Underground Water Distribution Research Articles

Deep learning-based detection of qanat underground water distribution systems using HEXAGON spy satellite imagery

Qanats are a remarkable type of ancient hydraulic structure for sustainable water distribution in arid environments that use subterranean channels to transport water from highland or mountainous areas. The presence of the qanat system is marked by a line of regularly spaced shafts visible from the surface, which can be used to detect qanats using satellite imagery. Typically, qanats have been documented by field mapping or manual digitisation within a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. This process is time-consuming due to the numerous shafts within each qanat line. However, several automated methods for detecting qanat structures have been explored, using techniques such as morphological filters, custom convolutional neural networks (CNN) and, more recently, YOLOv5 and Mask R-CNN. These approaches used high-resolution RGB images and CORONA images. However, the use of black and white CORONA in CNNs has been limited in its applicability due to a high rate of false positives.This paper explores the potential of YOLOv9 in processing the black and white HEXAGON (KH-9) high-resolution spy satellite system launched in 1971. Two areas in Afghanistan (Maiwand) and Iran (Gorgan Plain) were selected to train the system images extracted from HEXAGON imagery and artificial synthetic data. The training dataset was augmented using the Albumentation library, which increased the number of tiles used. The model was tested using two types of HEXAGON imagery for selected areas in Afghanistan (Maiwand), Iran (Gorgan Plain) and Morocco (Rissani), and CORONA imagery in Iran (Gorgan Plain).Our study provided a model capable of predicting the location of qanat shafts with a precision of over 0.881 and a recall of 0.627 for most of the case studies tested. This is the first case study aimed at detecting qanats in different landscapes using different types of satellite imagery. Using real, augmented, and artificial data allowed us to generalise the representation of qanats into lineal groups of circular features. Thanks to applying labelling for individual qanats and their pairs as separate classes, our approach eliminated most of the isolated and clustered false positives.

Leak detection in an operational underground water distribution network using active acoustics

Leaks present in the water distribution networks (WDNs) lead to an enormous loss of a valuable resource, not only affecting the economic efficiency of water utilities but also posing significant potential safety hazards, and an increased burden on infrastructure maintenance. In the past, several studies have focused on passive acoustic-based leak detection by primarily sensing and analyzing the acoustic signals emitted from the leak source. In this study, we installed a low-frequency transducer in the water column of an operational WDN near Los Angeles, California, and excited the system using steady-state sinusoidal and sine burst signals. The acoustic pressure signals inside the pipe network were measured at multiple locations using state-of-the-art hydrophone-enabled devices retrofitted to fire hydrants. The experiments were conducted in the presence of a simulated leak in the network. The leak acts as an impedance discontinuity for the acoustic wave propagation, and therefore, the excited signals undergo partial reflection at the leak location. Based on signal processing techniques, we attempt to detect and localize the leaks in the WDN. The goal of using the active acoustics is to detect small leaks and increase the range of sensing.

Experimental studies of crack growth kinetics and bearing capacity of steel pipes of underground water distribution systems

It was established that the value of the critical stress SK for all experimental steels increases with the increase in the service life, and the impact viscosity decreases, which indicates the structural embrittlement of the pipe steels associated with their sudden flooding. It is shown that the new 20 FA steel has the highest visco-plastic properties and resistance to brittle fracture, which is economically modified with a carbide-forming element (vanadium) and has a fine-grained structure and a low conten to fharm fulimpurities (sulfur, phosphorus). The microstrain of the α-Fe crystallattice, as well as the quantitative decay of cementite andt here distribution of carbon between ferrite and pearlite, were estimated by X-ray diffraction methods. The new steel grade 10FA is recommended for use in the construction of oil and gas pipelines and, for example, bridge structures, which are constantly under cyclic loads with simultaneous contact with a corrosive and aggressive environment. For the first time, the influence of thes ervice life of oil pipelines on the hydrogen content and microcracks in pipe steels of oil pipelines was determined.

