Understanding Of Potential Risk Factors Research Articles

Coping With Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome.

Compensatory coping, or maladaptive alterations in behavior with the intention of preventing or managing symptoms, is increasingly being explored as a key factor in how people respond to bladder conditions. Preliminary investigations have identified relations between coping behaviors and psychological distress in urologic conditions, including interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). However, previous explorations of coping have not accounted for heterogeneity in coping behaviors or addressed the likelihood that some coping behaviors may be more adaptive than others. This study sought to examine how two specific types of coping behaviors, primary control coping and disengaged coping, are related to distress and symptoms in IC/BPS, and to explore the potential role of pain phenotype in this relationship. A secondary data analysis was conducted with a large community data set (N = 677 women with IC/BPS) and employed descriptive and inferential statistics to characterize coping patterns and explore novel predictors of distress. Results indicated that almost all participants engaged in at least one compensatory coping behavior within the last week. Both types of coping behaviors correlated with psychological symptoms, and when controlling for relevant clinical variables (i.e., age and severity of urinary symptoms), disengaged coping behaviors were significantly associated with psychological distress. Further, the addition of pain phenotype to multiple regression models resulted in a more effective predictive model when considering the relation between coping behaviors and depression. By investigating more deeply the relationship between coping and distress, understanding of potential risk factors and mechanisms is increased, offering valuable insights for intervention strategies for IC/BPS patients.

Evaluating risk factors and complications in mandibular ramus block grafting: a retrospective cohort study

ObjectivesThis retrospective cohort study aimed to identify the complications and risk factors associated with alveolar grafting using autologous mandibular ramus grafts, guided by the research question: What are the complications encountered in patients undergoing alveolar bone grafting using autologous mandibular ramus block and what are the risk factors associated with the development of these complications?Materials and methodsThe study included 70 patients who underwent alveolar crest augmentation with autologous mandibular ramus block grafting. Intraoperative, early postoperative, and late postoperative complications were analyzed, as were various risk factors.ResultsThe results showed that the majority of patients had successful outcomes with minimal complications. Sex was found to significantly influence the visibility of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN). Early postoperative complications were associated with IAN visibility and the use of a single screw for graft fixation. Late postoperative complications were significantly associated with the presence of infection.ConclusionThe findings emphasize the importance of careful surgical techniques, infection prevention, and patient selection in minimizing complications.Clinical relevanceThis article may contribute to clinicians’ and so patients’ understanding of potential risk factors associated with over all ramus block grafting procedure. Based on this information, clinicians can also improve their ability to manage risk factors and associated complications and compare ramus block grafting with other alternatives to determine the best treatment approach for that particular patient.

The Dark Tetrad, online moral disengagement, and online aggression perpetration among adults

Online aggression is a form of antisocial online behavior that has been widely studied among adolescents, but adults of all ages are involved as well. The goal of the present study is to broaden the understanding of potential risk factors of online aggression perpetration. Associations between socially aversive personality traits and online aggression are examined. In contrast to previous research and to account for ICT affordances, the present study argues for and tests the mediating role of online moral disengagement, and not traditional moral disengagement, in the relationships between traits and perpetration. To this aim, a cross-sectional dataset, balanced in terms of age, was collected among 2,000 adults aged 19–79. A path model revealed indirect associations for two traits, psychopathy and sadism, with online aggression perpetration via online moral disengagement, while controlling for online aggression victimization. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Problem gambling among people with first-episode psychosis: protocol for a prospective multicenter cohort study

