Understanding Of Ethics Research Articles

Bird-View Exploration of Internal Controls and Financial Performance of Selected Savings and Credit Co-Operative Societies in Moyo District, Uganda

This article explores internal controls and financial performance of selected savings and credit cooperative societies in Moyo district, Uganda. Utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, a descriptive cross-sectional research design was employed. The population consists of 56 participants. Data was collected with surveys and interviews. Findings revealed that internal controls are the pillar of any financial institution and SACCOs are not excluded and good financial performance is the motive for having good internal controls implemented in the SACCOs. In spite of the role played by internal controls, SACCOs have continued to face challenges relating to liquidity, profitability, efficiency; in terms of cost per borrower, and alleged malpractices. The above challenges could be attributed to weak internal control system, as this sets a base for misappropriation of organization’s resources. It is on this note that the study calls for the implementation of a systematic risk assessment process that identifies, assesses, and mitigates risks. Regularly update risk assessments to adapt to changing circumstances. More so, there is need to maintain effective internal control communication and proper flow of information down, across, and up within all sections of the organization. This includes clear communication of roles and responsibilities. Invest in continuous training and education for SACCO staff and members to ensure they have a strong understanding of internal controls, ethics, and risk management. Develop and regularly update comprehensive policies and procedures that clearly outline internal control processes, responsibilities, and expectations. This can serve as a guide for staff and members and ensure consistency in control activities. Keywords: Credits, Cooperative societies, Financial performance, Internal controls, Savings.

Moral challenges and understanding of clinical ethics in Tanzanian hospitals: Perspectives of healthcare professionals.

Healthcare professionals encounter many moral challenges in their daily clinical practice. However, there have been few studies on the subject matter in Tanzania. This study aims to provide an account of moral challenges faced by healthcare professionals in Tanzanian hospitals, their understanding of clinical ethics, and the ethics education they have received. Many participants reported receiving some kind of ethics training through formal education and on-the-job training. Some participants understood ethics in healthcare settings as adherence to established laws, regulations, guidelines, procedures, norms, and rules essential in clinical practice. Analysis of the data identified four themes of moral challenges. These challenges are related to 1) decision-making and communication in clinical practice, 2) scarcity of medical resources and prioritization in clinical practice, 3) withdrawal of curative treatment, and 4) conflicts between professional judgment, religious convictions and adherence to alternative treatments. Based on the findings, we suggest a context-sensitive form of clinical ethics training to prepare healthcare professionals to recognize and address these moral challenges.

Students’ Perceptions and Use of AI in MLIS Courses

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been a buzzword on the Internet due to the development of ChatGPT. AI, especially generative AI, can create original text, audio, and images in response to users’ questions and needs. These programs have the potential to enhance students’ learning and creativity if used ethically. Especially for graduate students in the library and information science (LIS), AI can be used to help students outline essays or produce creative content (e.g., videos, slides, visual presentations) that mimic human intelligence and creativity. However, considering this is yet new technology, research needs to be done to understand how students perceive and use AI ethically in their coursework and research in higher education settings. Specifically, this study aims to explore students’ views on the ethical implications of AI in LIS research and class assignments in a course in the Master of Library and Information Studies (MLIS) program at a university and gather students’ perspectives on its responsible or irresponsible utilization. Content analysis of students’ online discussions revealed that students perceived that AI could enhance educational efficiency, foster creativity, and provide technical support. Students found AI helpful in personalized learning experiences, resource access, streamlining tasks, and critical thinking and problem-solving. However, they had concerns about incorrect citation, copyright, plagiarism, bias, misinformation, privacy, and the risk of diminished creativity. This inquiry will contribute to gaining insights into how to help MLIS students prepare with ethical understanding and use of AI for their professional activities.

