Underwater Treadmill Research Articles

Effects of underwater treadmill training on leg strength, balance, and walking performance in adults with incomplete spinal cord injury

ObjectiveTo document the effects of underwater treadmill training (UTT) on leg strength, balance, and walking performance in adults with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI).DesignPre-test and post-test design.SettingExercise physiology laboratory.ParticipantsAdult volunteers with iSCI (n = 11).InterventionParticipants completed 8 weeks (3 × /week) of UTT. Each training session consisted of three walks performed at a personalized speed, with adequate rest between walks. Body weight support remained constant for each participant and ranged from 29 to 47% of land body weight. Increases in walking speed and duration were staggered and imposed in a gradual and systematic fashion.Outcome measuresLower-extremity strength (LS), balance (BL), preferred and rapid walking speeds (PWS and RWS), 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), and daily step activity (DSA).ResultsSignificant (P < 0.05) increases were observed in LS (13.1 ± 3.1 to 20.6 ± 5.1 N·kg−1), BL (23 ± 11 to 32 ± 13), PWS (0.41 ± 0.27 to 0.55 ± 0.28 m·s−1), RWS (0.44 ± 0.31 to 0.71 ± 0.40 m·s−1), 6MWD (97 ± 80 to 177 ± 122 m), and DSA (593 ± 782 to 1310 ± 1258 steps) following UTT.ConclusionPhysical function and walking ability were improved in adults with iSCI following a structured program of UTT featuring individualized levels of body weight support and carefully staged increases in speed and duration. From a clinical perspective, these findings highlight the potential of UTT in persons with physical disabilities and diseases that would benefit from weight-supported exercise.

The Effect of Land and Underwater Treadmill Training on Metabolic Responses to Exercise and Properties of Superficial Digital Flexor and Gluteal Muscle

IntroductionResistance training provided by underwater (UWT) treadmills may enhance strength and fatigue resistance of superficial digital flexor muscle thereby reducing tendon injury. This study examined effects of UWT and land (LT) treadmill training on SDF and gluteal muscle.MethodsSix unfit horses (3 × 2 crossover design, 60d detraining period) walked on UWT and LT for 5d/week for 8 weeks (up to 40 min/day). A standardized exercise test (SET) was performed 2 weeks before, and after L or UW training, and V180 bpm and La10.5 m/s calculated. Resting and post‐SET gluteal and SDF muscle biopsies were obtained. Muscle [glycogen], [lactate] and [ATP], fiber type composition and min/max fiber diameters were analysed. Comparisons were made using GLM or ANOVA, mean ± SD and significance of P&lt;0.05.ResultsPost‐exercise SDF muscle lactate increased 3–4 fold to 30 ± 12 (UWT) and 41 ± 15 (LT) mmol/kg dw post‐exercise. Post‐exercise gluteal muscle lactate increased 2 fold to 55 ± 18 (UWT) and 62 ± 18 (LT) mmol/kg. No significant differences were found between UW and L post‐exercise muscle [glycogen], [lactate] and [ATP], V180 or LA10.5 or fiber type composition. Gluteal fiber diameters decreased significantly with UW and L training. Fiber diameters in SDF muscle decreased with training to a significantly lesser extent after UW vs. L training.ConclusionsAt maximal speed, both SDF and gluteal muscle have a significant anaerobic response which was not impacted by UWT or LT training at a walk. UWT may be of benefit by attenuating the training induced decrease in fiber sizes in SDF muscle thereby enhancing SDF muscle strength.Ethical Animal ResearchAll procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Minnesota. Sources of funding: Supported by University of Minnesota Equine Center with funds provided by the Minnesota Racing Commission, University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, and private donors. Competing interests: none.

