There are many spatial differences of wastewater discharge among provinces via the ESDA method. For example, provinces with high wastewater discharge are mainly the developed coastal provinces such as Jiangsu Province and Guangdong Province. Provinces and their surrounding areas with low wastewater discharge are mainly the undeveloped ones in Northwest China; (2) The dominant factors affecting wastewater discharge are the economy and technological advance; The secondary one is the efficiency of resource utilization, which brings about the unstable effect; population plays a less important role in wastewater discharge. The dominant driving factors affecting wastewater discharge among 31 provinces are divided into three types, including two-factor dominant type, three-factor leading type and four-factor antagonistic type. In addition, the proposals aimed at reducing the wastewater discharge are provided on the basis of these three types.

Прием повышения семенной продуктивности люцерны

Alfalfa seed production depends on pollination of flowers and the level of large number of full seeds formation in the pollination of flowers per 1 bean, as well as the weight of 1000 seeds. Field studies were carried out in LLC “Urta Saba” of Sabinsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2014-2016. The soil is gray forest of heavy-loamed and granulometric distribution. Agrochemical indicators of soil are typical. The common method of field research with forage crops was used. During the experiments the weather conditions were madi-favourable for alfalfa seeds. The total area of plots is 80 m2, the accounting is 60 m2. The experimental scheme is as follows: 1) control without fertilizing; 2) foliar fertilizing by potassium sulfate; 3) fertilizing by potassium-magnesium; 4) fertilizing by potassium bisulfate; 5) fertilizing by potassium chloride. The object of research is variegated-hybrid alfalfa of Gyuzel. It is necessary to create optimum conditions for plant nutrient status for normal fruit formation of alfalfa. It was revealed, that the plants develop better during foliar fertilizers by potassium. Carrying out a foliar feeding of plants during flowering helped to raise the connection of beans on inflorescence of alfalfa, to increase the number of normally developed alfalfa seeds, by reducing the number of shrunken, undeveloped ones. And, in turn, it was accompanied with an increase in seed production and sowing qualities of alfalfa seeds.

Analysis of Environmental Regulation and Total Factor Energy Efficiency

This present article proposes a mechanism and mathematical model of environmental regulation and energy efficiency. Then, it analyses the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2012 by using the super-efficiency DEA model. Empirical results show that, in general, environmental regulation can significantly promote the total factor energy efficiency in China, which is an existing reversed transmission mechanism. There are obvious U-structure nonlinear relations between environmental regulation and total factor energy efficiency. Most of the eastern provinces of China are on the right side of the U-structure's inflection point. Therefore, energy efficiency can be improved by promoting environmental regulation. However, the central and western provinces are primarily on the left side or near the U-structure's inflection point. In these regions, environmental regulation does not implement the reversed transmission mechanism. The differences between developed provinces and undeveloped ones contribute to realizing the plight in the development stages of emerging market countries.

Asset-based community development as applied to tourism in Tibet

This article is one of the first tourism studies to adopt the asset-based community development (ABCD) approach. It explores the potential of the ABCD approach to tourism development as a poverty alleviation strategy. The study was undertaken in Lhasa, Tibet. Photo-elicitation interviews, focus group interviews, and a questionnaire-based survey were used. It was found that the Tibetan young hosts had a good knowledge of local assets. They identified five categories of local assets as having the most potential to be developed as tourism attractions in the near future. The identified tourism assets were world heritage sites, religious sites, traditional Tibetan yards, daily life and customs, and Tibetan medicines – the last four assets were undeveloped ones. Clear perceptions on the value of the assets, as well as the difficulty and desirability of their development in the future were also mapped, using repeated measures one-way analysis of variance. Through the process of assessing the tourism assets, this study identified in a preliminary way that adopting the ABCD approach to poverty alleviation through tourism is feasible. By mapping other assets in the community (e.g. human, social, financial, and physical), a further and more complete test of the approach can be undertaken. Examining these assets may also reveal more ideas for the community's common future. Theoretically, this work adds to the conceptual approaches for community-based tourism development work. Methodologically, this study illustrates research techniques for obtaining emic voices in a marginal and politically charged environment. The extensive use of the participants’ images as a basis for discussion was of particular note. Practically, this research offers both general and detailed suggestions for the Lhasa Government and its community work, especially ways to approach and access community perspectives.

