Understanding Of Floods Research Articles

Penyuluhan Tentang Banjir Pada Masyarakat Dan Pemuda di Kelurahan Mandalika Sandubaya Kota Mataram

, because there are still many residents who do not understand what floods are and what to do when experiencing floods. To provide awareness about floods, education about floods must be carried out for children and the elderly so that it occurs. similarities in perception and knowledge about this matter, especially for city residents in upstream areas such as in Mandalika Village. Education about floods is carried out in several stages, including the initial survey stage, coordination, discussion, question and answer activities and evaluation. The counseling material provided includes perceptions about floods, factors that cause floods, ways to avoid and reduce the occurrence of floods and the infrastructure needed to anticipate floods. During the outreach process, discussion and question and answer sessions were also provided, to increase participants' understanding of floods. The result of the service that has been carried out is being able to provide counseling to the community, both young people and parents, totaling 25 representatives who attended, including the management of Banjar Sedana Ayu. Participants have gained knowledge about floods and have understood the phenomenon of flooding and ways to avoid it after a question and answer session at the end of the outreach activity. By having the participants at the location of this trial, some of the people in the Mandalika sub-district already understand how floods occur and are expected to be able to deal with them if they happen.

Workshop Pemahaman Gen Z tentang Banjir dan Pencegahan

Flooding is an event that occurs as a result of the accumulation of water and cannot be accommodated by the soil.Flooding in Jakarta has become a routine problem over time, due to natural and human factors faced by the DKI Jakarta community.Losses caused by floods, especially indirect losses Not only the physical impacts suffered by the community but also non-physical losses such as schools being demolished, prices of basic necessities rising, and sometimes even deaths. Kodoatie and Syarief (2006) provide some examples of flood impacts or losses, loss of life or injury, property loss, settlement damage, trade area damage, industrial area loss, agricultural land damage, drainage and irrigation system damage, road and railway damage, highways, bridges, and airports damage, telecommunications system damage. Then the DKI Jakarta Regional Government coordinates with the Central Government to address the problem, the flood management policies are divided into short, medium and long-term periods. (Handayani, 2013). In this service to the community, there is an understanding of flooding and persecution using the method of devotion to the society in the form of socialization. This activity was followed by 24 people of the Generation Z, this Socialization has the theme “Flood Prevention and Management”. The purpose of this socialization is to expect the generation Z to gain a better understanding of the Flood and to emphasize the sense of self-awareness not to take actions that aggravate the flood.

Education on Disaster Mitigation and Social Participation among Vocational School Students in Pangkep Regency

Acquiring knowledge about flood mitigation is highly beneficial for students, as it equips them with a valuable skillset to assist others. This study aims to achieve the following objectives: (1) Evaluate the delivery of flood disaster mitigation education among students of SMK Muhammadiyah Pangkep Regency. (2) Examine the impact of disaster mitigation knowledge on the level of social engagement among students at SMK Muhammadiyah Pangkep Regency. The research methodology employed is quantitative, utilizing a survey-based technique. The study was conducted in SMK Muhammadiyah Pangkep Regency. The study population consisted of vocational students, and a stratified selection procedure was employed to choose a sample of 67 individuals from class IX and class X. The data collection methodology employed questionnaires and document analysis. Methods of data collecting involving the use of surveys and the examination of documents. Data processing techniques involve the manipulation and organization of data, whereas data analysis refers to the examination and interpretation of data. In this case, frequency tabulation using percentage approaches is used to analyze the data, and the results are described in a descriptive manner. The study found that the instruction on flood disaster mitigation implemented in students of SMK Muhammadiyah Pangkep Regency was in line with the teaching guide. (2) Disaster mitigation knowledge has a positive influence on the level of social participation among students of SMK Muhammadiyah Pangkep Regency, as it equips them with the necessary information and abilities to assist others. Students have encountered floods, and the skills and knowledge they acquired have enhanced their understanding of flooding. These consequences highlight the necessity for customized and community-led tactics in managing disasters, ultimately leading to a community that is more resilient and prepared for disasters.