Cardiovascular response during submaximal underwater treadmill exercise in stroke patients.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the cardiovascular response during head-out water immersion, underwater treadmill gait, and land treadmill gait in stroke patients.MethodsTen stroke patients were recruited for underwater and land treadmill gait sessions. Each session was 40 minutes long; 5 minutes for standing rest on land, 5 minutes for standing rest in water or on treadmill, 20 minutes for treadmill walking in water or on land, 5 minutes for standing rest in water or on treadmill, and 5 minutes for standing rest on land. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured during each session. In order to estimate the cardiovascular workload and myocardial oxygen demand, the rate pressure product (RPP) value was calculated by multiplying systolic BP (SBP) by HR.ResultsSBP, DBP, mean BP (mBP), and RPP decreased significantly after water immersion, but HR was unchanged. During underwater and land treadmill gait, SBP, mBP, DBP, RPP, and HR increased. However, the mean maximum increases in BP, HR and RPP of underwater treadmill walking were significantly lower than that of land treadmill walking.ConclusionStroke patients showed different cardiovascular responses during water immersion and underwater gait as opposed to standing and treadmill-walking on land. Water immersion and aquatic treadmill gait may reduce the workload of the cardiovascular system. This study suggested that underwater treadmill may be a safe and useful option for cardiovascular fitness and early ambulation in stroke rehabilitation.

The effect of underwater gait training on balance ability of stroke patients.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of underwater treadmill gait training on the balance ability of stroke patients. [Subjects] Twenty-two patients with stroke were randomly assigned to an underwater treadmill group (n =11) or a control group (n =11). [Methods] Both groups received general rehabilitation for 30 min per session, 5 times per week, over a 4-week period. The underwater treadmill group received additional underwater gait training for 30 min per session, 5 times per week, over the same 4-week period. Static and dynamic balances were evaluated before and after the intervention. [Results] The means of static and dynamic balance ability increased significantly in both groups, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. [Conclusion] Compared to the general rehabilitation program, underwater treadmill gait training was not more effective at improving the balance ability of stroke patients than land-based training.

The Influence of a Tabata Interval Training Program Using an Aquatic Underwater Treadmill on Various Performance Variables

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an 8-week aquatic treadmill running (ATM) Tabata interval-training program on various performance variables including body fat percentage, force production, flexibility, and anaerobic power. Totally, 25 participants (17 males and 8 females) were randomized into either a control group (CON), which only completed Pre- and Posttesting, or exercise group (EX), which took part in the 8-week ATM Tabata interval-training program. Pre- and Posttesting consisted of the following measurements: body fat percentage, flexibility, force production, and anaerobic power. The Tabata interval-training program consisted of sprinting on an ATM at 7.5 miles⋅h and with the front jets turned on at 80, 85, 90, and 95% progressively increasing throughout the 8 weeks. A 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of time (F = 236.13; p < 0.001) and group by time interaction (F = 1.95; p = 0.02). Paired-samples t-test revealed a significant difference in the CON group from Pre- to Posttesting for mean power from the Wingate test (t = -2.20; p = 0.05) and a significant difference in the EX group for right leg goniometry (t = -2.34; p = 0.04) and mean power from the Wingate test (t = -2.81; p = 0.02). These results are favorable because it demonstrates that participants who engage in an ATM Tabata interval-training program can elicit a strong enough stimulus to improve flexibility and anaerobic power in terms of mean power while decreasing musculoskeletal impact placed on the ligaments, joints, and tendons.

Physiological and biomechanical responses to walking underwater on a non-motorised treadmill: effects of different exercise intensities and depths in middle-aged healthy women

Non-motorised underwater treadmills are commonly used in fitness activities. However, no studies have examined physiological and biomechanical responses of walking on non-motorised treadmills at different intensities and depths. Fifteen middle-aged healthy women underwent two underwater walking tests at two different depths, immersed either up to the xiphoid process (deep water) or the iliac crest (shallow water), at 100, 110, 120, 130 step-per-minute (spm). Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration, perceived exertion and step length were determined. Compared to deep water, walking in shallow water exhibited, at all intensities, significantly higher VO2 (+13.5%, on average) and HR (+8.1%, on average) responses. Water depth did not influence lactate concentration, whereas perceived exertion was higher in shallow compared to deep water, solely at 120 (+40%) and 130 (+39.4%) spm. Average step length was reduced as the intensity increased (from 100 to 130 spm), irrespective of water depth. Expressed as a percentage of maximum, average VO2 and HR were: 64–76% of peak VO2 and 71–90% of maximum HR, respectively at both water depths. Accordingly, this form of exercise can be included in the “vigorous” range of exercise intensity, at any of the step frequencies used in this study.