Investigating the Impact of Advertising on Customers’ Behavioral Intentions A Case of Agriculture Bank

Advertising is one of the important communication tools in business. Success or failure in many organizations and companies is related to the quality of advertising activities. In a large complex industrial society, in addition to face to face communication, there is also a need for indirect communication. Therefore, advertising can meet the need of such a society. Due to the important role of advertising, its budget has been increasing in various Iranian organizations. In developed countries advertising is considered very important and costly, but in undeveloped ones such as Iran although it is vitally important for economic development, advertising is not scientifically regarded, it is not well-known, and little attention is paid to that. Every year, a lot of money is spent on advertising, and it is essential to make it efficient and effective. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of evaluative dimensions of advertising including relevant news, brand reinforcement, entertainment, empathy, familiarity, and confusion on customers’ satisfaction and to examine the impact of customers ’ satisfaction on perceived value and behavioral intentions in Agriculture bank. The results showed that among evaluative dimensions of advertising, relevant news and familiarity leave effect on customers’ satisfaction. Thus, it can be stated that satisfaction positively influences customers’ perceived value and perceived value positively impacts on customers’ behavioral intention.

Regeneration and characterization of plants derived from leaf in vitro culture of two sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) cultivars

In the current work attempts were made to investigate culture of leaf explants derived from in vitro seedlings of two sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) cultivars, Bingtangcheng and Valencia. Effects of several factors, including culture medium, lighting condition, explant age and genotype on regeneration response were examined based on three parameters, percentage of explants producing shoots, mean number of shoots per explant and shoot forming capacity. Culture of the explants on shoot-inducing media (SIM) composed of MT salts supplemented with different growth regulators gave rise to disparate shoot regeneration, in which SIM 1 (MT + 0.5 mg L −1 BA + 0.5 mg L −1 Kinetin + 0.1 mg L −1 NAA + 3% sucrose + 0.8% agar, pH 5.8) was shown to be the most effective medium for direct induction of shoots from leaf explants. Highly significant difference in the response of shoot bud regeneration was noted between the two cultivars, with Bingtangcheng being more responsive than Valencia. Culture of explants from fully developed leaves led to better shoot regeneration capacity in comparison to undeveloped ones. However, the two lighting conditions used herein did not cause significant difference in shoot regeneration. Phenotypic observation and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis confirmed that all the regenerated plants from both genotypes were genetically identical to their donor plants, suggesting absence of detectable genetic variation in the regenerated plants. The data presented here demonstrated that direct initiation of plants from leaf explants has been successfully accomplished. To our knowledge, this is the first report on direct regeneration of shoots from leaf explants in Citrus, which will provide an alternative source for citrus genetic manipulation in the future.

Expression of prolactin receptor mRNA in the abdominal gland of the newt Cynops ensicauda

To further the understanding that the structural development of the Cynops ensicauda abdominal gland and the synthesis of the pheromone silefrin in the gland are under the control of prolactin and androgen, we sought to demonstrate the presence of prolactin receptor (PRLR) mRNA in the gland. Firstly, PRLR cDNA was isolated from an abdominal gland cDNA library. A cDNA consisting of a 415-bp 5′-untranslated region, 1878-bp open reading frame and 175-bp 3′-untranslated region was obtained. The deduced amino acid sequence consisted of 626 amino acids with signal peptide and single transmembrane domain. By Northern blot analysis using partial C. ensicauda PRLR cDNA, two transcripts, of 3 and 10 kb, were detected for PRLR in the brain, liver, kidney, abdominal gland, oviduct and skin. RT-PCR coupled with Southern blot analysis showed that the PRLR gene was transcribed broadly in newt organs and revealed that PRLR mRNA levels in the abdominal gland were much higher in sexually developed newts than in the sexually undeveloped ones. By in situ hybridization, specific signals were detected in the epithelial cells of the abdominal gland of sexually developed newts, but much less in those of the sexually undeveloped ones.