BackgroundThe limited available data suggest that the prevalence of problem gambling is increased among young adults with first-episode psychosis, possibly due in part to several risk factors for problem gambling that are common in this population. Aripiprazole, a widely used antipsychotic drug, has also been linked to cases of problem gambling, but causality remains uncertain. Although the consequences of problem gambling further hinder the recovery of people with first-episode psychosis, there is a paucity of research about this comorbidity and its risk factors. Additionally, to our knowledge, no screening instrument for problem gambling tailored to these individuals exists, contributing to its under-recognition. Further, treatment approaches for problem gambling adapted to this population are at an embryonic stage, while existing treatments effectiveness remains to be documented. Using an innovative screening and assessment procedure for problem gambling, this study aims to identify risk factors for problem gambling among people with first-episode psychosis and to document the effectiveness of standard treatment approaches.MethodsThis is a multicenter prospective cohort study conducted in two first-episode psychosis clinics, including all patients admitted between November 1st, 2019, and November 1st, 2023, followed for up to 3 years until May 1st, 2024. These 2 clinics admit approximately 200 patients annually, for an expected sample size of 800 individuals. The primary outcome is the occurrence of a DSM-5 diagnosis of gambling disorder. All patients are screened and evaluated for problem gambling using a systematic procedure at admission, and every 6 months thereafter. Socio-demographic and clinical variables are prospectively extracted from the patients’ medical records. The nature and effectiveness of treatments for problem gambling offered to affected individuals are also documented from medical records. Survival analyses with Cox regression models will be used to identify potential risk factors for problem gambling. Descriptive statistics will document the effectiveness of treatments for problem gambling in this population.DiscussionA better understanding of potential risk factors for problem gambling among people with first-episode psychosis will allow for better prevention and detection of this neglected comorbidity. Results of this study will also hopefully raise clinicians’ and researchers’ awareness and serve as the basis to adapted treatments that will better support recovery.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05686772. Retrospectively registered, 9 January 2023.

Associations between liver function parameters and poor clinical outcomes in peritoneal dialysis patients.

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have significantly lower survival rates compared with the general population of the same age. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an effective treatment for patients with ESRD, but the clinical outcome of PD patients is still not promising. The survival of PD patients is associated with various clinical factors, and exploring some valid risk predictors may be beneficial for this population. In this review, by integrating the latest research, we summarized the association of some common and novel liver function parameters (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, serum bilirubin, pre-albumin, albumin, albumin-globulin ratio [AGR], serum ferritin, and hyaluronic acid) with clinical outcomes in PD patients. It may contribute to a better understanding of potential risk factors and help to develop strategies to prevent the disease progression.

Factors associated with regularity and length of menstrual cycle: Korea Nurses’ Health Study

BackgroundMenstrual cycle characteristics are linked to reproductive function and long-term health outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate menstrual cycle patterns, characterized by regularity and length, and associated factors among women in the Korea Nurses’ Health Study.MethodsA total of 9335 premenopausal women aged 22–45 years were included in this cross-sectional study. Regularity and length of menstrual cycles were self-reported, and their associations with reproductive, lifestyle, and occupational factors were examined using binomial and multinomial logistic regression models. Adjusted least-square means of menstrual distress, depressive symptoms, stress, fatigue, anxiety, and sleep problems were estimated according to menstrual cycle characteristics using generalized linear models.ResultsTwenty-one percent of nurses reported having irregular menstrual cycles (variability > 7 days). Ten percent, 64%, and 26% had menstrual cycle length of < 26, 26–31, and 32–50 days, respectively. Variability and length of cycles decreased with age and increased with age at menarche. Parous women showed low tendency of irregular cycles. Women with body mass index (BMI) > 25 kg/m2 had higher odds of irregular (odds ratio [OR] 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40–2.03) and long cycles (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.08–1.58) than those with BMI 18.5– < 23 kg/m2. Irregular cycles were less common in women performing vigorous physical activity, but more common in those with prolonged standing or frequent heavy lifting at work. Frequent rotating night shift was associated with irregular cycles among nulliparous women. Levels of menstrual and premenstrual distress, depressive symptoms, perceived stress, physical and mental fatigue, anxiety, and sleep problems were higher in women with irregular cycles than in those with regular cycles (p < 0.001, each).ConclusionsThe study suggests that irregular and long menstrual cycles are associated with reproductive, lifestyle, and occupational factors; also with menstrual distress and perceived health status. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of potential risk factors for menstrual dysfunction, and thus, may help improve women’s health.

