Underrepresented People Research Articles

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Student Engagement in a General Chemistry Course

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many colleges and universities transitioned their face-to-face courses to emergency remote online courses during the spring of 2020. This study, conducted at a large, urban, diverse public university in the United States, answers the questions of how the sudden switch to emergency remote online instruction and the encompassing events of the pandemic changed student learning and engagement in a college-level introductory chemistry course. The research addresses the demographic and lifestyle factors that determine the magnitude of these changes. The mixed-methods approach uses a 19-item Pandemic Online Student Engagement (POSE) scale to quantitatively evaluate changes in student engagement and combines it with a qualitative analysis of student essay responses. The results reveal a decrease in student engagement, with underrepresented people of color (URPOC) students particularly affected and reporting significantly greater decreases in three of the four engagement components: skills engagement, participation engagement, and performance engagement. The decreases in motivation and self-regulation occurred in part because the historic pandemic event made it more difficult to focus on studies, and because students’ home environments were not conducive to self-regulated learning. This study provides unique insights for chemistry instructors and college administrators into how the sudden changes in instructional dynamics affected students while the pandemic unfolded. Studies like this are necessary to prevent widening achievement gaps if the current pandemic lingers or if future threats dictate another widespread adoption of emergency remote online learning in general chemistry.

Diversity fatigue: A survey for measuring attitudes towards diversity enhancing efforts in academia.

Academia is grappling with how to address persistent underrepresentation and reduce inequities. With so many diversity-enhancing initiatives underway, some within the academic community might experience "diversity fatigue," a construct we use to understand majority groups' feelings of weariness toward diversity efforts. For our testing purposes, we focused on ethnic and minority underrepresentation, and collected data in four studies from 473 White American students and faculty. Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and latent profile analysis, we develop and confirm the single factor structure of the final 6-item Diversity Fatigue scale. We measured associations with other established measures and examined the strength of the association between diversity fatigue and faculty's support for a diversity-enhancing intervention. Results demonstrated scale reliability, convergent validity with system-justifying beliefs, and offer suggestive evidence of discriminant validity with inclusion concerns and implicit race-based associations. Although mean levels of diversity fatigue were low overall, diversity fatigue scores were related to concerns about the effort involved with diversity work and were significantly associated with faculty's motivation to adopt a diversity-enhancing classroom activity. Diversity fatigue in academia is a dampening in people's response to or enthusiasm for efforts that improve the experience of underrepresented people. This state experience is connected to system-justifying beliefs and is related to concerns about the effort required to do diversity interventions. Understanding and measuring this construct has implications for the psychology of intergroup relations, as well as practical implications for campus communities committed to diversity programs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Being Non-Anglo Fisheries Consultants in the Pacific

In the pacific islands in recent years the scientific consulting world is a place where underrepresented groups have resided helping more “educated white English-speaking” scientists. Due to language culture gaps, there has been segregation of researchers leading non-English speaking partners not to receive the recognition of the money that they deserve. This is an example of the colonial system affecting the consulting industry. Now it is time to pave the way for the next generation to help decolonize these systems in scientific research so there are more opportunities for underrepresented people of science.

Using Participatory Approaches to Enhance Women’s Engagement in Natural Resource Management in Northern Ghana

From 2016–2019, the West African Forest-Farm Interface (WAFFI) project engaged with smallholder farmers in northern Ghana to explore mechanisms to improve the influence of under-represented peoples, particularly women, in decision-making processes and platforms that affect their access to natural resources. Through a multi-phase process of participatory activities, including auto-appraisal, participatory action research (PAR) and facilitated knowledge exchange, villagers and researchers worked together to document and develop a better understanding of the challenges and changes facing women and men in the region to generate social learning. Among these challenges, the degradation of forest resources due to over exploitation, weak governance and conflict of use over shea trees (Vitellaria paradoxa) were particularly important for women. The WAFFI approach created a scaffold for social learning that strengthened the capacity of local stakeholders to share their perspectives and opinions more effectively in multi-stakeholder forums and dialogue related to resource use and land use change initiatives.