The Anthropocene, Self-Cultivation, and Courage: The Jesuit François Noël as a Witness of Inter-Religious Dialogue between Aristotelian and Confucian Ethics

This article explores the specific role of courage in the context of the Anthropocene’s moment; it first examines Aristotle’s conception of virtues, focusing on courage, before comparing it to Confucian thought and analyzing the historical dialogue between Western and Chinese traditions on ethics through the works of François Noël (1651–1729). Aristotle views moral cultivation as a social process wherein habits shape inner dispositions; in his view, courage is linked to other virtues, such as temperance and justice. For Aristotle, courage implies the appropriate balance between extremes and must be directed toward a worthy end, such as promoting positive change within a community. This Aristotelian perspective was later incorporated into a biblical framework by Aquinas and Suarez, emphasizing dichotomies between body and soul, as well as between humans and other living beings. These dichotomies must be challenged in the face of the Anthropocene’s emergencies. The second part of this contribution proceeds to a detour examining Confucian ethics, which rests on a different anthropology, emphasizing continuities rather than discontinuities. Like Aristotelian thought, Confucian thought also underscores moral education within a community; it prioritizes humanity, embodied through empathy and loyalty. In the Analects, courage is balanced by a sense of rituals and righteousness. Mencius further distinguishes several types of courage, stressing self-cultivation and the ruler’s responsibility to make empathetic, appropriate decisions for the community’s sake. From this perspective, courage is understood as the continuous perseverance in self-cultivation, coupled with a firm intention oriented toward the good of the community. Zhu Xi’s comments on Zilu’s courage in the Analects extend this Confucian tradition. Finally, this article highlights how a dialogue between Aristotelian and Confucian ethics began four centuries ago, particularly through Noël’s Philosophia Sinica, which combined these traditions. This inter-religious approach to ethics, enriched by figures such as Aquinas, Suarez, Zhu Xi, and neo-Confucian thinkers, requires re-evaluation because the understanding of personal ethics and nature has evolved. The modern naturalistic approach, with its emphasis on dichotomies, has contributed to a mechanistic view of nature, fostering its exploitation, and a devaluation of the body. This contrast highlights the urgent need for renewed dialogue between Western and Chinese ethical traditions to address contemporary challenges, with François Noël serving as a historical witness of these exchanges.

Applying a Health Equity Lens to Better Understand End-of-Life Prognostication.

Racial and ethnic inequity exists throughout the lifespan, including at the end of life (EOL). Although prognostication is inherently fraught with uncertainty, many underrepresented minorities get prognoses that are overly optimistic, which can exacerbate inequity by depriving patients of details needed to make informed decisions and plan for EOL care. This article applies a health equity lens to facilitate better ethical and clinical understandings of how to care for patients of color more equitably at the EOL.

Medical ethics education and awareness: Insights from a study among pakistani medical students and faculty members

This study investigated the knowledge and attitudes towards medical ethics among medical and dental students and faculty members at five medical universities in Karachi, Pakistan. Utilizing a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based design, the research included 438 participants. The study found that while a majority of participants were aware of the four basic principles of medical ethics, only 15.3% could correctly identify all of them. The primary mode of ethics education was through lectures and seminars, with less emphasis on interactive learning methods. The study also revealed a significant gap in faculty engagement and understanding of medical ethics. Although the majority of participants were aware of their institution's ethics committee, a significant proportion were unaware of its existence. The study highlights the need to enhance faculty engagement, address gaps in comprehensive understanding, adopt more interactive teaching methods, and increase the curricular emphasis on medical ethics in Pakistan.

Decent deepfakes? Professional deepfake developers’ ethical considerations and their governance potential

AbstractPolicymakers and societies are grappling with the question of how to respond to deepfakes, i.e., synthetic audio-visual media which is proliferating in all areas of digital life– from politics to pornography. However, debates and research on deepfakes’ impact and governance largely neglect the technology’s sources, namely the developers of the underlying artificial intelligence (AI), and those who provide code or deepfake creation services to others, making the technology widely accessible. These actors include open-source developers, professionals working in large technology companies and specialized start-ups, and for deepfake apps. They can profoundly impact which underlying AI technologies are developed, whether and how they are made public, and what kind of deepfakes can be created. Therefore, this paper explores which values guide professional deepfake development, how economic and academic pressures and incentives influence developers’ (perception of) agency and ethical views, and how these views do and could impact deepfake design, creation, and dissemination. Thereby, the paper focuses on values derived from debates on AI ethics and on deepfakes’ impact. It is based on ten qualitative in-depth expert interviews with academic and commercial deepfake developers and ethics representatives of synthetic media companies. The paper contributes to a more nuanced understanding of AI ethics in relation to audio-visual generative AI. Besides, it empirically informs and enriches the deepfake governance debate by incorporating developers’ voices and highlighting governance measures which directly address deepfake developers and providers and emphasize the potential of ethics to curb the dangers of deepfakes.

