Uncontrolled Migration Research Articles

Overview of Ca2+ signaling in lung cancer progression and metastatic lung cancer with bone metastasis.

Intracellular Ca2+ ions that are thought to be one of the most important second messengers for cellular signaling, have a substantial diversity of roles in regulating a plethora of fundamental cellular physiology such as gene expression, cell division, cell motility and apoptosis. It has been suggestive of the Ca2+ signaling-dependent cellular processes to be tightly regulated by the numerous types of Ca2+ channels, pumps, exchangers and sensing receptors. Consequently, dysregulated Ca2+ homeostasis leads to a series of events connected to elevated malignant phenotypes including uncontrolled proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis, all of which are frequently observed in advanced stage lung cancer cells. The incidence of bone metastasis in patients with advanced stage lung cancer is estimated in a range of 30% to 40%, bringing about a significant negative impact on both morbidity and survival. This review dissects and summarizes the important roles of Ca2+ signaling transduction in contributing to lung cancer progression, and address the question: if and how Ca2+ signaling might have been engaged in metastatic lung cancer with bone metastasis, thereby potentially providing the multifaceted and promising solutions for therapeutic intervention.

Аналіз причин та наслідків трудової міграції для країн-реципієнтів

The paper proposes an analysis of the causes and consequences of labor migration for recipient countries. The criteria of an ideal country that attracts migrants are defined. The state of the migration situation in the world and in Ukraine has been assessed. An analysis of the consequences of uncontrolled migration policy, both for the host country and for the recipient country. The statistical indicators that single out the largest migration corridors are evaluated and parallels are drawn with the projection of countries attractive to migrants. Suggestions and tips for improving migration policy in the world have been developed. Emphasis is placed on the need to control labor migration in order to balance the development and condition of countries. Migration policy has a strong influence on the general state of the world economy, especially in Ukraine, so this topic needs special attention.

THE REGULATORY SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION PROCESSES IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION

In the context of globalization, all world economies unite, interact and develop in a single system of production. However, the world economy largely depends on the formation and development of the world labor market. Thus, migration is one of the main mechanisms and factors affecting individual countries and the world economy as a whole. With the intensification of globalization processes, the demand for staff of different levels of qualification in the labor market is met by the supply of workers, regardless of the country in which they live. This phenomenon leads to international labor migration. Despite the fact that the migration of highly qualified personnel leads to intellectual decline and lack of educated population in the country from which workers migrate. Instead, the uncontrolled migration of low-skilled personnel in the host country can lead to a sharp rise in unemployment among the local population, criminal offenses, social discontent of citizens, which will negatively affect the authority of the state in the world. Therefore, the study of the system of regulation of migration processes and the introduction of ways to improve it will help harmonize the socio-economic situation in the world and make migration more profitable and safe for countries and its citizens. The article reflects the main modern trends in international migration processes: the directions of external labor migration, the scale of the departure of labor migrants to different countries, determined the reasons for such tendencies. In the course of the research, the methods by which these processes are regulated to improve the economies of countries and the safety of labor migrants are considered. The article also describes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mobility of Ukrainian citizens and methods of overcoming the consequences of this impact. The activities described in the article related to migration and population mobility will mitigate the long-term impact of the pandemic, help strengthen the protection of Ukrainian citizens abroad, as well as expand the opportunities for their socio-economic integration into local communities.

POLITICAL AND SOCIAL VULNERABILITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE REFUGEE CRISIS 2011-2016: THE ARAB SPRING AND THE ROLE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA

The issue of uncontrolled migration has produced an institutional transformation of the European Union, dictated by the need to find solutions to new challenges. The reform of migration and asylum policy had to enter the European public agenda at an accelerated pace and political leaders had to find the common will to create the right legislative framework to respond to the migration crisis. The most important migration route preferred by refugees and economic migrants, is the Mediterranean Sea which in recent years has experienced the most intense human trafficking but also the most deaths in such a short time. As a result of the popular riots in North Africa and the Middle East in 2011, the deteriorating political and social situation in the countries of origin, more and more citizens have left their native places in the hope of ensuring a better life in the European Union. In order to support the structural reforms needed by the two areas and even physical reconstruction if we refer to the Syrian case, the European Union must show active involvement and a coherent plan to curb the fluid sources of migration. Supporting the reconstruction of foundations or strengthening institutions, investment in aid programs to stimulate economies and strong agreements with the governments of the states of the Middle East and North Africa are just some of the measures that the European Union should take swiftly.