The impact of earth fissures on flood hazard extent for the Northern part of the Qaa’Jahran Basin, Dhamar, Yemen

This study addresses a crucial gap in our understanding of flooding in the predominantly agricultural Qaa’Jahran watershed in Yemen, where urbanization, though currently limited in extent, is rapidly expanding. We aim to discern the effects of earth fissures on flood dynamics, particularly focusing on their present significance. It is noteworthy that, in the long run, these fissures are anticipated to accumulate soil and sediment, potentially heightening the risk of future flooding. To achieve this, we developed a comprehensive floodplain delineation model, incorporating field observations and rainfall data from the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) algorithm. Additionally, advanced hydrologic and hydraulic models were integrated to accurately simulate runoff hydrographs and create flood inundation maps. Our findings underscore the considerable influence of earth fissures, effectively mitigating runoff volume, peak discharge, flood depths and inundated areas during storm events. It is imperative to emphasize that specific areas remain persistently vulnerable, with water levels surpassing one meter during historical floods. This reinforces the ongoing risk of flooding in targeted zones and emphasizes the necessity of implementing tailored flood management strategies. In conclusion, this study makes a significant contribution to the field, providing a comprehensive analysis of the intricate factors influencing flooding in the Qaa’Jahran watershed. The integration of flood inundation mapping, advanced hydrologic modelling and meticulous consideration of earth fissures offers a distinctive perspective on flood dynamics in a rapidly evolving and urbanizing environment. Furthermore, it highlights the critical implications for effective flood risk management and urban planning, not only in the Qaa’Jahran watershed but also in similar urbanizing regions worldwide.

Evolution of Floods: From Ancient Times to the Present Times (ca 7600 BC to the Present) and the Future

Floods are one of the most dangerous natural disasters, causing great destruction, damage, and even fatalities worldwide. Flooding is the phenomenon of a sudden increase or even slow increase in the volume of water in a river or stream bed as the result of several possible factors: heavy or very long precipitation, melting snowpack, strong winds over the water, unusually high tides, tsunamis, or the failure of dams, gages, detention basins, or other structures that hold back water. To gain a better understanding of flooding, it is necessary to examine evidence, search for ancient wisdom, and compare flood-management practices in different regions in a chronological perspective. This study reviews flood events caused by rising sea levels and erratic weather from ancient times to the present. In addition, this review contemplates concerns about future flood challenges and possible countermeasures. Thus, it presents a catalogue of past examples in order to present a point of departure for the study of ancient floods and to learn lessons for preparation for future flood incidents including heavy rainfalls, particularly in urbanized areas. The study results show that ancient societies developed multifaceted technologies to cope with floods and many of them are still usable now and may even represent solutions and measures to counter the changing and increasingly more erratic weather of the present.

Anatomy of perturbed traffic networks during urban flooding

Urban flooding disrupts traffic networks, affecting mobility and disrupting residents’ access. Flooding events are predicted to increase due to climate change; therefore, understanding traffic network’s flood-caused disruption is critical to improving emergency planning and city resilience. This study reveals the anatomy of perturbed traffic networks by leveraging high-resolution traffic network data from a major flood event and advanced high-order network analysis. We evaluate travel times between every pairwise junction in the city and assess higher-order network geometry changes in the network to determine flood impacts. The findings show network-wide persistent increased travel times could last for weeks after the flood water has receded, even after modest flood failure. A modest flooding of 1.3% road segments caused 8% temporal expansion of the entire traffic network. The results also show that distant trips would experience a greater percentage increase in travel time. Also, the extent of the increase in travel time does not decay with distance from inundated areas, suggesting that the spatial reach of flood impacts extends beyond flooded areas. The findings of this study provide an important novel understanding of floods’ impacts on the functioning of traffic networks in terms of travel time and traffic network geometry.

