Underage Children Research Articles

The Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) as a tool to monitor the nutritional status of children and adolescents in Brazil

In Brazil, the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) is the main tool in collecting and consolidating information on the nutritional status and the feeding habits of the population encompassed by primary health care services of the country. This study explores data from SISVAN to analyze the system's potential as a tool for monitoring the nutritional status of children and adolescents in the country. We seek to evaluate the evolution of the system's coverage rate in relation to the population regarding different age groups and geographic regions, how this coverage rate varies according to the characteristics of the Brazilian municipalities, and to what extent the results from SISVAN differ from representative sample surveys of the population. We present four main results. First, we documented that from 2008 to 2019, SISVAN significantly expanded its coverage; with a significant decrease, however, in 2020, reaching levels similar to those at the beginning of the series. Second, our results indicate that coverage is not homogeneous, being higher in the North and Northeast regions and among underage children. Third, there is a systematic association between the characteristics of the municipalities and the level of coverage of the system. Finally, SISVAN results differ from those presented by surveys representative of the general population. Jointly, the results of this study point to the need to refine the nutritional surveillance instruments on children and adolescents in Brazil.

Safety Audit Considerations for a Healthy Workplace that Puts «People Before Profit» and OSHA Compliance

Every organization should provide a safe and healthy workplace for all stakeholders by putting “people before profit”. Such a workplace must be consciously created, assessed, and internally examined through regular audits before the government conducts their inspections. Business owners, managers, and employees should know that the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inspections do not always come with a warning, as inspectors can enter a business at any day or time without scheduling their arrival. As such, all employees must work safely and be prepared for an unannounced inspection. Every business should have a formal checklist for audits and daily usage on a periodic basis to ensure the safety of their workers in a healthy work environment. The benefits of implementing an effective safety and health program can be many, including higher optimism of the workforce, improved company reputation, and lower Workers’ Compensation Insurance rates. This paper provides an overview of common safety measures in accordance with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration requirements. Data, statistics, examples, checklist recommendations, and audit suggestions are provided for managers and human resource professionals to internally assess the organization on a periodic basis to proactively prevent accidents, injuries, and possible citations by the federal government or state health inspectors. Managers must pay even closer attention and provide additional training for underage school children that work part-time as they are more vulnerable and not allowed to use certain machines and heavy equipment in the workplace. Leaders and managers must develop and emphasize a “people before profit” mindset to create an organizational culture that is focused on safe work practices. It is important that all managers and human resources professionals understand that all USA companies must provide their employees with a safe and healthy work environment. Furthermore, these professionals must know the OSHA regulations and state laws which are applicable to their firms and industries so that the organization can be in full compliance with the requirements. Of course, we recommend that managers and firms go above and beyond the law to put “people before profit” in the organization’s culture. The Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act of 1970, which is enforced by OSHA, has done an excellent job of getting managers and human resource professionals to make sure their places of work are as safe as possible. They have produced many great informational content and training materials that are freely available for all workers, managers, owners, and corporate executives to use in their pursuit of a safe and wholesome workplace. Consequently, OSHA standards and rules have become a part of corporate America, which has been a positive approach. A practical example that most American workers are familiar with is the “Fire Safety” procedures as all employers have a Fire Prevention Plan. Consequently, most firms and institutions in the United States regularly practice for fire safety drills; as such, it has become a part of their organization’s culture. And so should be the mindset of putting “people before profit”.