Українська освітня студентська міграція у контексті глобалізаційних викликів

Глобалізація створила умови для вільного переміщення багатьох людей між країнами та континентами з метою працевлаштування, і це явище має стійкий характер: закриті сьогодні з приводу пандемії «Ковід-19» кордони завтра неминуче відкриються. Цьому сприяє головний економічний ефект глобалізації, який забезпечує більш розвинені країни дешевою робочою силою, а менш розвинуті долучає до сучасних технологій. Мільйони людей, у тому числі й молодь Україні, вже звикли до такого способу життя, який передбачає міграційні поїздки, іноді довготривалі. Останніми роками стає помітною серед українських трудових мігрантів нова група – студентська молодь. Автори статті розглядають цей соціальний факт з різних боків, аналізують його значення для сучасного українського суспільства і дають оцінку з позиції перспектив функціонування українського суспільства. Головним висновком авторів є вказівка на майбутній системний структурний дисбаланс, що загрожує безпеці країни у цілому.

Genomic Profiling for Piroplasms in Feeding Ixodid Ticks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa.

Importation of tick-infected animals and the uncontrollable migration of birds and wild animals across borders can lead to geographical expansion and redistribution of ticks and pathogen vectors, thus leading to the emergence and re-emergence of tick-borne diseases in humans and animals. Comparatively, little is known about the occurrence of piroplasms in ixodid ticks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, thus necessitating this study, which is aimed at detecting piroplasms (Theileria and Babesia) from feeding tick samples collected from cattle, sheep, and goats in selected sites in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. A total of 1200 feeding ixodid ticks collected from farm animals at selected homesteads were first subjected to molecular identification using mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene by PCR and were further tested for the presence of piroplasms through amplification of the 18S rRNA gene via nested-PCR followed by sequencing of the PCR products. The results indicated that 853 (71.1%) corresponded to the genus Rhipicephalus, 335 (27.9%) corresponded to genus Amblyomma, and 12 (1%) corresponded to genus Haemaphysalis. Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus were the most common identified ticks from this study. The 18S rRNA nested-PCR revealed that 44 (3.7%) samples were confirmed positive for Theileria. A homology search for the generated sequences revealed a high percentage identity of 98–98.9% similarity to T. buffeli, T. orientalis, and T. sergenti in the GenBank. Based on the results obtained herein, we conclude that there is a big diversity of Theileria species; therefore, we suggest that this research should cover more geographical areas in order to reveal the true prevalence of this pathogen in the studied area because this will be a great step in the possible prevention of an outbreak that could have devastating effects on livestock production and human health in both the studied areas and South Africa at large.

Over expression of PTEN induces apoptosis and prevents cell proliferation in breast cancer cells.

The phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor lipid phosphatase frequently mutated or deleted in breast cancer cells. Loss of PTEN is associated with aberrant activation of P13K/AKT signaling pathways, which are responsible for uncontrolled cell cycle, migration and prolonged survival. Therefore, stability and functional PTEN is essential for prevention of cancer growth and migration. In the present study, we have determined the effect of PTEN over expression in apoptosis induction and cell proliferation in breast cancer cells. We showed that PTEN over expression significantly declined the cell proliferation rate during logarithmic growth phase. Furthermore, the PTEN over expression leads to the activation of mitochondrial based intrinsic apoptosis pathways, which is confirmed by the activation and over expression of caspases 9 and caspases 3. In addition, the number of apoptotic cells are significantly more in PTEN over expressed cells, where they showed more apoptotic bodies in AO-EtBr and Hoechst 33344 staining. Finally, PTEN over expressed cells showed decreased chemo resistance as chemotherapeutic drugs kill them efficiently. Therefore, our findings suggest that tumor suppressive effect of PTEN is crucial for cancer prevention and thus PTEN might be a potential target for anti-cancer drugs.