Reactions

OPINION Reactions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail C&EN, 2021, 99 (17), p 4May 10, 2021Cite this:C&EN 99, 17, 4▸ Letters to the editorSexual harassment in chemistryThe C&EN cover story “Sexual Harassment and Its Aftershocks” (March 15, 2021, page 28) is a greatly appreciated initiation of conversation about ending the long tolerance for sexual harassment of women in US educational institutions. As reported in the story, such an environment distresses and repels students. You did a great job of covering a difficult story.One dean quoted in your story attributed Gianluigi Veglia’s harassment and the minor consequences he received to “part of the larger US culture—and scientific culture—of devaluing women.” I agree that it is common; at many universities I visited, female students with similar stories sought advice for dealing with such behavior quietly. However, now because students are becoming more vocal and we want to attract and keep them, your article is a timely critical learning opportunity.One good change the administrators made according to your article was to broaden the conversation to include avoiding inappropriate behavior generally, which would be toward both women and underrepresented people of color. This will give students confidence that multiple issues will be addressed rapidly in the future. Another change was to include many members of underrepresented groups on task forces and committees that are charged to address current issues and create policy for the future. It appeared that all members previously were White males, who are not most knowledgeable to address consequences of harassment of women or people of color.At the Atlanta American Chemical Society meeting, a Women Chemists Committee symposium titled “Sexual Harassment in Science: Continuing the Conversation” is scheduled. That symposium is another opportunity to exchange additional ideas and formulate more solutions, which will enable us to give future students an environment more attractive and conducive to learning, and less intimidating.Donna J. NelsonNorman, OklahomaI’d like to express my gratitude to the editors of C&EN for the recent story using the University of Minnesota as a case study for how the lack of institutional accountability fails to provide an equitable training environment for female scientists. Our university leadership is often represented by men and women who have been trained in the sciences, not law. As a scientist by training, I believe I, like many other scientists, do not have sufficient experience to impart legal judgment on a case such as the one you have detailed with Gianluigi Veglia. This is a large reason why the Title IX office exists. At the University of Minnesota, all staff present at the Office of Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action (EOAA) are practicing lawyers. In particular, the investigator assigned to the case regarding Veglia’s behavior has over a decade of experience practicing law. This should provide us with the confidence that conclusions from the EOAA Office are placed within the guidelines provided by the Department of Education and that their recommendations are consistent with current legal precedence. Therefore, the decision for university leadership to blatantly ignore a recommendation from the EOAA Office was, bluntly, egregious. Although the university has now implemented policies to ensure that this does not happen again, the administrators who displayed such disregard toward our students and our legal structure were given no consequences for their poor judgment. This inaction only perpetuates the cycle of apathy and neglect that allowed Veglia to brazenly harass his trainees. More tragically, this sends the message that women in science are not valued, furthering systemic gender inequality in the sciences, especially in positions of leadership, where they are needed.Jonggul KimDallasEditor’s note: Jonggul Kim was a student in Gianluigi Veglia’s lab from 2010 to 2015 and was quoted in C&EN’s article.Monty FetterolfThis year marks the long-awaited and well-deserved retirement of the University of South Carolina Aiken’s venerated physical chemistry professor Dr. Monty Fetterolf. Dr. Fetterolf has devoted 32 years to the students of USC Aiken and has enriched many a mind with his aptitude and passion for chemistry. Since 1982, he has maintained affiliation with the American Chemical Society and been a devout reader of Chemical & Engineering News. Every Friday, Dr. Fetterolf brings his copy of C&EN magazine to his chemistry classes and shares a few interesting news articles with his students. This Friday ritual has sparked the interest of his students and has often paved the way for long, in-depth classroom discussions. With his forthcoming retirement comes the realization that the students of USC Aiken will no longer have the privilege of listening to his interesting chemical news spiels. Consequently, we would like to personally thank Dr. Fetterolf and C&EN for 32 years of intriguing chemical enrichment. The students, faculty, and staff of USC Aiken will miss Dr. Fetterolf dearly and wish him all the best!Gabrielle ConnorAiken, South Carolina