Punitive Operations Carried out by Lithuanian Partisans in Alytus County in 1944–1952

To compare with guerrilla wars in the 20th century in Europe, participants of Lithuanian partisan movement after the WW II were particularly involved in fighting collaborationism; they were struggling to overcome challenges related to support showed by their fellow citizens to the Soviet authorities. In the majority of cases, the punitive operations were precalculated actions, by which it was sought not to allow the Soviets to entrench deeply their authority in this country; yet, in part, it had been spontaneous responses towards substantial reforming of social relations and world view norms prevailing in Lithuania (especialy in the countryside). New norms had to comply with the bolshevist communist ideology version. In the beginning, fighting collaborationism had not been the most important part of partisan activity, yet, under conditions of increasing involvement of local people in the schemes of repressive structures (first of all, those of NKVD and MGB), the number of counter-punitive operations increased. Especially violent fight of this kind broke out in South Lithuania, first of all, in Dzūkija, as in this region, Dainava and Tauras military districts of partisans were established. Those two military districts were stronger and resisted longer to compare with other ones. It is likely that earlier, the leaders of first military groups of partisans acted spontaneously, they were following their own understanding of ethics. Although a part of them had to have access to the Order of 10th November 1944 of Headquarters of Lithuanian Freedom Army formally functioning across Lithuania. The Order contained information related to citizens behaviour concerning collaborationism. Later, the leaders of partisan military districts drafted legal acts, more or less adapted to war time conditions, regulating partisan fight tactics and methods against collaborations. Statistics collected when preparing this article shows that in 1941 – 1952, in the biggest Dzūkija county, Alytus county, Lithuanian partisans claimed the lives of more than 1 450 people (this number includes victims of clashes with the NKVD and MGB units). About 300 (21 per cent) of them were killed during mass assaults on one or several villages; later these events were named Bartholomew‘s Day Massacre. The majority of the victims were people who contributed more or less to entrenchment of Soviet system in Lithuania, although it is problematic to determine the exact number of such people, because, when investigating concrete cases, frequently, one is not able to reconstruct all circumstances of the event. Those cases when entire families were killed together with underage children are to be considered criminal offences unambiguously – no justification documents have been found concerning such actions in the written legacy of the partisans (several concerete cases demonstrate that partisan leaders considered a person of 14 years of age fully responsible for his / her actions).

Sosialisasi Kepemimpinan Bagi Pengurus OSIS SMP : Membangun Pemimpin Masa Depan Yang Berkarakter dan Inovatif

The Intra-School Student Organization (OSIS) at the junior high school level plays a crucial role in developing students' leadership skills. However, a lack of understanding of leadership concepts and minimal practical training are major obstacles to developing this potential. This research aims to enhance the leadership competencies of OSIS board members at SMP Negeri 1 Sumberrejo through a leadership socialization and training program. The implementation method used involves socialization and interactive discussions with all OSIS board members as participants. The results of the activities show that the socialization successfully increased participants' understanding of leadership concepts, ethics, responsibilities, and basic leadership skills such as effective communication, decision-making, and teamwork. The interactive Q&A sessions and distribution of door prizes also played a role in increasing participants' engagement and motivation. It is hoped that this activity will foster the development of strong, innovative leaders who are ready to face future challenges.

The spirit of sports as ideology: a theoretical framework

ABSTRACT The discourse surrounding the spirit of sports, especially under the purview of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), often centers on the philosophical implications of doping and fair play. This research aims to reframe the discussion by employing the lens of historical materialism and Marxist theory, considering sports not merely as isolated physical endeavors but deeply interwoven with societal and ideological transformations. This approach traces the evolution of sports from ancient times, where it served religious and communal functions, to its current status as a component of global capitalist culture. By analyzing the spirit of sports through the theoretical frameworks of Althusser and Žižek, this study explores how sports act as ideological state apparatuses (AIEs), shaping and being shaped by the prevailing economic and social structures. The core argument posits that the spirit of sports is both a reflection of and a contributor to the ideological superstructures that define different historical epochs. The analysis highlights the transition from viewing sports as communal and ritualistic engagements to mechanisms of capitalist ideology, emphasizing competition and profit. Through this historical and ideological critique, the research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the spirit of sports, challenging traditional perspectives that isolate sports from their socio-economic and ideological contexts. The findings suggest that any discussion about the spirit of sports, particularly in anti-doping debates, must consider the broader ideological forces at play, thereby opening pathways for a more nuanced understanding of sports ethics.