Human-Centered Explainable Artificial Intelligence: Automotive Occupational Health Protection Profiles in Prevention Musculoskeletal Symptoms.

In automotive and industrial settings, occupational physicians are responsible for monitoring workers’ health protection profiles. Workers’ Functional Work Ability (FWA) status is used to create Occupational Health Protection Profiles (OHPP). This is a novel longitudinal study in comparison with previous research that has predominantly relied on the causality and explainability of human-understandable models for industrial technical teams like ergonomists. The application of artificial intelligence can support the decision-making to go from a worker’s Functional Work Ability to explanations by integrating explainability into medical (restriction) and support in contexts of individual, work-related, and organizational risk conditions. A sample of 7857 for the prognosis part of OHPP based on Functional Work Ability in the Portuguese language in the automotive industry was taken from 2019 to 2021. The most suitable regression models to predict the next medical appointment for the workers’ body parts protection were the models based on CatBoost regression, with an RMSLE of 0.84 and 1.23 weeks (mean error), respectively. CatBoost algorithm is also used to predict the next body part severity of OHPP. This information can help our understanding of potential risk factors for OHPP and identify warning signs of the early stages of musculoskeletal symptoms and work-related absenteeism.

Liver-function parameters are associated with incident hypertension in a large Taiwanese population follow-up study.

Previous studies demonstrated inconsistent results regarding the association between liver function and hypertension. In addition, large cohort follow-up studies are lacking. Therefore, this longitudinal study aimed to investigate the association between liver function and incident hypertension using data from the Taiwan Biobank (TWB). We evaluated liver biomarkers, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), total bilirubin, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in this study. A total of 21,293 participants without hypertension at baseline were analyzed. During the mean 3.9-year follow-up, 3002 participants developed hypertension (defined as incident hypertension). Multivariable analysis revealed that high AST (odds ratio [OR], 1.004; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.001-1.007; p = 0.014), high ALT (OR, 1.004; 95% CI, 1.002-1.006; p < 0.001), high albumin (OR, 1.897; 95% CI, 1.573-2.286; p < 0.001), and high GGT (OR, 1.004; 95% CI, 1.003-1.005; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with incident hypertension in all study participants. In subgroup analysis of the participants with an ALT level ≤2 times the normal limit (80 u/l) (n = 20,983), multivariable analysis demonstrated that high ALT (OR, 1.009; 95% CI, 1.005-1.012; p < 0.001) and high GGT (OR, 1.005; 95% CI, 1.003-1.006; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with incident hypertension. In conclusion, we found that elevated AST, ALT, albumin, and GGT were associated with incident hypertension in a large Taiwanese cohort. A greater understanding of potential risk factors for hypertension may help to reduce the burden of hypertension in this Taiwanese population.

Associations between mental illness and non-medical use of prescription opioids among a sample of people who use drugs in Australia and New Zealand

Non-medical use of prescription opioids (NUPO) is an increasing public health concern in Australia and New Zealand. In response to a lack of research on NUPO in this setting, we investigated the associations between NUPO, mental illnesses, and other substance use, using data from the 2019 Global Drug Survey (GDS). Strategies to reduce NUPO-related harm were also discussed. Socio-demographic characteristics, mental illnesses, NUPO, and other substance use among 2019 GDS respondents were examined. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with past year NUPO. Data from 2752 Australian and New Zealand respondents who used drugs were analysed. Pastyear use of heroin, benzodiazepines, cannabis (containing THC), and ecstasy were associated with a greater odds of NUPO, while bipolar disorder managed with medications was associated with a lower odds of NUPO. All other mental illnesses, including co-morbid mental illnesses, were not associated with NUPO after adjusting for potential confounders. Of respondents who reported NUPO and answered secondary questions, 38.8% obtained opioids from a friend or family member. This study provides a unique understanding of potential risk factors for NUPO among people who report mental illness and drug use in Australia and New Zealand, and establishes a basis for future research that is aimed at reducing NUPO-related harm.

Low Albumin, Low Bilirubin, and High Alfa-Fetoprotein Are Associated with a Rapid Renal Function Decline in a Large Population Follow-Up Study.