Effect of underwater treadmill exercise on postural sway in horses with experimentally induced carpal joint osteoarthritis

To evaluate the effect of underwater treadmill exercise on static postural sway in horses with experimentally induced carpal joint osteoarthritis under various stance conditions. 16 horses. On day 0, osteoarthritis was induced arthroscopically in 1 randomly selected middle carpal joint of each horse. Beginning on day 15, horses were assigned to either underwater or overground (without water) treadmill exercise at the same speed, frequency, and duration. Two serial force platforms were used to collect postural sway data from each horse on study days -7, 14, 42, and 70. Horses were made to stand stationary on the force platforms under 3 stance conditions: normal square stance, base-narrow placement of the thoracic limbs, and removal of visual cues (blindfolded) during a normal square stance. The mean of 3 consecutive, 10-second trials in each condition was calculated and used for analysis. Displacement of the center of pressure differed significantly depending on the stance condition. Among horses exercised on the underwater treadmill, postural stability in both the base-narrow and blindfolded stance conditions improved, compared with findings for horses exercised on the overground treadmill. Horses exercised on the overground treadmill were only successful at maintaining a stable center of pressure during the normal square stance position. Variations in stance position had profound effects on the mechanics of standing balance in horses with experimentally induced carpal joint osteoarthritis. Underwater treadmill exercise significantly improved the horses' postural stability, which is fundamental in providing evidence-based support for equine aquatic exercise.

Effect of water depth on amount of flexion and extension of joints of the distal aspects of the limbs in healthy horses walking on an underwater treadmill

To determine the maximum amount of flexion and extension of the carpal, tarsal, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints and the percentage duration of the stance and swing phases of the stride for horses walking on an underwater treadmill in various water depths. 9 healthy adult horses. Zinc oxide markers were placed on the forelimbs and hind limbs of the horses. Video was recorded of horses walking (0.9 m/s) on an underwater treadmill during baseline conditions (< 1 cm of water) or in various amounts of water (level of the metatarsophalangeal, tarsal, and stifle joints). Maximum amount of joint flexion and extension, range of motion (ROM), and the percentage durations of the stance and swing phases of the stride were determined with 2-D motion analysis software. The ROM was greater for all evaluated joints in any amount of water versus ROM for joints in baseline conditions (primarily because of increases in amount of joint flexion). The greatest ROM for carpal joints was detected in a tarsal joint water depth, for tarsal joints in a stifle joint water depth, and for metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in metatarsophalangeal and tarsal joint water depths. As water depth increased, the percentage durations of the stance and swing phases of the stride significantly decreased and increased, respectively. Results of this study suggested that exercise on an underwater treadmill is useful for increasing the ROM of various joints of horses during rehabilitation and that the depth of water affects the amount of flexion and extension of joints.

Locomotory Fatigue and Size in the Atlantic Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus

Previous articleNext article No AccessRapid CommunicationLocomotory Fatigue and Size in the Atlantic Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidusKristin K. Stover, Karen G. Burnett, Eric J. McElroy, and Louis E. BurnettKristin K. StoverHollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson, and Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson, Charleston, South Carolina 29412 Search for more articles by this author , Karen G. BurnettHollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson, and Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson, Charleston, South Carolina 29412 Search for more articles by this author , Eric J. McElroyHollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson, and Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson, Charleston, South Carolina 29412 Search for more articles by this author , and Louis E. BurnettHollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson, and Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson, Charleston, South Carolina 29412 Search for more articles by this author Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson, and Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson, Charleston, South Carolina 29412PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Biological Bulletin Volume 224, Number 2April 2013 Published in association with the Marine Biological Laboratory Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/BBLv224n2p63 Views: 53Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref HistoryReceived July 17, 2012Accepted March 29, 2013 © 2013 Marine Biological LaboratoryPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Kristin K. Stover, Karen G. Burnett, Eric J. McElroy, and Louis E. Burnett Locomotory Fatigue During Moderate and Severe Hypoxia and Hypercapnia in the Atlantic Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus, The Biological Bulletin 224, no.22 (Sep 2016): 68–78.https://doi.org/10.1086/BBLv224n2p68