How Far Can Financial Acumen Push Positive Social Impact? The Case of the Redevelopment of Spofford in the Bronx

When Eric Clement graduated from the University of Oxford Said Business School executive MBA program on his 37th birthday, he was searching for the new Eldorado: jobs in the high-octane private equity industry. These were simply the most sought-after jobs out there – pay was high! The first-born son of Panamanian-American parents now had the degree, knowledge, and experience to make it happen. But then he was offered a job in a government organization, where he would hire fund managers to make investments and where he would have to focus on the social impact of his investments. He was intrigued. Growing up in a middle-class suburb of NYC, Eric knew how difficult it was to move up the socioeconomic ladder. He had been working since he was 11-years old, and because his parents were not from the U.S., he didn’t have the social contacts many of his friends did, which could open up career paths he had never heard of. Could he use the finance skills he had acquired throughout his career to improve the lives of underrepresented people so they wouldn’t have to go through what he did? What if a hard-core finance chap like himself stepped into a world where finance acumen was rare and tree-hugging plentiful? What if he took the opposite seat at the negotiation table, effectively hiring the people he wanted to join, and got them to behave and act responsively? What would happen then?

Moving Beyond Implicit Bias Training: Policy Insights for Increasing Organizational Diversity

Many organizations are working to address diversity, equity, and inclusion. Organizations frequently use implicit bias to explain disparities and marshal implicit bias training as a solution. Implicit bias is difficult to change and trainings do not yield more diversity in organizations, so organizations should move beyond implicit bias trainings in their diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts. Organizations should (a) use trainings to educate members of their organizations about bias and about organizational efforts to address diversity, equity, and inclusion; (b) prepare for, rather than accommodate, defensive responses from dominant group members; and (c) implement structures that foster organizational responsibility for diversity, equity, and inclusion goals; opportunities for high-quality intergroup contact; affinity groups for underrepresented people; welcoming and inclusive messaging; and processes that bypass interpersonal bias. Although no simple, one-size-fits-all solutions address organizational diversity, organizational leaders have many tools they can use to design more effective diversity strategies.

Assessing gage: an online tool for improving gender visibility in STEMM

Women continue to be underrepresented and less visible in the fields of science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM). 500 Women Scientists created and launched in January 2018 a global (>140 countries to date), online, open-access directory of women in STEMM fields. This directory—recently renamed gage—now also includes gender diverse persons (i.e., additional underrepresented genders) in STEMM fields. The purpose of the directory is to make these scientists’ expertise easier to locate and access for conference organizers, journalists, policy makers, educators, and others. Here, we undertake an assessment of the directory using surveys, Google Analytics, and focus groups to understand its efficacy and direction to date and identify future improvements we pledge to undertake. Through this assessment—conducted externally and in accordance with privacy protocols by Concolor Research—we identified who and how people are using our directory, why people signed up to be a resource, and areas for improvement. Through such assessment, we can learn how to enhance the directory’s efficacy and our broader efforts to boost the visibility of underrepresented people in STEMM.

#BlackIsBeautiful: the radical politics of black hair

Black Lives Matter 5280 (BLM5280) posts an image on its Facebook page each morning with the caption ‘Good morning #Beautiful people. #BlackIsBeautiful.’ The images in this series often depict Black people in ways that challenge heteronormative conceptions of family and white beauty standards. Through feminist visual culture and digital ethnography, I show how BLM5280’s photo series leverages the radical legacy of Black hair to claim symbolic and political power. I discuss my work as an allied filmmaker with the group, and examine BLM5280’s online practices in relation to its local organising. Although curating images on social media may not, in itself, bring about social change, this cultural practice plays an important role in shaping perceptions of Blackness, amplifying the voices and agency of underrepresented people, and strengthening the social and emotional well-being of BLM5280’s online and offline communities.