A rapid decline in renal function is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and therefore it is important to identify those at high-risk of rapid renal function decline. The relationship between liver function and renal function is unclear. Therefore, in this longitudinal study, we aimed to investigate associations between liver function and rapid renal function decline. A total of 27,116 participants were enrolled from the Taiwan Biobank and followed for 3.8 years. A rapid decline in renal function was defined as a decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≥25%. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify associations between liver function parameters (glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, albumin, α-fetoprotein [AFP], total bilirubin, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) and eGFR decline ≥ 25%. The rate of eGFR decline of ≥25% was 4.7%. Multivariable analysis showed that low albumin (odds ratio [OR], 0.173; p < 0.001), high AFP (OR, 1.006; p = 0.010), and low total bilirubin (OR, 0.588; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with eGFR decline ≥ 25% in all study participants. After excluding abnormal liver function, low albumin (OR, 0.189; p < 0.001), high AFP (OR, 1.007; p = 0.011), and low total bilirubin (OR, 0.569; p = 0.001) were still significantly associated with an eGFR decline of ≥25%. The results of this large population-based cohort study showed associations between low albumin, low bilirubin, and high AFP with a rapid renal function decline. A greater understanding of potential risk factors for a rapid decline in renal function may help to reduce the burden of renal failure in this high-risk population.

Potential risk factors for constipation in the community.

Constipation is a common community health problem. There are many factors that are widely thought to be associated with constipation but real-world evidence of these associations is difficult to locate. These potential risk factors may be categorised as demographic, lifestyle and health-related factors. This review presents the available evidence for each factor by an assessment of quantitative data from cross-sectional studies of community-dwelling adults published over the last 30 years. It appears that there is evidence of an association between constipation and female gender, residential location, physical activity and some health-related factors such as self-rated health, some surgery, certain medical conditions and certain medications. The available evidence for most other factors is either conflicting or insufficient. Therefore, further research is necessary to determine if each factor is truly associated with constipation and whether it can be regarded as a potential risk factor. It is recommended that studies investigating a broad range of factors are conducted in populations in community settings. Multivariate analyses should be performed to account for all possible confounding factors. In this way, valuable evidence can be accumulated for a better understanding of potential risk factors for constipation in the community.

Heart‑lung crosstalk in pulmonary arterial hypertension following myocardial infarction (Review).

Left heart disease is the main cause of clinical pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Common types of left heart disease that result in PAH include heart failure, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and valvular disease. It is currently believed that mechanical pressure caused by high pulmonary venous pressure is the main cause of myocardial infarction (MI) in individuals with ischemic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. In the presence of decreased cardiac function, vascular remodeling of pulmonary vessels in response to long-term stimulation by high pressure in turn leads to exacerbation of PAH. However, the underlying pathological mechanisms remain unclear. Elucidating the association between the development of MI and PAH may lead to a better understanding of potential risk factors and better disease treatment. In this article, the pathophysiological effects of multiple systems in individuals with MI and PAH were reviewed in order to provide a general perspective on various potential interactions between cardiomyocytes and pulmonary vascular cells.

Executive Summary: Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

* Abbreviations: ASD — : autism spectrum disorder DSM-5 — : Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with reported prevalence in the United States of 1 in 59 children (approximately 1.7%). ASD significantly influences the lives of affected children and families because they may need extensive behavioral, educational, health, and other services. Primary care providers play a critical role in identifying, diagnosing, and managing ASD in children and providing support for their families. This document provides a summary of the clinical report “Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder,” published concurrently in the online version of Pediatrics . In the years since 2007, when the American Academy of Pediatrics published the clinical reports “Identification and Diagnosis of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders” and “Management of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” reported prevalence rates of children with ASD have increased, understanding of potential risk factors has expanded, awareness of co-occurring medical and behavioral conditions and genetic contribution to etiology has improved, and the body of research supporting evidence-based interventions has grown substantially. The updated document discusses evaluation and treatment as a continuum in 1 publication with a table of contents to help the reader identify topic areas within the report. ASD is more commonly diagnosed than in the past, and the significant health, educational, and social needs of individuals with ASD and their families constitute an area of critical need for resources, research, and professional education. Address correspondence to Susan L. Hyman, MD. E-mail: susan_hyman{at}RMC.Rochester.edu