연명의료 보류·중단에 대한 환자 가족의 결정

In this paper, the legal system is discussed in which a patient's family decides to withhold or discontinue life-sustaining treatment on behalf of the patient. After many decades of discussion in Korea, the Korean Act on Hospice and Palliative Care and Decisions on Life-sustaining Treatment for Patients at the End of Life was enacted in order that patients might decide whether to receive life-sustaining treatment or withhold or discontinue it. However, the Act has many errors or flaws related to the Korean Civil Code. This Act permits the decision by the family decision to withhold or discontinue life-sustaining treatment for the patient that lead to the earlier arrival of his or her death. This permission does not suit the purpose of introducing a system that allows the life-sustaining treatment to be withheld or discontinued by the patient’s intent. Examples of issues that reveal these points are as follows. First of all, the error can be pointed out that the decision to withhold or discontinue life-sustaining treatment was recognized as an expression of intention or legal act, not a quasi-legal act. Accordingly, minors are improperly specialized in the decision to withhold or discontinue life-sustaining treatment. In addition, many problems are identified in relation to the legal representative who has the parental authority to decide on withholding or discontinuing life-sustaining treatment for minors. The above mentioned Act has flaws in legislation in the case of sole parental authority, the situation of conflict of interests, the case of acting parental authority on behalf of underage children over their children, the case of deprivation of parental authority, and the case of a parent with parental authority alone without the status of a legal representative. There is also a problem in the composition of provision related with each proxy decision for minor patients and general patients. The ambiguity of the reasons for restricting the right to decide makes it difficult to judge who the members of a group of decision makers. The fact that various requirements for exercising the right to decide must be supplemented by interpretation causes difficulty in implementing the decision to withhold or discontinue life-sustaining treatment in the medical field. Furthermore, the flaw in legislation that makes it impossible to withhold or discontinue life-sustaining treatment for patients without any family to decide shows the need to accept the theory of an abstract hypothetical intention to replace the present family decision system. Finally, the fundamental point to be mentioned is that we should remember that the design of the present system for the decision to withhold or discontinue life-sustaining treatment is to ensure that the patient's own conviction to choose the path of ‘natural death’ be properly respected.

Discourse on Legal Protection of Underage Child Labor in Indonesia

The young generation of a child has the right to the opportunity to grow and develop as widely as possible. However, not all children can make it happen, especially children who are hampered by the family economy. To be the backbone of the family, the phenomenon of underage child labor is a serious problem. In the elucidation of the Labor and Child Protection Law itself, there is protection and sanctions against child workers. Apart from the rules issued by the government, it has also ratified international conventions in enforcing the legal protection of children. In research using library material collection, the authors examine the legal protection of child labour. Continuing in this phenomenon, studies are related to the various causes of the rise of child labor in society. Seeing from this phenomenon, it can be found that the government itself has not been able to optimize its efforts to deal with the problems that occur.

PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI KEGIATAN BAKTI SOSIAL DI DESA PASAKA KECAMATAN SABBANGPARU KABUPATEN WAJO

Community service in the form of social services carried out by a team of lecturers provides tremendous benefits to the Pasaka Village Community, Sabbangparu District, These activities are in the form of socializing the prevention of underage marriage, maternal and child health counseling, drug counseling. The purpose of this activity is to provide health services to the community for the realization of public welfare in the health sector as well as increase the sense of social care among fellow human beings. The activity has been carried out since 05,10 & 11 August 2022 by involving the Head of the Women's Protection and fulfillment of children's rights DINSOSP2KBP3A Wajo Regency and medical personnel, such as sub-district midwives coordinators and nurses and attended by 90 participants, consisting of 25 people to prevent child marriage. , Maternal and child health counseling as many as 30 people and drug counseling at SMPN 3 Sabbangparu as many as 35 people

Assessing and detecting response bias in self and referenced attitude towards conflict in family cases

Background/Objective: Contentious couple breakup is associated to adverse outcomes for couple members and offspring. Parental attitudes towards conflict resolution are a robust predictor of the litigiousness of the breakup. Nonetheless, response bias should be strongly suspected in parental attitude reported in this setting. Thus, a field study with the aim of knowing the prevalence and magnitude of the response bias and of ascertaining empirically valid criteria to classify the suspect of response bias was designed. Method: A total of 2,797 adults, 50.9 % men, with underage children aged from 21 to 68 years (M = 40.41), 2,488 married (without previous breakups), 204 involved in a mutual agreement separation and 105 in a contentious separation, answered to a measure of self-reported and referenced attitude towards conflict resolution. Results: The results exhibited that parents of the contentious and mutual agreement separation groups biased their answers. Likewise, the results provided empirical criteria for response bias classification. Epidemiologically, the observed probability of response bias was of .629[.537, .721] in the group of parents of contentious separation and of .377[.310, .444] in the group of parents of mutual agreement separation. Conclusions: The implications of the results for the design and implementation of mediation and intervention programs are discussed.