Rules of the House: Family Law and Domestic Disputes in Colonial Korea by Sungyun Lim

Reviewed by: Rules of the House: Family Law and Domestic Disputes in Colonial Korea by Sungyun Lim Mark E. Caprio (bio) Rules of the House: Family Law and Domestic Disputes in Colonial Korea. By Sungyun Lim. University of California Press, Oakland, 2019. xii, 173 pages. $34.95, paper. Open Access. Rules of the House explores the development of Japan's "legal assimilation" over its 35-year period of colonial rule, concentrating important attention on how the policy engaged participation among traditionally underrepresented peoples. A strong point of Sungyun Lim's study lies in its crossing divides, both prior to and following this period, to draw connections between traditional and colonial-era law practices and those of postliberation Korea. Lim's focus is on family law, and particularly on how widows, daughters, and concubines were able to exploit structural changes during these periods through litigation. The majority of the cases she examined directly [End Page 187] involved property inheritance disputes. Lim finds that the Japanese efforts to codify Korea's traditional customary legal system produced a "hybrid system" where courts selectively based decisions on family law introduced by the Japanese, while on other occasions, in contradiction to assimilation rhetoric, they drew on Korean tradition in their decisions (p. 45). One of the interesting legacies of this history is contemporary Korean society mistakenly attributing to Japanese colonial law certain aspects of its contemporary legal system that were carried over from Korean customary law. Lim reflects: the "evolving legal consciousness of the colonized Koreans . . . left a lasting legacy in the postcolonial years in family law" (p. 7). Sacrificed in this process were matriarchal rights that got bypassed as they were "redefined from one patriarchal system to another" (p. 8). She continues: The civil disputes that I analyze in Rules of the House often show how gendered conflict over family property unfolded at odds with the Japanese colonial laws, a perspective previous scholarship . . . has downplayed. Often Korean men and their patriarchal interests, rather than Japanese laws, were the opponents of Korean women's struggle to have their customary rights acknowledged. (p. 11) Lim suggests the reason for this backlash by Korean men was the healthy women's presence in legal matters to claim and defend their rights. Searching the Chōsen kōtō hōin hanketsuroku (Records of verdicts in the High Court of Colonial Korea), she found that 93 of the 156 cases recorded here had women as the litigating party (p. 10). Cases included in this collection include litigation over issues ranging from adoption to divorce. Even these issues centered on a property component that served as a primary reason for the litigating parties deciding to bring their case to the courts. The complicated position of the widow in the family presented some of the more interesting case studies introduced. Traditionally, a widow was to remain in the family, forbidden by custom to remarry, after her husband's death. Confucian tradition obliged her to remain chaste, at least if she was of the privileged class. Her capacity to "receive" property if no legitimate heir existed, at least until she located an appropriate male to inherit the property, and the 1894–95 Kabo Reforms legalizing widow remarriage were factors in much of the litigation of this period. These rights were acknowledged, but the fact that their contours were still not fully delineated served as the crux of such litigation (p. 39). Overlaying this legal system with a Japanese colonial system often complicated an already rather complex framework. Korean widows are an important dimension of Lim's study; widows account for 72 of the litigants (out of 2,003) in the High Court cases she examined. She explains: they sat at the "crossfire between the interests of the lineage and the interests of the colonial state." More than the other female [End Page 188] populations examined here, widows benefited (unexpectedly) from the colonial legal system (p. 36). The 1917 case of Yi Se-ŏn, whose son died soon after her husband's passing, illustrates well the widow's plight. When her brother-in law, Ko Sung-hwan, attempted to claim his brother's property using the traditional claim that there was no more appropriate...