UK Migration Policy before and after Brexit

The article discusses political course of the conservative governments of the UK regarding migration legislation reforms in the context of such challenges of globalization as the European migration crisis of 2015 and Brexit. The analysis of evolution of the conceptual foundations of British migration policy allows us to conclude that the conservatives, since they came to power in 2010, continue to follow the tradition of tightening the rules for entry and residence of foreign citizens, which emerged under the government of G. Macmillan in the 1960s. The key difference in the 21st century is the change in the vector of the restrictive measures used by the conservatives against uncontrolled migration from the EU and third world countries, with particular focus on strengthening administrative supervision of foreigners arriving in the UK for employment or reunification with relatives. The British approach to migration control remained stricter than in many EU countries and was especially tightened due to Brexit, because the government was afraid of a massive influx of low-skilled migrants who would overwhelm the labor market and leave British citizens jobless. At the same time, it was necessary to remove the high burden on the state budget and social services that could not cope with the increase in the level of net migration. There was a sharp transition from the ideology of multiculturalism to the practical application of the concept of hostile environment proposed by T. May, which forced immigrants to leave the country.

The osce and the Libyan Crisis

This article examines the role played by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (osce) and other external actors in tackling security issues that have emerged in Libya since the outbreak of the Arab Spring. Uncontrolled migration, human trafficking, radicalization and energy security are still at stake within the comprehensive and indivisible security that the osce strives to bring across its area. Although security in the Mediterranean is linked to that of osce participating States, Libya’s fragmentation has highlighted the challenges in adopting joint policies in the country. Therefore, the osce still faces the challenge to effectively engage with Libya in its ongoing debate on common security in the Mediterranean.

The European Union’s Policies Towards Iraq (2014–2020)

Political instability in the Middle East and North Africa in the early 2010s, accompanied by an escalation of the terrorist threat and uncontrolled migration, caused serious concern in the European Union about the situation in the Arab world. As a consequence, the EU has noticeably increased assistance to Iraq, providing Baghdad with substantial support in the fight against the Islamic State, preventing the humanitarian crisis, stabilizing the situation and promoting post-conflict reconstruction. However, these efforts have not yet been explored in depth by the Russian experts, who traditionally focus on the EU relations with the Southern Mediterranean countries.The author aims to reveal the logic behind the evolution of the European Union’s policy towards Iraq since 2014, as well as its impact on the EU assistance programmes to this country. The paper consists of three sections: the first one outlines the evolution of the EU strategic priorities in Iraq during 2014–2019, the second covers the major assistance programmes implemented by the European Union, both bilaterally and multilaterally, in Iraq; the third examines the EU reaction to the rising tensions in Iraq at the turn of 2019–2020.The author concludes that the EU’s growing interest in Iraq in recent years stems not only from concerns about transformation of this country into a source of cross-border challenges and threats, but also from the conviction of the EU officials that Iraq might potentially become the cornerstone of a new regional security architecture. On the basis of these considerations, the EU provides a comprehensive support to Iraq, including both humanitarian aid and development assistance aimed primarily at eliminating the fundamental causes of instability and radicalization. At the same time while demonstrating its commitment to develop cooperation with both government agencies and non-governmental organizations, the EU clearly prefers to assist Iraq through international organizations, rather than directly. Although the EU’s ability to influence Baghdad remains limited, compared to that of the US and regional actors, the European Union is perceived in Iraq as a neutral player and this might facilitate the achievement of its policy objectives. However, taking into account such factors as a high level of corruption in Iraq, substantial resources for reconstruction already available for the country, as well as Brussels’ focus on Syria, the scope of the EU’s further involvement in Iraq remains unclear.

Проблема толерантности в этноконфессиональном взаимодействии (на примере мониторинга столичного мегаполиса).