Review of Islamic Law concerning underage child labor (Comparative study with Labor Law No. 13 of 2003)

The practice of child labor is currently rife everywhere, not infrequently there are still many companies that employ minors because of budget efficiency, due to low wages, in practice sometimes companies do not provide rights that should be given to child workers. On the other hand, children are the responsibility of parents who should be given their rights and parents must fulfill the responsibility for the gift of children that God has given to provide a living and a good education. This research includes field research, the results of which will be presented descriptively with qualitative analysis. The results of this study indicate that Islam says that children are prohibited from doing work if the work is not based on their own will and is coercion from parents to earn a living, but it is permissible if the work is done according to the child's will and is a type of light work that can be done by children.

Stepchildren And Incest: Law Enforcement Efforts Against Sexual Abuse In Families (A Case Study on the Decisions of Wonogiri State Court, Idi Sharia Court, and Banda Aceh Sharia Court)

ABSTRACT Purpose of the study: This paper aims to analyze three cases of sexual violence perpetrated by stepfathers to underage stepdaughters (incest) in Wonogiri Regency and Aceh Province. Methodology: This legal research used a normative juridical approach. The literary legal research was conducted by studying literary materials or secondary data. The writers used the Legal System Theory of Lawrence M. Friedman. Results: Friedman opined that there are four elements in law enforcement. In the analyzed cases, they were: (1) legal structure: the court and sharia courts, (2) legal substance: laws used by judges in deciding upon the cases, namely Law No. 17 of 2016 and Aceh Qanun No. 6 of 2014, (3) legal culture: society had a role in enforcing the law in these cases, as the police force, general prosecutors, and judges have carried out their functions well, and (4) legal impact: the strict implementation of punishments will bring a greater deterrent effect on the perpetrators. Some factors triggered the crime of incest to happen, namely: (1) the perpetrator, (2) the victims as underage children are deemed powerless against the perpetrator, and (3) the environmental condition where the houses were deserted. Applications of this study: This analysis can be used by the government to better enforce the law on sexual violence in families in Indonesia. Novelty/Originality of this study: This writing analyzes three cases using two aspects, namely Friedman's theory and judicial consideration in making decisions. Keywords: Stepchild, Law Enforcement, Sexual Violence, Incest.

Pathways into single motherhood, re-partnering, and trajectories of antidepressant medication purchases

Single motherhood is known to be distressing, and to be associated with poor mental health. However, less is known about the pathways into and out of single motherhood, or about the mental health trajectories of single mothers. We used total population registry data on Finnish women who experienced the life events of separation (616,762), widowhood (43,355), or child birth (515,756) during the 1995–2018 period while between the ages of 15–64. Single mothers were compared with women who experienced the same life event, but without becoming a single mother. The results for women who separated showed that among single mothers, there was a substantial increase in antidepressant use at the time of separation, and only a moderate decline after separation. Among women who experienced widowhood, those who had underage children initially had lower antidepressant use than women without children, but this gap narrowed in the post-widowhood period. In addition, single women experienced more unfavorable mental health trajectories than partnered women around the time they gave birth. Re-partnering was associated with more favorable mental health among all groups of single mothers. Given the growing prevalence of single-parent households, our results underscore the need for context-specific interventions to support single mothers’ mental health.