Cantar con voz propia (y que se escuche)

En este artículo comparo el tratamiento que hace Stanley Cavell del escepticismo y del drama de la mujer desconocida con el diagnóstico de injusticia epistémica que propone José Medina, para en primer lugar, comprender cómo se dan los procesos de silenciamiento y de falta de reconocimiento que dañan a personas y colectivos infrarepresentados. En segundo lugar, contrasto las vías de solución que estos dos autores ofrecen a estas dificultades, con especial interés en la conjugación de elementos epistémicos, éticos y políticos que proponen; así como en su consideración del arte y las emociones como elementos que rebasan la comprensión moderna y cartesiana de la filosofía y cumplen un papel fundamental para superar las dificultades mencionadas. Se traerán a colación además algunos ejemplos artísticos para ilustrar los argumentos de estos autores.

Microaggressions in Clinical Training and Practice.

Microaggressions in Clinical Training and Practice.

Désir Cannibale: Kelly Sinnapah Mary’s Notebook of No Return

This article considers the practice of Guadeloupe-based Indo-Caribbean artist Kelly Sinnapah Mary. Her ongoing project Notebook of No Return, as with her other works, conveys her complex subjectivity, forsaking both mournful and celebratory narratives of Indians living in the Caribbean after Indentureship, and foregrounding the fast-moving, ever-evolving, and rootless character of our existence. Sinnapah Mary creates visual images which both assert the presence of an underrepresented people and reveal the spaces in which pleasure and violence are simultaneously generated and entwined. I argue that Sinnapah Mary’s representation of the Indo-Caribbean body—in relationship to and continuous with those of animals, and as animalistic—provides a provocative and promising agenda for Indo-Caribbean life after Indentureship.

The paradox of global environmental justice: Appealing to the distributive justice framework for the global South

While a relativist view of environmental ethics could be quite difficult to justify, it is also difficult to be so strict about the quest for global environmental justice. At the same time, even though the reality of environmental degradation is plain to see, most African traditional communities, and even their respective states at large, still wallow in poverty such that they remain in need of developing themselves if they are to reach the level of development of the countries in the global North. More so, the majority of indigenous and mostly poor and underrepresented African people in the global South are faced with disproportionate amounts of environmental benefits and burdens compared to their counterparts in the global North. In this article, I therefore seek to examine a normative framework for conceptualising global environmental justice within different environmental, social, political and economic contexts. I consider how best environmental benefits and burdens could be fairly distributed across communities with different environmental, social, political and economic advantages. In the end, I appeal to John Rawls’s conception of distributive justice as a framework for arriving at an acceptable view of global environmental justice that takes into account the circumstances of the global South.

Birth Mothers and Transnational Adoption Practice in South Korea: Virtual Mothering by Hosu Kim