Protective Role of Infections and Vaccinations on Autoimmune Diseases

Infectious agents may induce autoimmune disease through several mechanisms, notably antigen mimicry and inflammation of the target organ; conversely, infections may protect from autoimmune diseases. This paradoxical effect has been demonstrated for a number of bacteria, viruses and parasites on a variety of spontaneous or experimentally induced animal models of autoimmune diseases (e.g. experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, lupus mice, non-obese diabetic mice). The mechanisms of the protection are still ill-defined, and probably vary according to models. Stimulation of immunoregulatory CD4 T cells has been shown to play a central role in several major models. The role of superantigens is also important, like that of Toll-like receptors. Antigen competition is another major mechanism, itself open to several interpretations. Epidemiological data support a protective role of infections on human allergic and autoimmune diseases. These diseases are much more common in countries with high socio-economic development (typically Northern countries in Europe). The reason for this cannot be fully explained by genetic differences because migrating populations develop these diseases with the same incidence of the adoptive country rather than that of the country of origin. It is interesting that the frequency of these diseases has been increasing in developed countries over the last 20 years but not in undeveloped ones.

Reproductive biology of the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli

AbstractThe reproductive biology of the ovoviviparous peripatus Euperipatoides rowelli was investigated from field collections and laboratory cultures. The sexes have different demographics. The frequency distribution of individual weight is essentially L‐shaped in females, but closer to normality for males: thus the sexes must exhibit different patterns of growth and/or mortality. Males are generally much smaller and rarer than females. The primary sex ratio seems to be 1:1 with equal investment in the sexes, while the tertiary ratio is highly female‐biased. Logs with fewer individuals tend to be male‐biased while well‐populated logs tend to be female‐biased. Males mature at 15–30% of the bodyweight of mature females. The weight frequency distribution of males without developed sperm in their tracts is strongly skewed to the lower weights, while that of males with sperm is more normally distributed, indicating that sperm production occurs as soon in life as possible. Males mature in their first year of life, if growth rates in culture may be extrapolated to the wild. In contrast to this rapid maturity in males, females may mature as late as their second or third years. Most mature females, and many prior to maturity, carry sperm in their spermathecae. After maturity, there is an approximately linear relationship between body mass and number of developing embryos. Reproduction in E. rowelli is significantly seasonal despite high individual variance, with a major bout of parturition in November–December (summer). A female can harbour one developed and one undeveloped batch of embryos in each uterus. Excesses of developed embryos in one uterus are counterbalanced by deficits of undeveloped ones, indicating that females can use their paired reproductive tracts independently. Individual females in culture can experience episodes of parturition approx. 6 months apart without re‐mating, thus gestation may be 6 months or more. Sperm in spermathecae remain capable of vigorous swimming for at least 9.5 months.

Reproductive biology of the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli

The reproductive biology of the ovoviviparous peripatus Euperipatoides rowelli was investigated from field collections and laboratory cultures. The sexes have different demographics. The frequency distribution of individual weight is essentially L-shaped in females, but closer to normality for males: thus the sexes must exhibit different patterns of growth and/or mortality. Males are generally much smaller and rarer than females. The primary sex ratio seems to be 1:1 with equal investment in the sexes, while the tertiary ratio is highly female-biased. Logs with fewer individuals tend to be male-biased while well-populated logs tend to be female-biased. Males mature at 15–30% of the bodyweight of mature females. The weight frequency distribution of males without developed sperm in their tracts is strongly skewed to the lower weights, while that of males with sperm is more normally distributed, indicating that sperm production occurs as soon in life as possible. Males mature in their first year of life, if growth rates in culture may be extrapolated to the wild. In contrast to this rapid maturity in males, females may mature as late as their second or third years. Most mature females, and many prior to maturity, carry sperm in their spermathecae. After maturity, there is an approximately linear relationship between body mass and number of developing embryos. Reproduction in E. rowelli is significantly seasonal despite high individual variance, with a major bout of parturition in November–December (summer). A female can harbour one developed and one undeveloped batch of embryos in each uterus. Excesses of developed embryos in one uterus are counterbalanced by deficits of undeveloped ones, indicating that females can use their paired reproductive tracts independently. Individual females in culture can experience episodes of parturition approx. 6 months apart without re-mating, thus gestation may be 6 months or more. Sperm in spermathecae remain capable of vigorous swimming for at least 9.5 months.