Edukasi tentang pernikahan dini dari perspektif psikososial, budaya dan kesehatan reproduksi

There has been an increase in cases of early marriage nationwide during the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on data from the Central Java DP3AP2KB, there were 11,301 cases of early childhood marriages for girls and 1,671 for boys. This also happened in Semarang Regency, Central Java, which was caused by the decline in the economic level of the community so that marrying underage children was considered as an alternative problem solving. For this reason, it is necessary to have an early marriage prevention program in the form of changing people's mindsets, especially mothers and children, which also provide solutions to the problems of early marriage. The program that is run as an effort to prevent early marriage is the Early Marriage Community Partnership Program (PKM) from Psychosocial, Cultural and Reproductive Health Perspectives. This is considered important because psychosocial, cultural problems and lack of understanding of reproductive health are the drivers of early marriage. Education for PKK mothers, youth and youth organizations has succeeded in increasing perceptions of the negative impact of early marriage. Education participants also made an agreement to jointly reduce the number of early marriages by involving youth in Karang Taruna activities.

Work of Underage Individuals in Pakistan: Social and Economic Contributing Factors

Work of underage people or child work denotes the engagement of children in any type of activity that divests them from their childhood. The present study piloted to investigate the social and economic determinants of work by underage people in Pakistan. The study uses probit and logit estimation techniques for the purposes of analysis. The study found that education of the underage individuals and of the household head condenses the probability of work by under agers. The wages of household head indicates the financial situation of the household. This exerts inverse impact on the labor by under agers.

Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among healthcare professionals and the general population in Cyprus: A web-based cross-sectional survey.

ObjectiveThis study aims to examine the factors influencing COVID‐19 vaccine uptake among healthcare professionals (HCPs) and the general population in Cyprus.MethodsA web‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted (November 2021–January 2022), using a self‐administered, anonymous questionnaire to collect information covering a wide range of potential determinants including sociodemographic and health‐related characteristics, trust in the healthcare system, satisfaction with it, utilization of preventive healthcare services, COVID‐19 vaccination information and general vaccination knowledge.ResultsA total of 2582 participants completed the survey. Overall, 53.5% of participants representing the general population, and 70.0% of the HCPs received the COVID‐19 vaccination. We found that as the age increases by 1 year among the general population, the odds of being vaccinated against COVID‐19 increase by 1.02 units (95% 1.00, 1.03, p= 0.035). In addition, participants among the general population with increased trust in national healthcare authorities' guidelines (OR = 3.96, 95% CI: 3.41, 4.61), and increased vaccination knowledge scores (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.18) were significantly more likely to be vaccinated, while those who had underage children living in the household were significantly less likely to be vaccinated against COVID‐19 (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.91). Furthermore, male HCPs (OR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.01, 3.59), and those who reported increased trust in national healthcare authorities' guidelines (OR = 5.38, 95% CI: 3.65, 7.95) were significantly more likely to be vaccinated.ConclusionPublic health policymakers can use national campaigns and long‐term planning to build public trust in national healthcare authorities and raise awareness about the benefits of vaccination. Such strategies could pave the way for adequate vaccine uptake and prepare the public for unfavourable scenarios, such as future pandemics.

Challenges of the COVID-19 Pandemic for the Work–Family Balance of Pediatric Surgeons

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a great challenge, especially for families. We aimed to analyze the impact of the pandemic on childcare for and the work–family balance of pediatric surgeons in Germany. An anonymized questionnaire on the working and familial situation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic was sent to the members of the German Society of Pediatric Surgery and trainees in pediatric surgery (April–July 2021). One-hundred-fifty-three participants (59% female) completed the questionnaire. A total of 16% of the males and 62% of the females worked part-time. Most (68%) had underage children. During the COVID-19 pandemic, 36% reported a decrease in patients and interventions, and 55% reported an increase in the organizational work-related burden. Childcare for underage children during lockdown was organized mainly with the help of institutional emergency childcare (45%), staying home (34%), one parent working from a home office (33%), or staying home by themselves (34%). Before the lockdown, 54% reported a good work–family balance. During the lockdown, this worsened by 42%. Most of the families had to organize themselves. Different means such as a home office, flexible working hours, and different models for childcare can help to improve the situation.