The Non-Anthropocentric Other in Film: Towards a Spectral Ethics of Film

This article aims to add a further perspective to the discussion of the relationship between film and ethics. This perspective is important in today’s context, as the omnipresence of digital and mobile audiovisual images in everyday life increasingly determines our thinking and behaviour. However, there is a lack of appropriate critical reflection and ethical understanding of these images and their ontology. This article proposes a machine ethics of film from a film-philosophical perspective. Such an ethics draws on critical posthumanism, namely on Karen Barad’s “ethics of mattering”, which explicitly relates to Emmanuel Levinas’ philosophy of the Other and their death. Thereby, special attention is given to the ontological nexus of film and death, as well as to the idea of film’s spectrality (drawing on, e.g., Derrida, Barthes, and Leutrat), a context that is discussed along with Barad’s diffractive view on quantum entanglement. Following from the author’s earlier approaches to Barad’s agential realism in the context of film-philosophy and certain Heidegger-based arguments set out in earlier writings about film and death, this article introduces the figure of what is called the “machinic spectre of film”. From here, the outline of a possible spectral ethics of film is considered by giving reasons for the exploration of further questions.

Communication Ethics in the Telemarketer Team of PT Telmark Integrasi Indonesia

Telemarketing is one method of marketing and socializing products using telephone media that is often used by companies. In this method, many results are not good in terms of sales due to the lack of understanding of good communication ethics from marketers. Communication ethics have an important role in maintaining professionalism and achieving goals in the telemarketing team. PT Telmark Integration Indonesia is a company engaged in BPO (Business Process Outsourcing), with one of the services provided is sales through telemarketing. This study aims to analyze the practice of communication ethics applied in the telemarketing team at PT Telmark Integration Indonesia. The research methods used are interviews with telemarketing team members and document analysis of policies and guidelines related to communication ethics. The results showed that with improved, more intensive training factors on communication ethics, effective conflict management, as well as awareness of the importance of privacy and security of customer data that the telemarketing team at PT Telmark Integrasi Indonesi can improve the results of telemarketing.

Transformative Islamic Education from the Perspective KH Abdullah Munjul (Study of Manuscript Layang Siti Hasanah)

The "Layangan Siti Hasanah" manuscript, a significant Islamic text, provides valuable insights into historical educational practices. This research explores how its teachings can be applied to contemporary Islamic education to foster meaningful change and personal growth. The study involves a detailed analysis of the manuscript’s content, focusing on its educational methodologies and philosophies. It examines how these principles can be integrated into modern educational frameworks to enhance critical thinking, moral development, and holistic learning. Key findings reveal that the manuscript contains educational approaches that align with transformative educational goals. These approaches include methods for developing critical thinking and ethical understanding, which are relevant to current educational practices. The research suggests that incorporating these traditional principles into contemporary Islamic education can create a more dynamic and effective learning environment. By merging historical insights with modern needs, educators can promote both academic and personal development in students. Overall, this study highlights the importance of integrating traditional Islamic teachings with modern educational methods to achieve a transformative educational experience that benefits students in various aspects of their lives.The method used in this research is qualitative, while the approach used is the historical and anthropological approach to Islamic education, then the data collection techniques used are documentation and interviews and data analysis in the researcher's research using philological and symbiotic analysis. The results of research on Transformative Islamic education in the Layang Siti Hasanah manuscript according to KH Abdullah Munjul are divided into 3 domains of Transformation, namely: 1. Syariat teachings, 2. Tarekat teachings. 3. Marifat teaching.