An innovative machine learning based framework for water distribution network leakage detection and localization

Leakages in the underground water distribution networks (WDNs) waste over 1 billion gallon of water annually in the US and cause significant socio-economic loss to our communities. However, detecting and localization leakage in a WDN remains a challenging technical problem despite of significant progresses in this domain. The progresses in machine learning (ML) provides new ways to identify the leakage by data-driven methods. However, in-service WDNs are short of labeled data under leaking conditions, which makes it infeasible to use common ML models. This study proposed a novel machine learning (ML)-based framework for WDN leak detection and localization. This new framework, named clustering-then-localization semi-supervised learning (CtL-SSL), uses the topological relationship of WDN and its leakage characteristics for WDN partition and sensors placement, and subsequently utilizes the monitoring data for leakage detection and leakage localization. The CtL-SSL framework is applied to two testbed WDNs and achieves 95% leakage detection accuracy and around 83% final leakage localization accuracy by use of unbalanced data with less than 10% leaking data. The developed CtL-SSL framework advances the leak detection strategy by alleviating the data requirements, guiding optimal sensor placement, and locating leakage via WDN leakage zone partition. It features excellent scalability, extensibility, and upgradeability for applications to various types of WDNs. It will provide valuable a tool in sustainable management of the WDNs.

AgasedViz: visualizing groundwater availability of Ogallala Aquifer, USA

Water plays an immensely important role in human life, from household to agriculture and industrial development. Due to the heavy utilization and growing demands of water, the availability of water has become a high priority. Besides sources of surface water, such as streams, lakes, and rivers, aquifers are a significant source of water on Earth through the essential groundwater supply. In the United States, the Ogallala Aquifer, a primary geologic unit of the High Plains Aquifer System, is under massive exploitation, and the water level has decreased substantially. Analysis of the saturated thickness of this aquifer is urgently essential. Thus, an interactive visual analytics tool is necessary to enable users to visualize water availability and variation overtime at multiple locations within the region. Our interactive analytic tool carries out this by first retrieving and processing the data derived from the saturated thickness of groundwater using sensors integrated into the wells. Subsequently, a visualization consisting of a contour map and a time series heatmap is created based on the sensor data, to capture the trends and patterns, such as underground water distribution, spatial and temporal changes, and sudden decreases or increases of the water level. The visual components allow users to explore observational data, which organize the visual structure in supporting making an inference to gain insights. insights. This approach can be extended to apply for any geographic areas for water-level monitoring and controlling.

IoT-based water demand forecasting and distribution design for smart city

Abstract The percentage of fresh water resource availability in the world is diminishing every year. According to a world economic forum survey, the increase in water demand will result in high scarcity globally in the next two decades. The eradication of the water demand increase and reducing the losses during the transportation of water is challenging. Thus accordingly, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based architecture integrated with Fog for underground water distribution system has been proposed. Towards designing an IoT water distribution architecture for a smart city, we need to first forecast the water demand for consumers. Hence, accordingly, water demand forecasting has been carried out on a daily basis for a period of three months as a case study using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and regression analysis. Based on water demand forecasting analysis, a water distribution design for an IoT-based architecture has been carried out using hydraulic engineering design for proper distribution of water with minimal losses which would result in the development of a smart water distribution system (SWDS). This has been carried out using EPANET.

Responses of photosynthesis, dry mass and carbon isotope discrimination in winter wheat to different irrigation depths

In order to test the effects of irrigation depth on winter wheat photosynthesis, four treatments were applied in a field experiment using PVC growth tubes (identical amounts of water were applied on the land surface, and at 60, 75, and 90% of the depth for the winter wheat root distribution, denoted as D0, D60, D75, and D90, respectively). Compared to the surface irrigation treatment D0, the leaf area index, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 concentration increased with irrigation depths. The values of these indicators obtained by the underground irrigation treatment D75 were higher than those of D60 and D90, and thus D75 was found to be the optimum irrigation depth. Furthermore, a positive but not significant correlation (r = 0.62) between carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) and grain yield was found. This study improves our understanding of the mechanism of underground water distribution control with depth, and the efficiency of water-saving irrigation for winter wheat.

Underground Water Distribution System in Gwagwalada Area Council Abuja, Nigeria, using Resistivity Geophysical Method

Underground Water Distribution System in Gwagwalada Area Council Abuja, Nigeria, using Resistivity Geophysical Method

