Undesirable Factors Research Articles

Design of active double-layer gel coatings based on furcellaran-gelatin and aqueous butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) flower extract for prolonging the shelf-life of salmon (Salmo salar)

In the paper, a method for producing innovative and active biopolymer double-layer coatings with a matrix based on furcellaran (FUR) and gelatin obtained from salmon skins (GEL) is presented, as well as an aqueous extract of clitoria flower (Clitoria ternatea) (BP). The first layer was based on an innovative combination of gelatin and furcellaran, enriched with an aqueous extract of clitoria flowers, characterized by antibacterial properties. The second layer was a pure combination of these two polymers, designed to provide protection against undesirable external factors. Hydrogels with different contents (1; 1.5; 2%) of the clitoria flower extract (1BP, 2BP, 3BP) inhibited the growth of gram-positive bacteria, and demonstrated antioxidant activity at the level of 1.80 mM Trolox/mg (FRAP method) and 47.57% (DPPH method). The analysed coatings in the applied deformation conditions showed properties typical of gels, with dominance of elastic properties over viscous ones. The shape of the flow curves of the analysed gels is typical for shear thinning non-Newtonian fluids, for which the apparent viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate. The influence of using hydrogels as active coatings on the quality of salmon fillets (Salmo salar) during their refrigerated storage was assessed. It was found that the coating with added clitoria extract had an inhibitory effect on the development of microorganisms during the whole storage period of the fish. The obtained active coatings show significant high applicative potential, however, further research should be carried out using other model food products.

Blind Separation of the Measured Mixed Cyclostationary Waveforms in Transmission Lines of the PCB

Crosstalk is an undesirable factor that degrades the quality of data transmission in printed circuit boards (PCBs). The signal integrity (SI) in multiconductor transmission lines is controlled by using a large number of multiport tests and measurements, which require a lot of time and expensive laboratory equipment. Proposed signal processing methods based on blind identification allow a reduction in the measurement burden. Contrary to the traditional approach requiring knowledge of sampling time offset, input pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS), and time delay between received data and transmitted PRBS, the proposed alternative method performs blind separation of measured data for the linear fit pulse response (LFPR) procedure. The waveform identification of the partial pulse responses is evaluated for additively mixed cyclostationary sources of the data, intersymbol interference, and crosstalk. A mixed matrix model of composed random vectors is considered. The proposed estimation procedure is based on preprocessing of measured data using principal component analysis (PCA) and following independent component analysis (ICA). It is shown that the proposed component analysis allows diagnostics of signal integrity using eye-diagram patterns and the channel operating margin (COM).

An Alternative Method to Analyze Waveforms from Bender Element Tests in Soft Clays

Bender element (BE) testing has become a widely used technique to evaluate S-wave velocities and to derive shear moduli from them in laboratory tests. Results of BE tests depend heavily on the proper identification of the S-wave travel time from waveforms often affected detrimentally by factors such as the near-field effect, crosstalk, noise, or drift. The authors have performed BE tests on soil specimens of Texcoco Clay over the last few years in triaxial cells and oedometers and have sometimes dealt with waveforms influenced by those undesirable factors thus, it was observed that the using of different available techniques to evaluate the S-wave travel time are often prone to errors. This paper shows that the S-wave travel time can be assessed unambiguously from the distance between the inflection points present in both the source and the received signals when waveforms generated with different input frequencies are superimposed, even in signals affected by the near-field effect, crosstalk, noise, or drift. This approach, named here the Wave Inflection Method (WI method), yields good results, at least when applied to data obtained from BE tests on soft Texcoco Clays. The method was validated by applying it to synthetic signals and experimental waveforms obtained from triaxial and oedometer tests equipped with BE. When applied to previously published waveforms on a wide range of soil types, our results suggest that the WI method significantly reduces subjectivity and produces improved reliability in evaluating the S-wave travel time.