Locomotory Fatigue During Moderate and Severe Hypoxia and Hypercapnia in the Atlantic Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus

The Atlantic blue crab, Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun), is a highly mobile crustacean that must locomote to find food, evade predators, find mates, and avoid adverse conditions such as hypoxia. In this study we tested the effects of two levels of hypoxia (10.4 kPa, 50% air saturation = moderate hypoxia; 4 kPa, 20% air saturation = severe hypoxia) and hypercapnic hypoxia (50% air saturation O(2) with Pco(2) = 2 kPa) on fatigue during sustained continuous exercise. Fatigue was induced by an exercise trial that entailed continuous sideways hexapedal walking on an underwater treadmill. Fatigue was quantified using two methods: (1) a pull force test that measures the holding strength of the legs, and (2) the number of fatigue-resisting behaviors (180° turns and stopping). Fatigue was defined as a pull force of 67% or less of the initial pre-exercise pull force and was reached after 6.12 h of walking for crabs in well-aerated normoxic seawater, 4 h in 50% air saturation, 2.07 h in 20% air saturation, and 4.58 h in 50% air saturation and hypercapnia. The number of fatigue-resisting behaviors increased with walking time in all treatments. Performance decreased in hypoxia, with fatigue being reached more quickly as the level of hypoxia intensified. Hypercapnia in moderate hypoxia did not have a deleterious influence on behavior and lengthened slightly the time it took crabs to fatigue. In addition, severe hypoxia exacerbated changes in gait kinematics as crabs became fatigued, by significantly increasing stride length and decreasing stride frequency.

Effect of stride frequency on metabolic costs and rating of perceived exertion during walking in water

We investigated the effect of stride frequency (SF) on metabolic costs and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during walking in water and on dry land. Eleven male subjects walked on a treadmill on dry land and on an underwater treadmill at their preferred SF (PSF) and walked at an SF which was lower and higher than the PSF (i.e., PSF±5, 10, and 15stridesmin−1). Walking speed was kept constant at each subject's preferred walking speed in water and on dry land. Oxygen uptake, heart rate, RPE, PSF and preferred walking speeds were measured. Metabolic costs and RPE were significantly higher when walking at low and high SF conditions than when walking at the PSF condition both in water and on dry land (P<0.05). Additionally, the high SF condition produced significantly higher metabolic costs and RPE than the equivalent low SF condition during walking in water (P<0.01). Furthermore, metabolic costs, RPE, PSF, and the preferred walking speed were significantly lower in water than on dry land when walking at the PSF (P<0.05). These observations indicate that a change in SF influences metabolic costs and RPE during walking in water.

Use of canine hydrotherapy as part of a rehabilitation programme

Canine hydrotherapy in the UK is typically delivered in a swimming pool or using an underwater treadmill; hydrotherapy for rehabilitation should centre on encouraging correct limb movement within the water, regardless of the modality in which it is delivered. Veterinary consent is required before starting hydrotherapy, which enables the hydrotherapist to understand the dog’s condition. The properties of water are harnessed to enable safe and comfortable exercise, and a good understanding of these properties is needed for the design and implementation of a specific programme tailored to meet the needs of an individual dog. Hydrotherapy has a role in the treatment plan for a range of conditions, including obesity, pre-operative muscle conditioning, the conservative management of developmental orthopaedic diseases, such as hip dysplasia, and post-operative recovery from orthopaedic surgery; it can also be used palliatively, for fitness and for emotional wellbeing. Contraindications include unhealed surgical incisions, skin infection, emesis and diarrhoea. Two case studies demonstrate different areas in which hydrotherapy can help dogs. The aim of this article is to increase awareness of the benefits of hydrotherapy among veterinary professionals.