Lapseen ja lähiympäristöön liittyvien taustatekijöiden yhteys sanaston kehitykseen 24 ja 30 kuukauden iässä

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää, onko 18 kuukauden iässä kartoitetuilla lapseen ja lähiympäristöön liittyvillä taustatekijöillä yhteyttä sanastollisiin taitoihin 24 ja 30 kuukauden iässä. Tutkimukseen osallistui 37 suomenkielistä tervettä ja täysiaikaisena syntynyttä lasta (16 poikaa ja 21 tyttöä). Tulosten mukaan sukupuoli oli yhteydessä ymmärtävän ja tuottavan sanaston tasoon 24 ja 30 kuukauden iässä sekä tuotettujen sanojen määrään 24 kuukauden iässä. Tytöt saivat korkeampia testipisteitä kuin pojat. Yhden tai useamman korvatulehduksen sairastaminen oli negatiivisesti yhteydessä sekä ymmärtävän että tuottavan sanaston tasoon 30 kuukauden iässä, muttei vielä 24 kuukauden iässä. Lapsilla, joilla oli vähintään yksi sisarus, oli heikompi pistemäärä ymmärtävän sanaston mittauksessa 30 kuukauden iässä kuin perheen ainokaisilla. Lähisukulaisilla esiintyvät kielelliset vaikeudet olivat yhteydessä ymmärtävän sanaston tasoon 24 kuukauden iässä. Esikoisuus ei ollut yhteydessä sanaston kehitykseen, eikä myöskään vanhempien koulutustaso. Aihetta on syytä tutkia lisää suuremmalla otoskoolla, sillä käytännön puheterapiatyössä tarvitaan tietoa piirteistä, jotka lisäävät riskiä kielellisille vaikeuksille.

The Use of Data Mining Methods for the Prediction of Dementia: Evidence From the English Longitudinal Study of Aging.

Dementia in older age is a major health concern with the increase in the aging population. Preventive measures to prevent or delay dementia symptoms are of utmost importance. In this study, a large and wide variety of factors from multiple domains were investigated using a large nationally representative sample of older people from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Seven machine learning algorithms were implemented to build predictive models for performance comparison. A simple model ensemble approach was used to combine the prediction results of individual base models to further improve predictive power. A series of important factors in each domain area were identified. The findings from this study provide new evidence on factors that are associated with the dementia in later life. This information will help our understanding of potential risk factors for dementia and identify warning signs of the early stages of dementia. Longitudinal research is required to establish which factors may be causative and which factors may be a consequence of dementia.

Adolescent rats are more prone to binge eating behavior: A study of age and obesity as risk factors

Binge eating (BE) is characterized by repeated, intermittent over-consumption of food in a brief period of time. This study aims to advance the understanding of potential risk factors for BE such as obesity, overeating and adolescence as an age group. We used the Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat, a genetic overeating-induced obesity model with increased preferences for sweet and fat. Adolescent and adult rats from both strains (OLETF and the lean control strain, Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka [LETO]) received limited access to a palatable liquid diet (Ensure vanilla) for three weeks. Water and chow were available throughout the study, but access to Ensure was limited to two hours, three times a week (3TW group) or every work day (5TW group). As expected, OLETF rats consumed more Ensure and were more BE-prone (BEP) than LETO rats at both ages. Adolescent rats showed a significantly larger binge size as demonstrated by a greater increase in Ensure intake, compared to adults. Furthermore, while the adults reduced their chow intake, compensating for increased Ensure intake, the adolescents increased their chow intake too. Finally, the adolescent rats showed binge like behavior earlier in the study and they tended to be BEP more than the adults. Our findings in rats suggest that adolescents and in particular obese adolescents are at risk for BE, and BE can lead to overweight, thus providing the basis for examination of biological mechanisms of this process in animal models.