Measuring the efficiency of administrative divisions in combating the COVID‐19 pandemic in Taiwan: an empirical study

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic continues to have a substantial impact on the economies and livelihoods of all countries. Central and local government administrators are facing a critical issue of resource utilization efficiency due to their limited resources. This paper employs data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the concept of an assurance region (AR) to assess the relative efficiency of administrative divisions in Taiwan, whose effectiveness has been praised by other countries’ administrators and citizens, regarding COVID‐19 pandemic prevention and control. The input factors used were the cumulative number of deaths (an undesirable factor) and expenditures, and the output factors were the average number of unconfirmed citizens aged 65 and older, the average number of unconfirmed citizens aged 0–64, and the cumulative number of vaccinations. Notably, because there are many COVID‐19 variants with different characteristics, reaching a consensus AR among experts is difficult. Thus, different ARs were compared, and the most representative AR was identified for subsequent analysis. The main findings show that only Kaohsiung City was efficient, and Taipei City was the third worst due to inefficient operations. In addition, the administrative divisions were classified into four groups using cluster analysis based on the decomposition of aggregate efficiency to the contributions of the three outputs. The findings presented in this paper serve as a reference for both local government administrators and citizens, offering insights into relative efficiency and improvement directions. Moreover, they also provide guidance for resource allocation, future strategy adjustment, and development for central government administrators and citizens worldwide.

Determinants of Medication Non-Adherence Among the Elderly with Co-Existing Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rural Areas of Udupi District in Karnataka, India.

Medication adherence is a crucial component in the management of elderly with co-morbid chronic conditions. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the determinants of medication non-adherence among rural elderly with co-morbid chronic conditions of hypertension (HTN) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in India. This cross-sectional study adopted the probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling technique to find the determinants of medication non-adherence among elderly residing in rural coverage areas of five randomly selected primary health centres (PHC) in Udupi district, Karnataka, India. A total of 360 elderly (72 samples from each cluster) who met the inclusion criteria and consented were interviewed using predesigned prevalidated and standardized or reliable tools. The data were coded and entered in SPSS version 16.0 and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that 55.6% (n=200) of rural elderly with co-morbid conditions HTN and T2DM were non-adherent to their medications and established Spearman correlation coefficient rank (r) value between undesirable person-related factors (r=-0.444); good family support (including financial support) (r=0.185); poor accessibility to healthcare facility (r=-0.209); detrimental medication-related factors including high cost of medication (r=-0.237) were found to be significant at 0.05 level of confidence (p < 0.05). Further, the study depicted that the chi-square test (χ2) was identified to be significantly associated (p<0.05) with a variable such as education, knowledge, number of illnesses and impairments, vision, memory, and physical impairments. Medication adherence could be improved among rural elderly with co-morbid conditions by identifying and addressing the determinants at the earliest. Further, it is vital to identify the suitable intervention program to address these avoidable problems.

Analysis of 132-33 KVA Grid Sub-Transmission Line along Gombe to Yola Power System of Nigeria

Abstract: In Nigeria, effective electric power transmission is a top priority. Power generating and the network of power distribution are connected via electric power transmission. A research project was conducted to determine the status of the networks in order to improve performance, which resulted in the performance evaluation of the 132KV Sub-transmission lines. Data from the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) substations under investigation were utilized in the research work. The Gombe-Yola Sub-region's 132KV networks are divided into two 132KV active networks and 11 33KV active networks, with a total of 443.617MVA in active loads connected to the 33KV buses. The network was modeled and simulated using the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP 12.6), and the bus voltages and network power losses were investigated using MATLAB and Simulink. It was discovered during simulation that the bulk of the network's equipment, including transformers, buses, and transmission lines, experience numerous disturbances that result in forced outages and a corresponding loss of load and productivity. All transformers were critically loaded based on the results of the base-case simulation, with several exceeding 100% loading. As bus voltage magnitudes went outside the +/- 5% nominal rated values, the percentage operational bus voltages were below threshold. Additionally, the systems had undesirable power factor levels. Threatening discoveries prompted an effort to strengthen the networks. In this study, three system enhancement algorithms—capacitor placement, transformer upgrade, and transformer load tap modifications—were applied. To get the best outcome, these algorithms were successively stacked. As a result of significant system improvements, both networks' performance in the final simulation result was within allowable bounds. System-wide apparent losses decreased to a 50% reduction enhancing the networks' efficiency in the process.