Flood modelling at Bandar Batu Pahat, Johor using HEC-RAS software

Flood catastrophe continuously hit Malaysia through monsoonal flood and flash flood as well posing threat towards people, infrastructure and environment. Batu Pahat is among the district in Johor affected by flood disaster for almost every year. This study conducted to determine the hydraulic and hydrological characteristic and the ability of drainage system in Parit Besar and Jalan Pontian-Batu Pahat catchment area at Batu Pahat using HEC-RAS software. Through HEC-RAS, floodplain map was also produced to access the overview of potential floodplain areas. Survey data, geometric data and flow data were computed in HEC-RAS to produce drainage flow and cross-sectional area along the catchment area. Four (4) flow rates of 0.05284, 0.05894, 0.06910 and 0.07113 (m3/s) were utilized to identify the drainage ability to accommodate additional water. Several stations in Parit Besar catchment cannot accommodate the runoff with the minimum flow rate of 0.05284 (m3/s). Meanwhile, Jalan Pontian-Batu Pahat catchment cannot accommodate flow rates of 0.06910 and 0.07113 (m3/s). This is due to the catchment area has low elevation and insufficient drainage system. From the results, floodplain areas were identified. Modification of drainage cross-section was proposed to reduce the floodplain areas. This study is vital for better understanding of flooding and help the authorities to produce better flood management plan.

Study of Flood Control in the Gang Mufakat of Balikpapan City (Qualitative Study)

Balikpapan City is a city that often experiences floods. One of the most frequently flooded locations is Gang Mufakat, which is located in Damai Village, South Balikpapan. This area is an area passed by the Ampal River Basin which is one of the causes of flooding besides the lack of vegetation as land cover in the settlement. This research aims to identify the management and control/control of floods in general. This is done to obtain information on several things that are considered important in management and to assess the understanding of the community and government regarding flood control/management. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative method. This research results from the community's understanding of floods and community actions in dealing with floods. Understanding of flooding in the form of causes of flooding, and the importance of the role of vegetation on land cover and the creation of infiltration wells. The recommendation for the government is to dredge sedimentation as well as deepen the Ampal watershed, and create a polder as a substitute for water catchment areas because there are many residential areas around the Ampal watershed which do not allow water to flow directly into the watershed. The recommendation for the community is to build an infiltration well in the Gang Mufakat.

Development of a Quantitative Approach for Morphodynamic Assessment of Extreme Flood Event in Lokoja

Abstract – This study developed a quantitative approach for the morphodynamic assessment of River Niger at Lokoja. The study involves the collection of twenty-one years daily discharge and water level at the gauging station. The data were collated and outliers were removed. The missing data were fitted using the Least Square Method. The flood generating processes were investigated by computing the bankfull discharge of selected reach as well as collecting river bed samples at six (6) different locations along the river reach. Based on these, the specific gravity and mobile D50 and D90 of the bed materials were obtained. The preliminary investigation of the river morphodynamics was studied by computing the sediment transport parameters such as Shield parameter, bed shear velocity, sediment fall velocity amongst others. These parameters are significantly important due the high flow rate associated with the river. Based on criteria by two well-known sediment transport capacity formula, the river reach is characterized as sandy-bed River in line with Eugelund and Hansen’s Formula (E-H-F). The entire flow generation parameters and mobile river bed materials failed the Meyer and Peter- Muller criteria. Hence, the sediment transport capacity of the river was computed using (E-H-F). The results show that understanding the morphodynamics of the rivers play a significant role in the understanding of flooding.

Mapping flood by the object-based method using backscattering coefficient and interference coherence of Sentinel-1 time series

The SAR has the ability of all-weather and all-time data acquisition, it can penetrate the cloud and is not affected by extreme weather conditions, and the acquired images have better contrast and rich texture information. This paper aims to investigate the use of an object-oriented classification approach for flood information monitoring in floodplains using backscattering coefficients and interferometric coherence of Sentinel-1 data under time series. Firstly, the backscattering characteristics and interference coherence variation characteristics of SAR time series are used to analyze whether the flood disaster information can be accurately reflected and provide the basis for selecting input classification characteristics of subsequent SAR images. Subsequently, the contribution rate index of the RF model is used to calculate the importance of each index in time series to convert the selected large number of classification features into low dimensional feature space to improve the classification accuracy and reduce the data redundancy. Finally, the SAR image features in each period after multi-scale segmentation and feature selection are jointly used as the input features of RF classification to extract and segment the water in the study area to monitor floods' spatial distribution and dynamic characteristics. The results showed that the various attributes of backscatter coefficients and interferometric coherence under time series could accurately correspond with the actual flood risk, and the combined use of backscattering coefficient and interferometric coherence for flood extraction can significantly improve the accuracy of flood information extraction. Overall, the object-based random forest method using the backscattering coefficient and interference coherence of Sentinel-1 time series for flood extraction advances our understanding of flooding's temporal and spatial dynamics, essential for the timely adoption of adaptation and mitigation strategies for loss reduction.