"The Hunger Games" on and off Campus: An Educational Sociological Analysis of the Documentary Please Vote for Me

This paper takes the three students who participated in the monitor election in the documentary Please Vote for Me and their families as the analysis object, starting from the family of origin, parent-child relationship, school education and so on to explore the causes of vicious competition behind the campus election and the ways to deal with the problem jointly. When the power comes to the underage children for the first time, how the children fight for it in a virtuous and fair manner has become a thorny educational issue which has been neglected for a long time. When parents who have been reformed by society teach their children "campaign experience" in person, the children's campaign in school has become a "hunger game" for adults behind the scenes. Ignoring the educational significance of the campus election process and focusing only on the election results will lead to children's wrong understanding of the original meaning of competition, which will sow the butterfly effect of malignant influence for them to enter the society later. The utilitarianism caused by the highly competitive social environment has created parents anxious about education, and the small class campaign documented in this documentary is an externalized presentation of social and educational issues. The optimization of the social environment, the change of parents' values and the follow-up of school education is a trilogy to improve the character of the next generation.

Towards low-carbon economy by carbon label?: Survey evidence from first-tier cities in China

The promotion of carbon label is important to achieve low-carbon transition and carbon neutrality. However, China's carbon labelling system is at an initial stage and consumers' attitude towards carbon-labelled products is still unknown. This paper seeks to explore consumers' willingness to pay for different types of carbon-labelled products and its influencing factors. To fulfill this goal, we design and conduct a random questionnaire survey in four first-tier cities in China (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen). The results show that 88.39% of consumers are willing to purchase carbon-labelled products. Consumers' premium willingness to pay for carbon-labelled food, electronic, textile, and other consumer products is 8.43%, 8.5% 7.95%, and 8.33% of the original price, respectively. Besides, respondents with the highest premium willingness to pay are mainly concentrated in the age group of 41–50, or males, or families with underage children. On the basis of the findings, some policy suggestions are proposed to provide references for the promotion and pricing of carbon-labelled products in China and other countries.

Latinx Internationalism and the French Atlantic: Sandra María Esteves in Art contre/against apartheid and Miguel Algarín in “Tangiers”

AbstractThis article interrogates the South-South internationalism of two renowned US Latinx poets: Miguel Algarín’s abjection in Morocco in his poem “Tangiers” and Sandra María Esteves’s anti-apartheid poetry for the French Art contre/against apartheid project, which included the controversial participation of Jacques Derrida. Although these poems focus on different contexts of African liberation, both react to French coloniality. For Algarín, his Orientalist evocations of underage child prostitution operate under a French hegemony, coming into crisis when a third world alliance fails. In Esteves’s work, her poetic solidarity draws on Frantz Fanon’s experience of French colonization in Algeria but also comes into crisis when Derrida’s foreword for Art contre/against apartheid is challenged as Eurocentric. Although both engagements with African self-determination exhibit residues of a French hegemony undergirding and undercutting what I term is a poetic Latin-African solidarity, their South-South approach enriches postcolonial studies, in which Latin American, and by extension, Latinx identities have been sidelined.

비양육친의 미성년자 불법행위에 대한 감독자책임

Recently, the Supreme Court ruled for the first time that the non-custodial parent is not responsible for supervising illegal activities of underage children in principle and are liable for supervision only when there are special circumstances such as doing general and routine guidance for underage children or being able to specifically predict the illegal activities of underage children. This ruling will serve as a precedent for determining whether a non-custodial parent is liable for damages for illegal activities of underage children. However, this attitude of the Supreme Court needs to be reviewed in terms of the relationship between parents and children after divorce, the burden of liability for damages of parenting parents raising underage children, and the victim's relief and responsibility for proof. If the non-custodial parent is excluded from supervisor responsibility for minors in principle, the responsibility of the custodial-parent after divorce is significant, and it is worrisome that if the parent exercises the right to interview and pays child support only when he or she wants, he or she will be free from the responsibility for illegal activities. And, under the current civil law, the basis for supervisor responsibility for illegal activities of underage children varies depending on whether they are capable of responsibility. The basis determines whether the victim should prove the supervisor's negligence and causal relationship. In addition, in order to hold the non-custodial parent responsible as a supervisor, it is quite difficult for the victim to be rescued from the damage because the victim must prove a special situation. Accordingly, regardless of whether or not a minor has the responsibility, the supervisor must be liable for damages to a third party, and the non-custodial parent needs to change the burden of proof for the special circumstances in which the non-custodial parent is liable. Specifically, the proposed amendment to the civil law is as follows. Article 755 (1) “The parents are responsible, regardless of whether a minor who has caused damage to another person has the ability to be responsible. However, in the case of a parent's divorce, he/she shall not be liable if the non-custodial parent proves that he/she is not responsible.” And in paragraph 2, “If a person who inflicted damage on another person is not responsible pursuant to Article 754, the person who is obligated to supervise him/her is liable for compensation.” However, this is not the case if the person liable for supervision has not neglected his/her supervisory obligation. Paragraph 3 includes the contents of Article 755 (2) of the current Civil Act.