Assessment of the Individual Risk of Injury to Service Personnel During the Operation of Complex Technical Systems Using a Simulation Model

In a typical system for ensuring the safety of operation of equipment of complex technical systems, the most important element is the assessment of the individual risk of death (injury) and/or harm to the health of service personnel.. T erefore, in the process of developing a qualitative decision on the formation of a list and parameters of safety program measures, it is necessary to assess individual risk indicators, which is complicated by the presence of various uncertainties that cause the appearance of individual risk during the operation of equipment. T e article presents a simulation model that allows assessing the indicators of individual risk of death (injury) of service personnel during the operation of equipment in order to form a safety program. T is simulation model dif ers from the existing ones in that, as a result of aggregation of models of subprocesses of the operation of a hazardous production facility, it is possible to establish a relationship between the scenarios of the implementation of negative events, the parameters of the safety program measures and the complex ef ects of all signif cant undesirable factors. T e developed simulation model makes it possible to increase the adequacy of the assessment of the risk indicator: the individual risk of death (injury) and/or harm to the health of service personnel. T e ef iiency of the methodology will be demonstrated by the example of receiving an electrical injury by maintenance personnel during operation of the power supply system.

Fabrication of continuous carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene composites by injection compression molding with self‐resistance electric heating

AbstractInjection compression molding technique with self‐resistance electric heating provides an effective way to fabricate continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics (cCFRTs) components, but it may also have a significant impact on the properties of the components by inducing undesirable effects. It is necessary to understand the manufacturing process and minimize the introduction of undesirable factors. Thus, this work is to investigate the influence of process parameters (i.e., melt temperature, current intensity, holding pressure, and holding time) on the impregnation quality and mechanical properties of cCFRTs. The results show that fiber fabrics cannot be uniformly distributed in all cCFRTs, resulting in a thick polymer layer on the top of all cCFRTs. Moreover, the fiber distribution shows insensitive to the processing parameters. The increase of melt temperature, the decrease of current intensity and the extension of holding time are conducive to reduce void content and the frequency of macro void; While excessive holding pressure cannot reduce void content due to serious overflow of resin. Meanwhile, the effect of processing parameters on the mechanical properties and fracture morphology of the sample was also determined. The findings show that the flexural strength of the sample is 106.7 ± 0.8 MPa using the optimal processing parameters.

Material-Inherent Noise Sources in Quantum Information Architecture.

NISQ is a representative keyword at present as an acronym for "noisy intermediate-scale quantum", which identifies the current era of quantum information processing (QIP) technologies. QIP science and technologies aim to accomplish unprecedented performance in computation, communications, simulations, and sensing by exploiting the infinite capacity of parallelism, coherence, and entanglement as governing quantum mechanical principles. For the last several decades, quantum computing has reached to the technology readiness level 5, where components are integrated to build mid-sized commercial products. While this is a celebrated and triumphant achievement, we are still a great distance away from quantum-superior, fault-tolerant architecture. To reach this goal, we need to harness technologies that recognize undesirable factors to lower fidelity and induce errors from various sources of noise with controllable correction capabilities. This review surveys noisy processes arising from materials upon which several quantum architectures have been constructed, and it summarizes leading research activities in searching for origins of noise and noise reduction methods to build advanced, large-scale quantum technologies in the near future.

TECHNOLOGY FOR OBTAINING SUPERCONCENTRATES (MASTERBATCH) BASED ON ALCOHOLYSIS PRODUCTS OF SECONDARY POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE

Regularities of alcoholysis of secondary polyethylene terephthalate (RPET) by diethylene glycol (DEG) have been studied. It is shown that with an increase in the amount of diethylene glycol taken for alcoholysis from 0.1 mol to 0.4 mol per 1 mol of the elementary unit of HPET, a decrease in molecular weight from 1480 to 707 and the associated melting point from 215 to 145 °C are observed, and also intrinsic viscosity from 0.075 to 0.05 dl/g. The physicochemical properties of the products of alcoholysis of SPET (PAPET) have been determined. It has been revealed that PAPET is slightly colored and this is an undesirable factor affecting the individuality of the color of masterbatches based on them. Washing out with PAPET leads to some increase in the molecular weight values and related other indicators of the final oligomers. The structure of PAPET has been studied by infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. It has been revealed that PAPET synthesized at a molar ratio of SPET : DEG of 1:0.4, in which the dropping point according to Ubellode is 155 °C, is most suitable for obtaining superconcentrates. On the basis of PAPET obtained under these conditions, formulations of black and white masterbatches for polyethylene terephthalate fibers have been developed. To ensure uniform dispersion of white (TiO2) and black (K-354 carbon black) pigments, polyethylene wax was added to the superconcentrates. Masterbatches have been obtained by dry method in a twin screw compounder equipped with a double strand head and a granulator. The technological properties of the developed black and white superconcentrates have been determined, which turned out to be very close to those of the superconcentrates used in production. Conducted production tests of these masterbatches have showed that they are not inferior in terms of performance to similar industrial masterbatches used for dyeing threads.