Event, Process and Pulse: Resituating Floods in Environmental Histories of South Asia

Abstract The notion of the flood in South Asia is no longer solely characterised as the archetypal natural disaster. This perceptual shift, as this article will point out, draws from a conceptual shift within the field of environmental histories of South Asia. In the course of exploring and debating ideas about environmental change, environmental historians have drastically reconsidered the role and impacts of flooding in South Asia through three distinct narrative frameworks: (i) extreme hydraulic events; (ii) geomorphological process; and (iii) biological pulses. Environmental history as a field has thus helped to flesh out and radically revise our understanding of flooding, which has changed from previously being seen as an ahistorical calamitous event to instead providing contexts for revealing complex relationships between geomorphological processes, biological pulses and livelihood strategies. The notion of the flood in South Asia, consequently, is now acknowledged as an ecological force that is mediated by social, cultural and political interventions rather than exclusively borne out as an effect of nature.

Method to complete flow rate data in automatic fluviometric stations in the karst system of Lagoa Santa area, MG, Brazil

Data acquisition by automatic monitoring allows obtaining a large number of data, supporting a better understanding of the monitored region. The use of automated discharge measurement enables a better understanding of floods, the relationship between surface and groundwater flow rate values, and aquifer recharge. However, automatic instruments processing and storage may fail, leading to missing values in some intervals of the recorded time series. These missing values may be replaced by estimates from the regional flow rate or other statistical approximations. For evolved karst systems, however, those techniques may not be adequate due to their rapid discharge responses to rainfall. The aim of this paper is to develop a method able to estimate fluviometric monitoring missing values, based on time series correlation for correlated data. These estimates were obtained from automated monitoring through pressure transducers in 6 streams in a region of approximately 505 km2, predominantly covered by the carbonate and metapellitic Neoproterozoic rocks of the Bambuí Group. The proposed method is composed of four sequential steps: computing the streamflow-data autocorrelation and the cross-correlation of pluviometry with the flow rate; calculating the precipitation fraction that directly contributes to the discharge; fitting of a linear relationship between pluviometry and the monitored daily discharge, to calculate discharge values on days when automatic measurements failed; and approximation of the calculated and monitored discharge values, using a number of statistical criteria. The results show the maturity of the karst aquifer system, with fast ground-water flow and low storage, well-calibrated stage-discharge rating curves for the 2016/2017 hydrological year and that the values estimated by proposed methodology present a deviation of less than 9% over the monitored data.

ANALISIS BANJIR DAERAH ILOTIDEA KABUPATEN GORONTALO MENGGUNAKAN DATA CITRA RADAR SRTM

Floods are natural disasters that often occur in Indonesia, one of them in Gorontalo Province. Flood handling must begin with an understanding of flooding and geological conditions that have the potential to cause flooding. This study aims to determine the causes of flooding that occurred in the Ilotidea area based on the analysis of SRTM radar image data. SRTM data is processed and produces a 3D watershed hydrology surface model. Hydrological modeling is then carried out to obtain a 3D hydrological model on the surface of the Ilotidea region and its surroundings. Analysis of 3D watershed hydrology models and 3D hydrological models on the surface of the Ilotidea region and beyond to determine the causes of flooding in the Ilotidea region. Based on SRTM data, Ilotidea region consists of mountains morphology and lake plains. Surface modeling of 3D watershed hydrology shows that the Ilotidea region is in the Bolango watershed. The hydrological 3D surface model of the Ilotidea region shows that the flooding was caused by the overflow of Limboto Lake and Bolango River. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that when high-intensity rain occurs it will cause Limboto Lake and Bolango River to overflow, then causing flooding in the Ilotidea area.