294 ADOPTION & CULTURE 7.2 Rev. of Birth Mothers and Transnational Adoption Practice in South Korea: Virtual Mothering HOSU KIM. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018 245 pp. $29.99 (Paperback) ISBN: 978-1349711512. By Jenny Heijun Wills Recently published in paperback, Hosu Kim’s thorough investigation of those she coins “virtual mothers,” offers remarkable insight through a balanced combination of scholarship and anecdote, rendering this book a simultaneously informative and intimate reflection on the most underrepresented people in the adoption constellation . From the outset, Kim rightly remarks on the ways birthmothers are rendered invisible in both public discourse and scholarly conversations, noting “the existence and experiences of birth mothers is seriously limited in South Korean discourse on transnational adoption” but also that they are “even less acknowledged in the adoption discourse in North America and Western Europe” (4). Not only does this observation provide context for the pages to come, as well as the urgency of Kim’s work on the subject, but it also reminds readers of the author’s perspective as a member of the Korean diaspora (2)—uniquely positioned to be cultural and literal translator for the book’s diverse audience. Five robust chapters are grouped into two sections, organizing Kim’s theorizations around “Unbecoming Mothers” and then “Virtual Mothers.” Chapters in the first section articulate the gendered (and classed) violences that create(d) birth mothers, such as mid-twentieth century “population removal polic[ies meant] to deal with an excess population of mixed-race children after the war” (66) that “frame[d] the birth mothers’ act of surrendering the child as an act carried out to fulfill the imperative of national/family security” (68) in moments when Cold War tensions were escalating. In this first section, Kim addresses the ways that adoptees, considered “excess ” by the postwar South Korean national imagination, consisted mainly of “the children of single mothers, poor mothers, and divorcées; the disabled; and twins” (55), and focuses on two groups of birth mothers who are registered through the lens of heteronormative relationships with men: women involved in relationships with married (and therefore, unaccountable) men—both Korean and American— and widows. Here, Kim draws on interviews with birth mothers to think through the invention of that category of personhood in South Korea, drawing important links between poverty and figurative as well as literal gendered violence. The interviews reveal the sorrow and grief that is always antecedent to adoption without veering into the territory of reductive or oversentimentalized tropes. In another chapter, Kim describes the history and ongoing practices of South Korean maternity homes, and especially those that are part of adoption agencies . Again, by way of extensive interviews, Kim recounts the experiences of birth mothers who, for different reasons, were persuaded by maternity home workers into relinquishing their children for overseas adoption. Although she is careful REVIEWS 295 not to denounce maternity homes outright, Kim unflinchingly paints an image of manipulative tactics, unfair circumstances, and nonconsensual actions by adoption workers connected to these places that purport to offer protection and sanctuary for pregnant Korean women. The two chapters that comprise this first section, summarized by the poignant and multivalent title of “Unbecoming Mothers,” outline how different Korean women become birth mothers—a subjectivity invented and perpetuated by national and social narratives and violences. The second section, on “Virtual Mothering,” begins with a compelling commentary on the most ubiquitous adoptee-centered narrative: the search and return. Focusing on the impacts of this narrative on Korean birth mothers, and with the particular example of television reunion shows that capitalize on and even orchestrate (for dramatic effect) the losses and gains of reunion, Kim offers fresh insight on this infamous plotline. Kim remarks on the irony of the Korean birth mother becoming a meaningful figure, all but erased and rendered invisible when her child(ren) are being taken/relinquished, now key to a new political manoeuvring . Says Kim, “the birth mother, who has been erased from the nation’s official history and adoption discourse, has become a central, newly significant figure appropriated as an allegory of South Korea” (119). The metaphor, Kim suggests, is one whereby the traumatic and ruptured loss of Korean cultural security (after decades of...

Facilitating Diversity-Centred Adult Computing Education

This article draws from a dissertation composed of ethnographical study on the work of codebar London, a chapter of an organisation working to diversify the tech work force by offering free programming workshops to under-represented people. It delves into the role played by codebar�s organisers, considering how the problem of gender, ethnic and sexual under-representation in technology work leads to codebar�s particular effort to solve it. In exploring links between the organisers� work and existing theories about empowering pedagogy, it addresses the question: How is diversity practiced educationally?