A novel hierarchical temperature control method of an electric oven and its experimental evaluation

PurposeOvens are semi-industrial multipurpose equipment that are used to provide a desired temperature for specific chemical processes. Temperature regulation in the presence of different type of disturbances and dealing with nonlinear dynamics with large dead time (up to a few minutes) are some undesirable factors that have to be considered in the controller design procedure of the oven systems. Due to these factors, the classical PID controller tuned using Cohen-Coon or Ziegler–Nichol’s tuning methods often fails to meet satisfactory closed-loop performance.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, to deal with the limitations on the oven system due to the undesirable factors, a hierarchical automaton-guided form controller has been designed. The proposed controller includes several discrete PI controllers, each of which operates locally in the defined operating regions whose separation idea is specific to this paper. Based on the idea proposed in the separation of regions, the controller’s coefficients tuning rules are extracted prior to any determination. Then, a supervisor controller has assumed the task of switching between local controllers. In the next step, by considering a conceptual model for the oven system and using a candidate Lyapunov function, the stability conditions of closed-loop system are discussed and the necessary conditions for the asymptotic stability are derived. The proposed controller is practically implemented with the help of the Arduino Nano platform.FindingsUsing several experiments, the superiority of the proposed hierarchical controller in terms of performance and energy consumption has been demonstrated.Originality/valueThe proposed hierarchical controller has been implemented practically and an acceptable closed-loop performance has been achieved. To illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method, the closed-loop stability of this method is shown using the Lyapunov theory.

The Implementation of Sex Education for Secondary School Students in China

In this study, 200 questionnaires and structured interview samples were collected nationwide from students, parents, and teachers in three perspectives: personal identification information, personal experience of sex education and the level of knowledge about sex education. The data from the questionnaires and the results of the structured interviews were combined to analyze and summaries the general characteristics of the current situation of sex education among high school students: high school students, their parents and teachers are to a large extent aware of the importance of sex education and are eager to obtain relevant knowledge through the school, but the knowledge provided by the school is often limited and does not fully meet the needs of high school students; the sources of sex knowledge for high school students are mainly The attitude of high school students towards sex-related topics has changed considerably from the previous surveys conducted by scholars, with most of them being able to face up to their own physiological demands and discuss sex-related topics with others openly; however, even so, the vast majority of respondents still think that sex education is not being implemented, and the sex education curriculum is far from the national standard. Even so, most respondents still believe that sex education is not being implemented and that the curriculum is nowhere near the level required by the state. The reasons for the current situation of sex education include: school reasons, the concept of sex education has not kept pace with the quality of education, the lack of professional resources for sex education teachers and sex education materials in schools; family reasons, some parents have old-fashioned ideas, lack of correct understanding of sex education, do not attach enough importance to sex education, parents generally lack comprehensive scientific knowledge of sex, parents and children lack of communication; social reasons, the government lacks regulation of undesirable cultural factors and the relevant policies are not comprehensive.

Genome-wide association study of ear tip barrenness in waxy maize.

Ear tip-barrenness (ETB), which results from aborted kernels or infertile florets at the ear tip, is an undesirable factor affecting the yield and quality of waxy maize. To uncover the genetic basis of ETB, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using the genotype with 27,354 SNPs and phenotype with three environments. Five SNPs that distributed on chromosomes 1, 3 and 6, were identified to be significantly associated with ETB based on the threshold of false discovery rate (FDR) at 0.05. Among these significant loci, three SNPs were clustered together and colocalized with genomic regions previously reported. The average length of ETB decreased almost linearly from the inbred lines containing no favorable alleles across the three loci (1.75 cm) to those with one (1.18 cm), two (0.94 cm) and three (0.65 cm) favorable alleles. Moreover, three important genes, Zm00001d030028, Zm00001d041510 and Zm00001d038676 were predicted for three significant QTLs, respectively. These results promote the understanding genetic basis for ETB and will be useful for breeding waxy maize varieties with high-quality and high-yield.