Differentiating Among Singular and Comorbid Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder and Social Phobia Symptomology

Social phobia is a frequent co-occurring diagnosis with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD); however, co-occurring OCD in those with social phobia is less common. Genetic, environmental, and cognitive traits are common risk factors for anxiety disorders broadly. It is plausible that shared variables related to OCD and/or social phobia could provide insight into the co-occurrence of these two disorders. The current study explored differences in fear of negative evaluation (FNE) and perfectionism among four groups: those with (1) elevated social phobia symptoms, (2) elevated OCD symptoms, (3) elevated symptoms of OCD and social phobia, and those who were (4) asymptomatic as a control group. A non-clinical sample of 196 participants completed several online questionnaires about social phobia and OCD symptomology. Results identified three cognitive variables (i.e., FNE, total perfectionism, and concern over mistakes) as differential variables in comorbid symptom presentation of OCD and social phobia. A fourth variable (i.e., doubts about actions) was identified as a potential dual risk factor, and four subsequent variables (i.e., parental criticism, personal standards, parental expectations, and organization) were not implicated in differential symptom presentation. Given the different rates of OCD and social phobia co-occurrence, identification of differentiating variables could aid in better understanding of potential risk factors, which may enhance preventative and therapeutic techniques. Study implications, limitations, and future recommendations are discussed.

Eating Attitudes and Behaviors Among Female College Students

The authors assessed the influences of several risk factors—self‐esteem, history of unwanted sexual contact (USC), depression, and sorority membership—on eating‐related and weight‐related attitudes and behaviors. Findings provide support for the roles of self‐esteem, depression, and USC on restricting attitudes. According to the authors' model, these independent variables predicted restricting attitudes that then predicted restricting behaviors. Implications for preventive interventions and the study's limitations are discussed.

Metabolic and hormonal derangements in pulmonary hypertension: from mouse to man.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a complex disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Recent animal and human studies have highlighted abnormalities in regulation and metabolism of insulin, sex hormones, adipokines and lipids that may play a role in disease development. Mouse studies suggest features of the metabolic syndrome (MS) including insulin resistance, deficiencies in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and apolipoprotein E, and low adiponectin are linked to development of PAH. In humans, insulin resistance, the MS and low levels of high-density lipoprotein have been associated with PAH. In addition, abnormal metabolism of oestrogens has been demonstrated in human and animal models of PAH, suggesting an important relationship of sex hormones and pulmonary vascular disease. Improved understanding of how metabolic and hormonal derangements relate to development and progression of pulmonary hypertension may lead to better disease therapies and understanding of potential risk factors. This review will focus on the animal and human data regarding metabolic and sex hormone derangements in PAH.

Maternal diabetes and renal agenesis/dysgenesis

Renal agenesis and dysgenesis are potentially lethal congenital malformations affecting 2 to 5 infants per 10,000 live births annually in the United States. The low prevalence of these malformations has complicated understanding of potential risk factors. Maternal diabetes (type 1, type 2, and gestational) has been evaluated extensively as a risk factor for other congenital malformations, but only a limited number of studies have assessed the association between diabetes and renal agenesis. We conducted a population-based case-control study of deliveries after 20 weeks gestation in Texas Health Service Region 6 (Houston/Galveston area) from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2002. Cases of renal agenesis/dysgenesis (n = 89) were ascertained from the Texas Birth Defects Registry. Cumulative incidence sampling was used to randomly select, from birth and fetal death records, 356 controls frequency matched to cases by delivery year and vital status. Maternal diabetes and other covariates were collected from vital records. The odds of renal agenesis/dysgenesis were 3.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-9.3) times greater among deliveries of mothers with diabetes compared to deliveries of mothers without diabetes, controlling for matching factors. Our results are consistent with prior, but limited, research identifying diabetes as a risk factor for renal agenesis/dysgenesis. While these data did not differentiate diabetes diagnoses by type, the results suggest that maternal diabetes may be associated with renal malformations. Further study is warranted.