Conversational Artificial Intelligence: A Catalyst for Rethinking Assessment in Higher Education

Conversational Artificial Intelligence has disrupted higher education by fundamentally altering its landscape. Fuelled by natural language processing and machine learning this technology has gained widespread adoption particularly since the release of ChatGPT in November 2022. As universities embrace digital transformation, assessment practices must evolve to align with the capabilities of Artificial Intelligence-driven chatbots and virtual assistants. This paper explores how conversational artificial intelligence impacts higher education, in particular, student assessment. A fundamental shift in assessment and evaluation of student competencies is necessary to not only consider knowledge retention but also critical thinking, communication, and adaptability skills. A review of the literature was conducted to understand how assignments should change due to the emergence of this disruptive technology. Conversational Artificial Intelligence and its application within the higher education context is uncertain, with disparate practices—in terms of ethical consideration and understanding—across the sector. A case study was conducted in which MSc Management students undertaking a specific module were tasked to use three Artificial Intelligence tools in their report writing of a business, to verify the sources and content provided by the Artificial Intelligence tool, and to critically evaluate the process as well as the output received for each prompt. The paper proposes a collaborative approach to navigate the ethical implementation and utilization of conversational Artificial Intelligence in higher education, advocating for the co-creation of guidelines through forums like Knowledge Cafés, stressing the need to rethink student assignments and its assessment and the adoption of artificial intelligence technologies by students for assignments.

Examining the influence of team-based learning on medical students' comprehension and attitudes regarding psychedelic therapies.

This study evaluates the impact of a two-hour team-based learning (TBL) curriculum on medical students' knowledge, comprehension, ethical understanding, and attitudes towards psychedelic therapies. Sixty-three pre-surveys and fifty post-surveys assessed students' perceived knowledge and attitudes using Likert scales. Forty-eight matched pre/post-knowledge tests with multiple-choice questions quantified changes in comprehension. The TBL approach featured independent learning, team readiness assessments, and application exercises. Post-curriculum, students demonstrated significantly improved test scores (mean 41.4% increase, p < 0.0001) and more positive attitudes across 16 of 18 items (p ≤ 0.0495). Overall attitude scores increased 23% (p < 0.0001). Qualitative feedback reflected enhanced comfort discussing psychedelics clinically. While some students expressed support for psychedelic-assisted therapy, others cited reservations. This innovative curriculum bridged an important education gap given the increasing relevance of psychedelic medicine. Findings suggest TBL enhances medical student preparedness in this emerging field. Continued curricular development is warranted to ensure proper psychedelic education aligns with patient needs and legislative policies. As psychedelic research progresses, maintaining instructional excellence is crucial for future healthcare professionals.

The Spiralling of Corporate Corruption and the Plummeting of Corporate Governance and Ethical Leadership in African Institutions

Generally, several factors around the corporate world influence different nations technologically, socially, economically, and politically. Specifically, this paper focuses on the African continent’s politics concerning corporate corruption, corporate governance, and ethical leadership. This study aims to critically reflect on and evaluate the significance of curbing and combating corruption, promoting governance and ethics in Africa, and furthering and practising those principles. It employed a theoretical, qualitative content analysis approach in which a critical evaluation of relevant in-depth literature review was used and conducted to achieve the study objective. The results of this study revealed that: Incompetent and unethical leaders succumb to corruption, causing Africa's corruption to spiral out of control. Competent and ethical leaders, on the other hand, resist corruption; African leaders and authorities should take steps to fight corruption through ethics and governance; African corporations have become increasingly corrupt; corporate governance and ethical leadership have declined in Africa; African politicians have uncurbed power to advance their private gains, and finally, African leaders need to change their mindsets and cultures to achieve economic growth. This study emphasizes and reiterates the importance of dealing effectively with corporate corruption and advancing governance and ethics to benefit the African population and the continent. It further provides a broad and deeper understanding of corruption, ethics, and governance. The conceptual, strategic model provided by this study may be selected and used by African leaders, authorities, boards of directors, shareholders, and Chief Executive Officers (CEOs), as a tool to address corruption in African organizations and institutions.

Mengoptimalkan Pengimplementasian Pelatihan dan Pengembangan Pelayanan Tenaga Kerja kesehatan di RSUD Sawerigading

This article discusses the implementation of training and development of health workforce services at Sawerigading Hospital to overcome cases of discrimination between BPJS and non-BPJS patients. This research uses a literature review method with a qualitative approach and highlights the need for increased HR training and development for the optimization of health services. The results showed the importance of improving the skills, knowledge, and inclusive culture of health workers, as well as involving the community in efforts to improve service effectiveness. RSUD Sawerigading has committed to improving employee competencies through technical, soft skills, self-development, and specialization training programs to improve overall health services. Concrete steps are needed to address discrimination against BPJS patients and improve staff understanding of ethics and professionalism in health services to achieve optimal service.