Ethnicized Politics in Kenya

This paper aimed at examining ethnicized politics in Kenya and their contribution to elections and public governance from independence to date. This paper looks into the historical context of ethnicized politics in Kenya and events that have entrenched this undesirable factor of Kenya political landscape from colonialization to date. The paper demonstrates how political elites take advantages over their ethnic groups to form political parties that enable them to occupy positions of leadership as tribal chiefs, As politicians they purport to advance their ethnic group’s political interest but their aim is to form governments and to consolidate power. The paper shows that ethnicized politics have led to marginalization of small tribes and their subsequent resentments that have resulted to major conflicts like the post elections violence of 2007, the conflicts witnessed in 2017 and the post elections tensions of 2022. Ethnicized politics have led to demonstrations and political violence in Kenya leading to loss of life and property, human rights violation and abuse of the rule of law. The paper recommends de-escalation of ethnicized politics and enhanced national cohesion. It advocates for granting of national jobs to individuals based on meritocracy rather than ethnicity.

Prevalence of occupational stress among Iranian physicians and dentist: a systematic and meta-analysis study.

Occupational stress in health care providers is an undesirable factor that can lead to dissatisfaction and burnout and affect the quality of care and treatment of patients. This study estimated the prevalence of occupational stress among Iranian physicians and dentists. The articles were searched using the keywords: "job stress", "job-related stress", "occupational stress", "work-related stress", "workplace stress", "physician", "dentist", and "Iran", and all possible combinations of these terms in domestic databases of Scientific Information Database (SID) and MagIran and international databases of Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus with no time limit. Heterogeneity among the studies was assessed using the Cochran's Q test. Data analysis was performed in Stata version 11 based on the heterogeneity state using a random-effects model. The sample size in selected articles on physicians and dentists varied from 71 to 516 and 90 to 200, respectively. The prevalence of occupational stress in physicians was 70.10% (95% CI: 55.43-84.78), and among dentists was 50.87% (95% CI: 33.93-67.81). According to the results, there was no significant association between the prevalence of occupational stress, sample size, and year of publication in physicians and dentists. The results showed that publication bias was (p=0.029) for physicians and (p=0.630) for dentists. Occupational stress among Iranian physicians and dentists is high, which can adverselyaffect therapists and patients. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on this problem to manage and control it.

Analysis of the Links between Social Intelligence and Coping Strategies of Business Managers in Terms of Development of Their Potential

The social as well as psychological development of individuals’ potential is influenced by many factors, including managerial competences such as social intelligence and ways of coping with stress. This paper presents the links between social intelligence and strategies for coping with demanding situations by business managers, as well as gender differences in the perception of social intelligence and in the preference for coping strategies between male and female business managers. The research sample consisted of 149 business managers, of which 76 (51%) were male and 73 (49%) were female managers. The results were obtained through research based on two methodologies: MESI for the detection of social intelligence, and Brief COPE, designed to identify coping strategies. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the links between the social intelligence factors and coping strategies, as well as gender differences in the perception of social intelligence and coping strategies by male and female business managers, have been confirmed. Research into the relationship between these two aspects and its results could contribute to the elimination of undesirable factors influencing the work process and to the subsequent development of the psychological, social and work potential of business managers.

New method of metrological evaluation of industrial rolling bearing vibration measurement systems

The paper concerns a new method for evaluating industrial rolling bearing vibration measurement systems. The aim of the research performed was to evaluate the measurement accuracy of three measurement systems, which differ from each other in the key design features of the functional components. For this purpose, an additional reference point was used, which was a laser Doppler vibrometer. The use of an additional reference point made it possible to decouple the vibration measurement indications from spontaneous changes in the dynamic state of the rolling bearings. The newly suggested procedure was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, vibration spectra obtained from the independent sensor were analysed, while in the second stage, system indications were compared with reference sensor indications to assess measurement accuracy. The results obtained made it possible to identify the most accurate system, to assess the design of the components of the devices tested, as well as to detect undesirable factors undermining the accuracy of the measurement, and to obtain hints for improving the accuracy of industrial rolling bearing vibration systems.

ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ ЧАСТОТЫ ВРАЩЕНИЯ ЛОПАСТЕЙ МЕШАЛКИ МОКРОГО ПЫЛЕУЛОВИТЕЛЯ ОТ ПЛОТНОСТИ ЖИДКОСТИ

One of the undesirable factors when grinding grain with hammer crushers is the formation of flour dust, which is fire and explosive, as well as harmful to the health of service personnel. The applied fabric dust collectors ineffectively purify the air coming out of the pneumatic system of the crusher. One of the directions of development of dust collection equipment is the development of wet dust collectors or the improvement of existing ones. The proposed two-stage wet dust collector gives greater efficiency of air purification from dust, which is shown by laboratory studies. One of the factors affecting the quality of cleaning is the speed of rotation of the agitator blade, which varies depending on the concentration of dust in the liquid of the first stage. Not the entire dust-air mixture passes through the upgraded dust collector, but only the part that is redundant. This allows you to increase the life of the dust collector before the next service. The aim of the work is to study the dependence of the rotation speed of the blade of the agitator of the first stage of the dust collector on the density of the liquid. Methods of mathematical modeling of the agitator operation, approximation and regression analysis were used for the research, correlation analysis was performed. Theoretical studies have revealed a hyperbolic dependence of the rotation frequency of the paddle agitator on the density of the colloidal solution, however, experimental data provided other quantitative indicators. To determine the necessary parameters of the equation, the least squares method was used to approximate the experimental data. The calculated data obtained were compared with the experimental ones by the coefficient of determination, and the model was highly adequate, R2 = 0,9705. The presented method of selecting the regression equation shows good convergence with the experiment. The equations derived for a laboratory installation can be converted to an industrial design using the theory of similarity.

Multi-target association algorithm of AIS-radar tracks using graph matching-based deep neural network

Automatic Identification System(AIS) and radar track association is a challenging subject in dense scenes in which there are some undesirable factors, such as multiple targets, complicated target movement patterns, and asynchronous track information, causing inaccurate and inefficient track correlation. Therefore, this research focuses on the optimization problem of AIS and radar track association in dense scenes. Time-series data of tracks are transformed into the distribution features in a graph, which is free from the close dependence of the traditional algorithm on the pre-processing of the time alignment. To this end, an end-to-end deep network pipeline based on graph matching is proposed to overcome the influence of the above factors. It involves a multiscale point-level feature extractor to embed local features. Meanwhile, we devise a cluster-level graph neural network(GNN) with self-cross attention, which can look for global cues that help us disambiguate the correct correlation from complex tracks. Graph matching is estimated by tackling a differentiable optimal transport problem, which minimizes the transport cost and then achieves global optimal track association. Experiments show that the proposed method outperforms other approaches and achieves an ideal score(the precision rate and the recall rate are 0.941 and 0.91, respectively) in our built dataset.

Human factors analysis and risk assessment during the spread of the Covid-19 epidemic: A case study of the 2019 Wuhan outbreak in China

Since the discovery of novel coronavirus pneumonia (Covid-19) in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, it has spread to other Chinese provinces and continents in just one month, becoming a "public health emergency of international concern." The undesired behaviors of the public and patients during the Covid-19 epidemic cannot be ignored, but few scholars have studied them. In this study, we firstly adopted a qualitative analysis method based on a theoretical paradigm to to summarize the human factors in the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, and defined the concept of "human factors of the epidemic." Then, we analyzed the distribution characteristics of "human factors of epidemic" at each stage by using statistical analysis, and constructed a human factors model of epidemic evolution. Finally, a multi-subject risk assessment model was constructed using a fuzzy Bayesian network analysis method to quantify the human factors risk in the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic. The results of the study are as follows. (1) The human factors of the COVID-19 epidemic mainly focused on five aspects, including cognitive bias, defective design, management bias, environmental defects, and intentional violations. (2) There were differences in the human factors at different stages of the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic. In the outbreak stage, human factors of the COVID-19 epidemic showed complex trends, with factors such as lack of knowledge and low awareness still prevailing on the one hand, and factors such as lack of capacity, overtly agree but covertly oppose, dereliction of duty, concealment and misreporting, lack of resources, protection defects, design defects, escape/fleeing, and public gathering on the other hand also being more prominent. (3) The risk of the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic due to undesired human factors in the subjects involved was high (p = 0.641) under conventional intervention scenarios. Risk factors such as low awareness, poor decision making, lack of resources, lack of awareness, system deficiencies, public agglomeration, inadequate protection, misreporting, and dereliction of duty had relatively large sensitivity factors and were key human factors for the spread of the epidemic in Wuhan. Finally, targeted recommendations are proposed based on the evolutionary pattern and risk level of the human factors of the COVID-19 epidemic.