基于系统保护规划的三江平原湿地保护网络体系优化

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于系统保护规划的三江平原湿地保护网络体系优化 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201402180281 作者: 作者单位: 黑龙江省科学院自然与生态研究所,黑龙江省林业设计研究院,北京林业大学自然保护区学院,黑龙江省科学院自然与生态研究所,黑龙江省科学院自然与生态研究所,黑龙江省科学院自然与生态研究所 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: Q143 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(C030801);黑龙江省基础青年基金项目(JC03-09) SCP (systematic conservation planning) optimization for a wetland conservation network system on Sanjiang Plain, China Author: Affiliation: Heilongjiang Academy of sciences-Institute of Natural Resources,,,,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:综合三江平原湿地不同层次、不同维度的生物多样性特征,在系统保护规划方法(Systematic Conservation Planning, SCP)框架下,以集水区为规划单元,计算研究区域不可替代性指数,确定高保护价值网络体系,通过保护空缺分析对现有保护网络进行优化,并评估优化体系的有效性。结果表明:三江平原湿地高保护价值区域的分布呈现沿河流分布的特点;现有保护区中湖泊和目标物种的保护状态比较好;保护网络体系优化后,沼泽湿地在保护网络中的比重由22.88%重增加到50%以上;河流湿地由16.20%增加到33.92%;地下水资源在现有保护网络中的比重非常低,仅为2.01%,优化后保护网络中保护比重增加到12.05%,因此在今后的保护区规划中,应该重视对地下水资源的保护和管理。另外本研究结合生态脆弱性对高保护价值的空缺设计3个情景方案,并根据生态威胁的种类和强度提出各优先保护方案的保护建议,为保护管理决策提供依据。 Abstract:This study optimized an existing conservation network system using SCP and gap analysis while evaluating the effectiveness of the new system. The process of establishing high-value conservation networks took into account biodiversity features of different levels and dimensions in the Sanjiang Plain. The process also accounted for the irreplaceability of catchments, since these planning units fall under the framework of SCP. In the horizontal dimension, we had two conservation level objectives, one for the ecosystem level and one for the species level. Eight types of marsh wetland systems, all lake ecosystems, and high conservation value river wetland systems were selected as ecosystem level conservation surrogates. Thirteen endangered birds and four endangered mammals were selected as species level conservation surrogates. In the vertical dimension, we chose 3 effective underground water distribution areas. Ecosystem conservation targets were set based on ecological function value, rarity and threat trends. Species conservation targets were set based on level of endangerment, scope for survival, and population growth/decline trends. Protection targets were set for water resources according to their runoff modulus and recharge modulus. SCP utilizes the key concept of irreplaceability, which is a measure, varying from zero to one, indicating the importance of an area (planning unit) for the achievement of regional conservation targets. A map of irreplaceability values is therefore a base map of conservation planning. Finally, we combined irreplaceability values with vulnerability factors (factors threatening the ecology of the region) to design different planning options. Results were as follows:(1) High conservation value areas accounted for about 16% of the whole region and were generally distributed along river and lake ecosystems. Specifically, at headwater intersections, such as the intersection of the Heilongjiang and Wusulijiang, the junction of the Tongjiang and Fuyuan, the marsh wetlands between Fujin and Baoqing, the waterfront in Hulin, and the middle part of Luobei, the northeast Hegang, northeast of Yilan, and the south Muling.(2) Lake ecosystems and target species were well-protected in existing conservation areas. They accounted for 83.90% and 81.25% of the whole conservation network respectively. After the prioritization, these percentages increased only slightly to 86.65% and 100%.(3) Marsh, riverine and wetland ecosystem protection by the existing conservation network was less effective. Prioritization would afford an increase in marsh wetlands (from 22.88% to more than 50%), riverine wetlands (from 16.20% to 33.92%), and underground water resources (from just 2.01% to 12.05%).(4) Vulnerability analysis showed high vulnerability areas on the Sanjiang Plain were mainly distributed in Jiamusi, south of Hegang, north of Shuangyashan and Jixi, the middle of Huanan and Luobei, and the intersection of the Fujin and Suibin.The work detailed above indicates that future conservation planning must continue to preserve well-protected ecosystems and species and emphasizes the need for protection and management of marsh, riverine and wetland ecosystems, especially underground water resources. Quantification of resource irreplaceability and vulnerability were evaluated as a supplement to this future conservation planning. The authors combined irreplaceability and vulnerability indexes to propose three scenarios (the ecological value prioritized scenario, the rescue prioritized scenario and the economic avoidance prioritized scenario), and provide recommendations for decision-makers under each scenario in terms of ecological threats.This irreplaceability-based biodiversity conservation planning method integrates protected objects, conservation targets and contributions into one framework and expresses the information in a quantified form. Quantifications enables conservation planning and prioritizing work to be more scientific and better visualized, providing a feasible and effective framework for natural reserve network establishment and prioritization. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Project Design of Dewatering for Deep Foundation Pit in Dalian

Tube well dewatering is widely applied in deep foundation pit for its large water discharge, good dewatering effect, simple equipment and easy maintenance. In this paper, rube well dewatering is designed for the temporary project of foundation pit according to the engineering characteristics and stratum and underground water distribution with the deep foundation pit engineering as the background. The required parameters and design process of well tube dewatering are illustrated, and experience of applying tube well dewatering in evacuation of deep foundation pit is accumulated, which will be of certain referential significance for similar projects.