Estratégias dos Estados nacionais diante do processo de globalização

Globalização e revolução tecnológica, que é a base material da primeira, trazem a possibilidade da futura sociedade planetária unificada. Na fase atual, a globalização ocorre como processo do capitalismo mundial e traz a tendência intrínseca 'a acentuação das desigualdades sociais e entre países, favorecendo os países desenvolvidos em detrimento dos atrasados. Diante deste processo, os Estados nacionais continuam a desempenhar papel de primeira importância, implementando estratégias relacionadas com suas posições econômica e geopolítica. A partir de tais premissas, são examinadas a constituição de blocos regionais; as estratégias dos Estados mais poderosos; a situação dos Estados dos países dependentes, com especial referência ao Brasil e aos países marginalizados; a emergência da área dinâmica do capitalismo no Extremo Oriente, com ênfase nos casos do Japão, da Coréia do Sul e de Taiwan.

Physics brain drain in New Zealand

Much has been written about the 'brain drain' from the UK, but it needs to be pointed out that some countries, not only undeveloped ones, have much higher brain drains than has Britain. In New Zealand, for instance, it is sometimes claimed that the country gains as many scientists from overseas as it loses, and if this were so all would be well, provided that the gains in one field were not at the expense of another.

Tuberculosis of the upper air passages and ears

DURING the past forty years the mortality from tuberculosis has fallen consistently and this downward progress was only slightly interrupted by tile two world wars. The annual number of deaths now is only a third of the I9I 3 figures. The total number of cases of tuberculosis reported has not undergone the same reduction, but the morbidity is greatly diminished. Morbidity figures include tuberculous lesions of the larynx, pharynx, mouth and ears. Forty years ago between ~o and 3o per cent. of all tuberculous patients developed tuberculous lesions in the larynx and perhaps I per cent. developed lesions in the pharynx, the mouth or the ears. Today the laryngeal lesions occur onlyin 23 per cent. of cases and the other lesions are now only occasionally seen. It is not easy to point to any one particular reason for this reduction, for there are probably a number of contributory factors. There may have been a change in the virulence of the causative organism. Such fluctuation is known in other bacterial diseases--scarlet fever and measles being two examples. These changes may be brought about by persistent and partly successful treatment when bacteria are being bred from strains whose virulence has been diminished by such :treatment. Possibly, the virulence of the organism has not changed, but a nation-wide resistance has developed; a resistance that is shared by many of the more highly developed nations but not by the undeveloped ones. This resistance may be at least in part due to the improved standard of living and nutrition during the period under review: Working hours and conditions have improved, but for much of the population there is still gross overcrowding in old and insanitary buildings, and this factor is responsible for the high level of new cases of tuberculosis. Other factors that have helped in the reduction of both mortality and morbidity are earlier diagnosis and more efficient care and treatment. The introduction of tuberculosis dispensaries and chest clinics and the appointment of special tuberculosis medical officers have played a great part in the new developments. Mass radiography has also helped to discover early cases at a treatable stage. Apart from artificial pneumothorax no real improvement was introduced in the treatment of phthisis until the advent of plastic operations on the thoracic cage and paralysis of the diaphragm in the third decade of the century. The introduction by Waksman in 1944 of streptomycin was one of the most notable advances in the treatment of tuberculosis and has had a Profound