Cardiorespiratory Responses to Underwater Treadmill Running Versus Land-Based Treadmill Running

Underwater (UW) running provides a low load-bearing form of supplementary training that can be used for recovery and rehabilitation while maintaining cardiovascular fitness. Whether it elicits a cardiorespiratory training stimulus comparable to that of land-based running is seemingly unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare cardiorespiratory responses between underwater treadmill running and land-based running. Fourteen male triathletes completed trials at maximal and submaximal workloads for each of three conditions: running on an underwater treadmill with AQx® water running shoes, running on an underwater treadmill barefoot, and running on a land-based treadmill. No differences between groups were found for measures of oxygen consumption (VO2), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), or respiratory exchange ratio (RER) across modalities for maximal trials; however, heart rate (HR) was greater during land-based running than underwater treadmill running. No group differences were found for HR, RPE, and RER across modalities during submaximal trials; however, VO2 was significantly greater during land-based running than underwater treadmill running. We concluded that the cardiorespiratory training stimulus during underwater treadmill running was comparable to that of land-based running at maximal exertion levels, with the exception of HR, and therefore could be an effective form of supplemental training during rehabilitation. At submaximal levels, underwater treadmill running elicited a less rigorous training stimulus than land-based running in terms of VO2 and therefore is a less effective form of supplemental training.

A Review of Biophysical Differences between Aquatic and Land-Based Exercise

Four of the most popular modes of aquatic exercise are deep-water (DW) exercise, shallow water (SW) exercise, water calisthenics (WC), and underwater treadmill (UT) exercise. The mechanical requirements of each aquatic exercise mode may elicit different physiological and biomechanical responses. The purpose of this descriptive literature review was to evaluate some biophysical differences between aquatic and land-based exercises. The biophysical variables included oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), stride length, stride frequency, pain, and measures of functional gain. Based on the studies reviewed, when compared to similar land-based exercises, VO2 and HR maximum values were lower during DW and SW exercise, but, depending on water depth and exercise performed, may be greater during WC and UT exercise. RPE during DW exercise was generally similar to land exercise during max effort. Stride frequency tended to be lower for all four aquatic exercises, relative to on-land counterparts. Pain levels tended to be similar between WC and land exercise, yet may decrease after UT exercise.

The metabolic response to treadmill graded exercise: traditional vs. underwater

The purpose of this study was to determine the metabolic effect(s) of four graded exercise tests (GXT) performed on the underwater treadmill (UWT), and compare them to the results from performing the standard Bruce protocol on a traditional land treadmill (LT). Twelve male Division I college athletes performed the stand Bruce protocol on a LT and 4 different GXT protocols on the UWT. Each test was performed to volitional max. oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and blood lactate (BL), which were measured at regular intervals throughout each of the GXTs. A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine any main effect among the variables within the protocols and within the stages. Established effects were identified further using Tukey's post-hoc analysis. VO2 and HR were positively correlated in all the GXTs, (r=0.992−0.999). When comparing the UWT GXTs to the Bruce, significant (P≤0.001) differences were found within certain stages for each of the dependent variables. While the Bruce resulted in attainment of VO2max, (mean = 55.72±5.92 ml/kg/min), only one of the UWT GXTs resulted in the same level of metabolic stress. At maximum speed and water velocity, the UWT produced a mean VO2 of 53.9±3.68 ml/kg/min. HR and RER both increased by stage in all the GXTs as did BL. The onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) was identified in all of the GXTs with the exception of one of the UWTs. Mean BL at OBLA ranged from, 3.12+1.31 to 5.98+4.24 mmol/dl. Our results suggest that an UWT GXT protocol can be developed that would produce metabolic results similar to the Bruce through stage 5. Buoyancy and variation in biomechanics need to be studied further for their effects on energy metabolism while performing work on the UWT. However, this study provides a better understanding of the metabolic demands at different treadmill speeds and water jet settings with the UWT.