Hydroclimatological Perspective of the Kerala Flood of 2018

Flood is among the deadliest disasters in India, and the frequency of floods and extreme precipitation events is projected to increase under the warming climate. The frequency of floods in India varies geographically as some regions are more prone to floods than the others. The Kerala flood of 2018 caused enormous economic damage, affected millions of people, and resulted in the death of more than 400 people. Here we provide a hydroclimatological perspective on the Kerala flood of 2018. Using the observations and model simulations from the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model, we show that the 2018 extreme precipitation and runoff conditions that caused flooding were unprecedented in the record of the past 66 years (1951–2017). Our results show that mean monsoon precipitation has significantly declined while air temperature has significantly increased during 1951–2017 in Kerala. The drying and warming trends during the monsoon season resulted in a declined total runoff in large part of the state in the last 66 years. Apart from the mean hydroclimatic conditions, extreme precipitation, and extreme total runoff have also declined from 1951 to 2017. However, 1 and 2-day extreme precipitation and extreme runoff conditions in August 2018 exceeded substantially from the long-term 95th percentiles recorded during 1951–2017. Since there is no increase in mean and extreme precipitation in Kerala over the last six decades, the extreme event during August 2018 is likely to be driven by anomalous atmospheric conditions due to climate variability rather anthropogenic climate warming. The severity of the Kerala flood of 2018 and the damage caused might be affected by several factors including land use/land cover change, antecedent hydrologic conditions, reservoir storage and operations, encroachment of flood plains, and other natural factors. The impacts of key drivers (anthropogenic and natural) on flood severity need to be established to improve our understanding of floods and associated damage.

What is going wrong with community engagement? How flood communities and flood authorities construct engagement and partnership working

In this paper, we discuss the need for flood risk management in England that engages stakeholders with flooding and its management processes, including knowledge gathering, planning and decision-making. By comparing and contrasting how flood communities experience ‘community engagement’ and ‘partnership working’, through the medium of an online questionnaire, with the process’s and ways of working that the Environment Agency use when ‘working with others’, we demonstrate that flood risk management is caught up in technocratic ways of working derived from long-standing historical practices of defending agricultural land from water. Despite the desire to move towards more democratised ways of working which enable an integrated approach to managing flood risk, the technocratic framing still pervades contemporary flood risk management. We establish that this can disconnect society from flooding and negatively impacts the implementation of more participatory approaches designed to engage flood communities in partnership working.Through the research in this paper it becomes clear that adopting a stepwise, one-size-fits-all approach to engagement fails to recognise that communities are heterogenous and that good engagement requires gaining an understanding of the social dimensions of a community. Successful engagement takes time, effort and the establishment of trust and utilises social learning and pooling of knowledge to create a better understanding of flooding, and that this can lead to increasing societal connectivity to flooding and its impacts.

Sedimentological and geomorphological impacts of the jökulhlaup (glacial outburst flood) in january 2002 at kverkfjöll, northern iceland

Jökulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) are common hazards in many glaciated environments. However, research on the controls on the sedimentological and geomorphological impact of jökulhlaups is rare. Developing a more comprehensive understanding of flood impacts may be useful for hazard identification, prediction and mitigation.This study determines the controls on the sedimentological and geomorphological impact of a jökulhlaup in January 2002 at Kverkfjöll, northern Iceland. This jökulhlaup, caused by geothermal activity, reached a peak discharge of 490 m3s−1 as recorded at a permanent gauging station 40 km downstream from the glacier snout. However, reconstructed peak discharges in the proximal part of the jökulhlaup channel near the glacier snout indicate a peak discharge of 2590 m3s−1. The jökulhlaup hydrograph was characterized by a rapid rising stage and a more gradual falling stage. As a result, sedimentary and geomorphological impacts included poorly sorted, structureless, matrix‐supported deposits; massive sand units; clast‐supported units; ice‐proximal cobbles, rip‐up clasts and kettle‐holes; and steep‐sided kettle‐holes. These features are proposed to be characteristic of rapid rising stage deposition. Additionally, large‐scale gravel bars and bedload sheets prograded and migrated during the rapid rising stage. The development of these bedforms was facilitated by high bedload transport rates, due to high discharge acceleration rates during the rapid rising stage. During the more prolonged falling stage, there was sufficient time for sediment incision and erosion to occur, exhuming cobbles, ice blocks and rip‐up clasts, and creating well‐defined terrace surfaces.This study provides a clearer understanding of hydrological and sedimentological processes and mechanisms operating during jökulhlaups, and helps to identify flood hazards more accurately, which is fundamental for hazard management and minimizing risk.