COVID-19 Vaccine for Children: Vaccination Willingness of Parents and Its Associated Factors-A Network Analysis.

Different COVID-19 vaccines have been approved for underage children, so parents and caregivers currently face the decision of whether to vaccinate their children against COVID-19 or not. Due to the rather moderate vaccine acceptance among parents across different countries, the objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between different psychological, demographic, and behavioral factors related to the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine for underage children among parents. In particular, vaccination attitudes, whether parents have been vaccinated against COVID-19 themselves, COVID-19 fear, attitude towards COVID-19 policy measures, governmental trust, subjective level of information, perceived risk of disease progression, and perceived risk of vaccine side effects were the variables of interest. The study adopted a cross-sectional study design, and the sample consisted of 2405 participants. A network analysis was conducted to investigate the associations and interconnection among these variables. The results showed that, in particular, compliance, confidence in the safety of vaccines, whether parents have been vaccinated against COVID-19 themselves, trust in the governmental system, fear of COVID-19, and the parents’ age were directly related to the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine for children. To increase compliance and confidence in the vaccines’ safety among parents, promotion campaigns should provide more information concerning the vaccines’ safety, particularly for younger parents who are not vaccinated against COVID-19 themselves.

Reproductive health in women with serious mental disorder

The objective of this work was to investigate the reproductive health profile of 106 women admitted to a Psychosocial Support Center (CAPS), in Aracaju, Brazil, and to assess the need for targeted family planning (FP). Methods: They were divided into two groups based on their diagnosis (schizophrenia and mood disorders). The data were obtained from medical records and applying a reproductive health questionnaire. Results: In the group of patients with schizophrenia: 26.4% were single, 33% had an active sex life, 13.2% used contraceptive methods and 35.5% used it incorrectly. In the group of patients with mood disorder: 23.6% were single, 32.1% had an active sex life, 16.0% used contraceptive methods and 41.9% used it incorrectly. 75.5% of them had children and none participated in an FP program. Those who had underage children and were unable to care for them corresponded to 41.5% in the group of patients with schizophrenia and 32.1% in the group of patients with mood disorder. Conclusion: The reproductive health profiles were similar despite different psychiatric diagnoses. This suggests that if there was only one effective FP action plan, it would reach this entire population and reduce the damage of neglect.

Queer N/Oceans: Vore and Child Abuse in Ananda Devi’s La vie de Joséphin le fou

This article argues that in Ananda Devi’s La vie de Joséphin le fou (2003), the protagonist Joséphin assumes the form of a human-eel monster, engaging in acts of vorarephilia or “vore,” to satiate a murderous desire underwater. This analysis conceives Joséphin’s aquatic world as a paradoxically queer, abject, and maternal space in which Joséphin terrorizes two underage children as both their abductor and protector. Devi further reconfigures in her novel the archetype of the protective eel in Mauritian shamanistic practices by depicting Joséphin as a predatorial human-eel figure. Joséphin’s violence against the children as he assumes such a monstrous embodiment serves as a metaphor for child sexual abuse in Mauritius where, at the time of the novel’s publication, an estimated 2,600 children were victims of molestation.