Factores asociados a la actitud hacia la eutanasia y el aborto en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad del Perú

Introduction. The ethical debate surrounding euthanasia and abortion is relevant both in the medical and moral spheres. In the Peruvian context, these practices face legal and ethical challenges. Objective. To analyze the attitudes of medical students towards euthanasia and abortion, considering sociodemographic, academic, and religiosity variables. Methods. A descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study was conducted with medical students from a private university in Peru. Online questionnaires were administered to assess attitudes towards euthanasia and abortion, as well as religiosity and sociodemographic characteristics. Results. 341 participants were evaluated. Regarding attitudes towards abortion, religiosity (β = 0.314, p &lt; 0.001), female gender (β = -0.243, p &lt; 0.001), clinical/surgical years (β = -0,190, p &lt; 0.001), and employment (β = 0,111, p = 0.026) were associated. As for attitudes towards euthanasia, associations were observed with religiosity (β = -0.234, p &lt; 0.001) and female gender (β = 0.108, p = 0.042). Conclusions. The influence of religiosity and gender on medical students' attitudes towards euthanasia and abortion is highlighted. These findings have implications for medical education and ethical understanding in a context where these practices face legal and social challenges.

Unlocking meaning: Truth-conditional semantic and syntactic analysis in the Bible

This research focused on complex conditional sentences in the Christian bible, employing truth-conditional semantics and syntactic analysis to uncover their theological messages. A qualitative study analyzed 20 verses, categorized into four types of conditional sentences according to Ferdinand de Saussure's syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. It involved word analysis, structural classification, context correlation, synonymous exploration, and historical and theological consideration. The findings revealed several key insights. First, conditional sentences in the Christian bible predominantly featured compound-complex structures with an active voice, highlighting subjects and actions in religious verses. Second, they adhered to declarative formats, aligning with truth-telling principles in religious contexts. Third, complex structures and subordinate clauses conveyed conditional details, reasons, and situations, elaborating on the interplay between syntax and semantics. This research enriched our understanding of the relationship among verb forms, modal verbs, and diverse meanings within English conditional sentence types in the Christian bible. Fourth, this research had a significant social impact on human development from a theological perspective by enhancing spiritual growth, critical thinking, and ethical understanding. It promoted personal transformation and reflective faith, providing religious leaders with tools to interpret scripture more accurately. Additionally, the research clarified how biblical language communicated moral imperatives, supported ethical frameworks, and facilitated interfaith dialogue. Preserving theological heritage contributed to the holistic development of individuals and communities. Ultimately, this study aimed to ensure the Bible's relevance in shaping social behavior aligned with Christian teachings.

Assessing and Enhancing Core Competencies in Vocational Education: A Case Study of Senior Students at Guangxi Police College, China

This study evaluates the core competencies of senior students at Guangxi Police College within the framework of higher vocational education and provides guidelines for enhancing these skills. A Likert 5-Point Scale questionnaire based on Lin Chongde’s 2017 framework assessed these competencies among 155 students. A statistical study of the data, concentrating on mean values and standard deviations, indicated variable levels of competence across six dimensions: moral awareness, social responsibility, cultural comprehension, critical thinking, language competency, and aesthetic appreciation. They demonstrated high levels of ethical awareness, social responsibility, cultural understanding, critical thinking, and aesthetic appreciation, while language abilities were graded as medium, indicating a need for targeted improvement. Recommendations include incorporating interactive language activities and industry-specific training, targeting critical thinking through case studies and debate clubs, broadening cultural understanding through international exposure, cultivating aesthetic appreciation through art classes, and increasing social responsibility through community service and internships. Integrating ethics education across all disciplines and practical ethical dilemma workshops were suggested to promote moral awareness. This study presents a complete examination of basic abilities in a vocational environment and offers actionable suggestions for educational improvement. This paper addresses the critical gap in creating vocational training programs for police officers. It focuses on police students' vocational education and provides a detailed assessment of fundamental abilities adapted for law enforcement training. The study findings give an insightful overview of the viable future revisions in vocational programs that match the educational requirements and practical demands of the police profession.