Review of Flood Risk Simulation by F.C.B. Mascarenhas, K. Toda, M.G. Miguez, and K. InoueFlood Risk SimulationWIT Press1-85312-751-5$258

A new book on modeling of flood risks is a welcome addition to the literature, given the many flood disasters of recent years. It seems that flood losses continue to worsen, in spite of our improved understanding of flood causes, threats, and protection measures. Flood Risk Simulation adds to this literature with a new presentation of existing theories of hydraulic modeling of floods, along with practical applications to river and urban situations. The author’s vivid description in the preface of how the book came about explains his approach. The book is divided into three discrete sections called chapters , written by different authors or teams of authors. The principal author is from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. His first chapter of some 283 pages is the major part of the book. It presents theories and applications of one-dimensional unsteady free-surface flow and dam-break analysis. The second part of the book, covering some 50 pages, is written by two authors from Kyoto University, in Japan. They present a different approach to hydraulic modeling of flood inundation, with emphasis on both rural and urban areas. The book’s third part, written by the principal author and a colleague at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, spans 101 pages. It presents an alternative modeling approach to the one of the first section. The book contains a number of equations, explanations, and clear illustrations of flood inundation scenarios. At times, however, reading it can be heavy-going. For example, the book’s opening paragraph is nearly three pages long and covers a number of different subjects. It will take a patient and dedicated reader to fathom all of the ideas contained in it. The author proceeds from there to present the general one-dimension analysis of unsteady flow and its solution methods. This is followed by a section on practical problems of solution and then by another on parameter identification. The next section, which focuses on problems of

Hydrological Aspects of Weather Prediction and Flood Warnings: Report of the Ninth Prospectus Development Team of the U.S. Weather Research Program

Among the many natural disasters that disrupt human and industrial activity in the United States each year, including tornadoes, hurricanes, extreme temperatures, and lightning, floods are among the most devastating and rank second in the loss of life. Indeed, the societal impact of floods has increased during the past few years and shows no sign of abating. Although the scientific questions associated with flooding and its accurate prediction are many and complex, an unprecedented opportunity now exists—in light of new observational and computing systems and infrastructures, a much improved understanding of small-scale meteorological and hydrological processes, and the availability of sophisticated numerical models and data assimilation systems—to attack the flood forecasting problem in a comprehensive manner that will yield significant new scientific insights and corresponding practical benefits. The authors present herein a set of recommendations for advancing our understanding of floods via the creation of natural laboratories situated in a variety of local meteorological and hydrological settings. Emphasis is given to floods caused by convection and cold season events, fronts and extratropical cyclones, orographic forcing, and hurricanes and tropical cyclones following landfall. Although the particular research strategies applied within each laboratory setting will necessarily vary, all will share the following principal elements: (a) exploitation of those couplings important to flooding that exist between meteorological and hydrological processes and models; (b) innovative use of operational radars, research radars, satellites, and rain gauges to provide detailed spatial characterizations of precipitation fields and rates, along with the use of this information in hydrological models and for improving and validating microphysical algorithms in meteorological models; (c) comparisons of quantitative precipitation estimation algorithms from both research (especially multiparameter) and operational radars against gauge data as well as output produced by meso- and storm-scale models; (d) use of data from dense, temporary river gauge networks to trace the fate of rain from its starting location in small basins to the entire stream and river network; and (e) sensitivity testing in the design and implementation of separate as well as coupled meteorological and hydrologic models, the latter designed to better represent those nonlinear feedbacks between the atmosphere and land that are known to play an important role in runoff prediction. Vital to this effort will be the creation of effective and sustained linkages between the historically separate though scientifically related disciplines of meteorology and hydrology, as well as their observational infrastructures and research methodologies.