Comparison of Underwater and Overground Treadmill Walking to Improve Gait Pattern and Muscle Strength after Stroke

Comparison of Underwater and Overground Treadmill Walking to Improve Gait Pattern and Muscle Strength after Stroke

Physiological Responses, Rating of Perceived Exertion, and Stride Characteristics During Walking on Dry Land and Walking in Water, Both With and Without a Water Current

Walking in water has been included in rehabilitation programs. However, there is a dearth of information regarding the influence of a water current on physiological responses, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and stride characteristics of subjects while they walk in water. To compare physiological responses, RPE, and stride characteristics of subjects walking in water (with and without a current) with those of subjects walking on dry land. Repeated measures. University laboratory. 7 male adults (mean age = 21.6 y). Subjects walked on a treadmill on dry land and on an underwater treadmill immersed to the level of the xiphoid process. The walking speeds in water were set to be half of that on dry land. Oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory-exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR), minute ventilation (VE), RPE (for breathing and legs, RPE-Br and RPE-Legs, respectively), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures, and stride frequency (SF) were measured. In addition, stride length (SL) was calculated. There was no significant difference in the VO2, RER, HR, VE, RPE-Br, and RPE-Legs while walking in water with a current compared with walking on dry land (P > .05). Furthermore, VO2, RER, HR, VE, RPE-Br, RPE-Legs, SF, and SBP while walking in water were significantly higher with a water current than without (P < .05). These observations suggest that half the speed should be required to work at the similar metabolic costs and RPE while walking in water with a current, compared with walking on dry land. Furthermore, it was suggested that the physiological responses and RPE would be higher while walking in water with a current than without.

Poster 41 Perceived Benefits from Participating in an Underwater Treadmill Training Program

To determine the perceived benefits of participation in an underwater treadmill training program for adults with incomplete spinal cord injuries. Data analyzed in this investigation were drawn from a larger investigation examining the impact of underwater treadmill training (UTT) on leg strength, balance, and functional mobility in persons with spinal cord injury.

Cardiorespiratory Responses During Underwater and Land Treadmill Exercise in College Athletes

Underwater treadmill (UTM) exercise is being used with increased frequency for rehabilitation of injured athletes, yet there has been little research conducted on this modality. To determine the cardiorespiratory responses of UTM vs land treadmill (LTM) exercise, particularly with respect to the relationship between heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO2). This quantitative original research took place in sports medicine and athletic training facilities at Wake Forest University. 11 Wake Forest University student athletes (20.8 ± 0.6 y, 6 women and 5 men). All participants completed the UTM and LTM exercise-testing protocols in random order. After 5 min of standing rest, both UTM and LTM protocols had 4 stages of increasing belt speed (2.3, 4.9, 7.3, and 9.6 km/h) followed by 3 exercise stages at 9.6 km/h with increasing water-jet resistance (30%, 40%, and 50% of jet capacity) or inclines (1%, 2%, and 4% grade). A Cosmed K4b2 device with Polar monitor was used to collect HR, ventilation (Ve), tidal volume (TV), breathing frequency (Bf), and VO2 every minute. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were also obtained each minute. There was no significant difference between UTM and LTM for VO2 at rest or during any stage of exercise except stage 3. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between UTM and LTM for HR, Ve, Bf, and RPE on any exercise stage. Linear regression of HR vs VO2, across all stages of exercise, indicates a similar relationship in these variables during UTM (r = .94, y = .269x - 10.86) and LTM (r = .95, y = .291x - 12.98). These data indicate that UTM and LTM exercise elicits similar cardiorespiratory responses and that HR can be used to guide appropriate exercise intensity for college athletes during UTM.

Aspectos clínicos e concentração sérica da creatina-quinase e lactato-desidrogenase em cães submetidos à fisioterapia após atrofia muscular induzida

Avaliou-se a resposta de diferentes protocolos fisioterapêuticos em cães após a indução de atrofia muscular por meio da imobilização do joelho por 30 dias. Os grupos foram denominados grupo C ou controle, grupo E (massagem, movimentação passiva e eletroterapia), grupo H (massagem, movimentação passiva e hidroterapia em esteira aquática) e grupo EH (massagem, movimentação passiva, eletroterapia e hidroterapia em esteira aquática). Foram mensurados os graus de claudicação, arco do movimento, circunferência da coxa e a variação sérica das enzimas creatina-quinase e lactato-desidrogenase. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, foi possível concluir que as modalidades terapêuticas de massagem, movimentação passiva da articulação, estimulação elétrica neuromuscular e hidroterapia por caminhada em esteira aquática aceleram a recuperação clínica em cães com atrofia muscular induzida.