Real-time leakage detection in underground water pipelines using wireless communication

Abstract Detecting and locating water leakages in underground water distribution pipes has been studied in this research activity. The importance behind this research is driven by the huge amount of lost water in buried water distribution systems. It is estimated that worldwide, approximately 48 billion m3 water is lost per year. The monetary value of this lost water is about USD 14.6 billion and this amount of water is sufficient to supply 200 million people. Besides the monetary aspect of the lost water, leakages create a public health risk when a leak becomes a potential entry point for contaminants when the water pressure drops below certain levels. Conventionally, water leakages in underground pipes are detected and located using systems based on several techniques and technologies amongst which are: tracer gases, thermography, pressure and flow modeling, and ground penetrating radars (GPRs). Although these techniques show some promise, they are expensive, complex, time consuming, and they may not be successful in detecting leakages in practical conditions. Other techniques depend on sensing the acoustic noise generated due to the pressure gradient over the pipe's inner and outer surfaces. The difficulty with this technique is that it requires operators with an experienced professional background and it is critical in urban environments with high background noise. In this research, an innovative solution has been introduced in which a free-floating detecting module is inserted into the underground water pipe. This module gathers information about existing leakages and then wirelessly transmits the information to a ground station on real-time basis. The detecting module contains the sensing element, i.e. a hydrophone, the radio frequency (RF) unit, the processing unit, and an antenna. The challenge in this solution lays on designing a mobile module able to send electromagnetic waves from inside the pipes to the surface through the fluid, the pipe's material and the terrain. Other challenges include: studying the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) among various components that exist within the sensor module, wave propagation analysis, designing the wireless protocol taking into consideration power optimization, and developing algorithms for data analysis.

Spatial hazard analysis and prediction on rainfall-induced landslide using GIS

The application of landslide hazard model coupled with GIS provides an effective means to spatial hazard analysis and prediction on rainfall-induced landslides. A modified SINMAP model is established based upon the systematic investigation on previous GIS-based landslide analysis models. By integrating the landslide deterministic model with the hydrological distribution model based on DEM, this model deeply studied the effect of underground water distribution due to rainfall on the slope stability and landslide occurrence, including the effect of dynamic water pressure resulting from the down slope seepage process as well as that of static water pressure. Its applicability has been testified on the Xiaojiang watershed, the rainfall-induced landslides widespread area in Southeast China. Detailed discussion was carried out on the spatial distribution characteristics of landslide hazard and its extending trend, as well as the quantitative relationship between landslide hazard with precipitation, slope angle and specific catchment area in the Xiaojiang watershed. And the precipitation threshold for landslide occurrence was estimated. These analytical results are proved useful for geohazard control and engineering decision-making in the Xiaojiang watershed.

AWWA STANDARD for POLYETHYLENE (PE) PRESSURE PIPE, TUBING, AND FITTINGS, 1/2 IN. THROUGH 3 IN., FOR WATER

The AWWA Standards Committee on Thermoplastic Pressure Pipe, that reviewed and approved this standard, was established in 1968. The purpose of this standard is to provide direction and guidance in the selection and purchase of polyethylene (PE) pressure pipe, tubing, and fittings for use primarily as service lines in the construction of underground water distribution systems.

High activity hydrothermal zones detected by Na/K, Cerro Prieto, Mexico

The chemical index or molar ratio Na/K, acts as good indicator of high hydrothermal activity zones in the Cerro Prieto geothermal field, i.e., drillholes with a 6 Na/K ratio have bottom temperatures of 370°C and 70 kg/cm 2 of pressure at the wellhead, and on the other hand, drillholes with high Na/K proportion such as 16 units, have only 160°C at the bottom and 3 kg/cm 2 of pressure at the wellhead. That indicates the utility of the Na/K ratio; which as well as being indicative of the high stream production zones, helps to determine the underground water distribution and migration, with acceptable results.