American the Philosophical, written by Carlin Romano

Carlin Romano American the Philosophical. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012. 688 pp. $1.99 Hardcover, isbn: 9780679434702. $18 paperback, isbn: 9780345804709. $13.99 e-book, isbn: 9780307958211.In America the Philosophical, journalist, philosopher, and professor Carlin Romano defends the seemingly indefensible:For the surprising little secret of our ardently capitalist, famously materialist, heavily iPodded, iPadded and iPhoned society is that America in the early twenty-first century towers as the most philosophical culture in the history of the world, an unprecedented marketplace of truth and argument that far surpasses ancient Greece, Cartesian France, nineteenthcentury Germany or any other place one name over the past three millennia (p. 10).As more articles and books decrying American anti-intellectualism appear every year, asserting that we already live in the dystopian future of Mike Judge's film Idiocracy, Romano has set a prodigious task for himself. He is up to it, covering an immense range of culture, history, and philosophy. His full-scale assault (p. 19) on the idea that America is unphilosophical, at best, covers seven distinct points:1. A reappraisal of American philosophy, one sensitive to biography.2. The rise of nonprofessional philosophers and their role in the public sphere.3. The increasing role of underrepresented peoples in changing what counts as 'philosophy.'4. The development of 'cyberphilosophy' and its concentration in America.5. A characterization of American as following Isocrates, rather than Socrates.6. An explanation for the rejection of 'justification' talk, as exemplified in the success, and failure, of John Rawls.7. Finally, an account of Barack Obama as a cosmopolitan philosopher-inchief.Let me fill in a little more of Romano's trajectory. He starts with Emerson, and moves through Peirce, James, Santayana, and Dewey to Quine, Nozick, Rawls, Dworkin, Posner, Danto, Cavell and ultimately Rorty. For each, Romano uses his journalistic eye to present each man as more than a set of arguments and theories to be analyzed. Instead, they were people (not so) simply trying to figure things out, including the very of as a profession. Rorty receives the most attention, as both the apotheosis of classical pragmatism's pluralism, and also the deflation of the aspirations of technical analytic philosophy. Romano highlights Rorty's (re)introduction of Continental thinkers into mainstream philosophical debates. Fortunately, while Romano does not address 'American Continental Philosophy' thematically, he does acknowledge the continuous influence of thinkers such as Hannah Arendt in nonmainstream philosophy.Rorty's revolution, in Romano's phrase, also opens the possibility for considering those outside departments as philosophers, whether broadcasters (Bill Moyers), psychologists (Oliver Sacks), or literary critics (Kenneth Burke), among others. Romano's point throughout is that considering American unphilosophical only makes sense within the parochial view that true is what happened at Harvard in the 1950s:Yet if one recognized philosophy as a word and activity that preceded this professional sect into the world, didn't the burden fall on those identifying philosophy with rareified research programs that sought universally satisfying definitions for contested everyday words such as truth, meaning and knowledge (not to mention can and must) to justify their artificial narrowing of the terms? (p. 143).Next, Romano reviews the expansion of through the stilltoo-neglected role of African Americans, homosexuals, Native Americans, and women in American thought. Again, Romano is remarkably inclusive, sketching the ideas and lives of the (grudgingly) canonical (Jane Addams, Alain Locke), well-established (Kwame Anthony Appiah, Martha Nussbaum), and the supposedly unphilosophical (Michael Eric Dyson, Susan Sontag). …

Energy justice in the Arctic: Implications for energy infrastructural development in the Arctic

The development of energy infrastructure in the Arctic poses serious far reaching justice based questions for local, regional and international communities. Oil and gas rigs, renewable energy sites, shipping and transportation all force us to reflect on how fair and equitable infrastructural expansion is locally and globally. We examine the justice claims of business, government and civil society in an attempt to understand current problems, and their likely solutions. The results suggest that we need to replace the current stakeholder-centred approach of energy policy, with one based upon justice. A widening of procedural justice to include not only the co-production of decisions, but also knowledge should be complemented with new ways of recognising the vulnerabilities of mis- and under-represented people, as well as exploring the sensitivities around proximity to new energy infrastructures.

Race and Ethnicity in Food Systems Work

Race and Ethnicity in Food Systems Work

Narratives of Horror, American Intervention in the Salvadorian Civil War

Narratives of Horror, American Intervention in the Salvadorian Civil War By Maritza Martinez This project involves discovering how the Salvadoran civil war impacted the lives of the country’s citizens. The goal is to tell a previously untold narrative that examines the lives of the underrepresented people. The first phase of this project provides a frame of reference and examines American foreign policy in Latin America during the Cold War period. The economic and ideological underpinnings which influenced American intervention are considered. The influence of the Soviet Union and neighboring nations on the development of communism are also examined. The emergence of the FMLN insurgency group and the ARENA’s rise to power are analyzed. The main part of the project draws heavily on personal interviews with Salvadorans who lived through the war and shared their personal experiences. Additionally, photographs taken during the war are used to further probe into the lives of civilians, rebels, and government officials. This project uses various secondary sources to explore American involvement in El Salvador and primary sources to portray the Salvadoran struggle.