Presented is analytical research, devoted to actual problem of tolerance in interethnic and interfaith relations, taking into account the growth of uncontrolled migration processes. The author uses results of monitoring sociological surveys of Institute of socio-political research of Russian Academy of Sciences in the Metropolitan area.

CULTURAL AND SPATIAL CHANGES CAUSED BY INTENSIVE MIGRATION IN URBAN AREAS; EVIDENCE FROM HATAY, TURKEY

In the case of mass migration, mostly refugees try to synthesize their own culture and lifestyle into the culture and lifestyle of the country in which they migrate. Since the civil war in Syria started in 2011, almost every region of Turkey has been exposed to intense migration of Syrian refugees. Hatay, one of the cities on the Syria border, has received approximately 500.000 refugees which causes significant spatial and social changes in city structure. Refugees have created cheap labor in Hatay in many work areas, which caused economic problems by reducing the income of citizens living and working in that region. The increase in rents and the spread of the population from the center to the periphery of the city led to serious urban problems. The aim of this study was to examine and create a number of maps to indicate how uncontrolled migration affects the cultural, economic and urban change of the city over time (2009-2019). Landsat satellite images, which are obtained by remote sensing techniques, were processed in image processing software; therefore social, economic, cultural and urban changes were discussed with the result data generated by applying several image classification methods. Important issues such as urban identity, zoning, destruction of historical values, alienation of local people from the region attract attention. For example, Arab signs rising from shops and Arab music make the streets look like a small Syrian. Citizens who follow these developments closely and now accept the reality of Syria have complained that British names were once placed in stores in the city, now points out that Arabic signboards have increased.

SCHENGEN ACQUIS AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN LATVIA

Latvia joined the Schengen area in 2007 and has already passed three Schengen evaluations. The novelty of the article is aimed at analysis of Schengen Acquis implementation in Latvia and offer suggestions on its further implementation development. The aim of the study is to develop and propose suggestions on Schengen Acquis content improvement and its judicial systematisation development. The research tasks are to investigate the current EU and national normative regulations, legal practices, the conclusions of Latvian and foreign law researchers by using analytical, historical and comparative methods. The improvement of the national normative regulation was started long before Latvia's accession to the Schengen area. The further development of the Schengen acquis is important from the point of view of the right to free movement of persons and from the point of view of ensuring public security in the face of today's challenges related to terrorism, international crime, uncontrolled migration and the spread of disease. The main achievement of the research is that the author has defined the main areas of Schengen Acquis development.

Improved Stability and Controllability in ZrN-Based Resistive Memory Device by Inserting TiO2 Layer.

In this work, the enhanced resistive switching of ZrN-based resistive switching memory is demonstrated by embedding TiO2 layer between Ag top electrode and ZrN switching layer. The Ag/ZrN/n-Si device exhibits unstable resistive switching as a result of the uncontrollable Ag migration. Both unipolar and bipolar resistive switching with high RESET current were observed. Negative-SET behavior in the Ag/ZrN/n-Si device makes set-stuck, causing permanent resistive switching failure. On the other hand, the analogue switching in the Ag/TiO2/ZrN/n-Si device, which could be adopted for the multi-bit data storage applications, is obtained. The gradual switching in Ag/TiO2/ZrN/n-Si device is achieved, possibly due to the suppressed Ag diffusion caused by TiO2 inserting layer. The current–voltage (I–V) switching characteristics of Ag/ZrN/n-Si and Ag/TiO2/ZrN/n-Si devices can be well verified by pulse transient. Finally, we established that the Ag/TiO2/ZrN/n-Si device is suitable for neuromorphic application through a comparison study of conductance update. This paper paves the way for neuromorphic application in nitride-based memristor devices.

Spinal epidural arteriovenous fistula embolization with ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer using the Scepter Mini dual-lumen balloon

Left unattended, spinal epidural arteriovenous fistulas (EAVFs) have a potentially severe clinical course. Embolization using ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymers through regular dual-lumen balloons has emerged as a potential option...

LncRNA TMPO-AS1 Aggravates the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via miR-429/GOT1 Axis

BackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), featuring uncontrolled proliferation and migration of tumor cells, is one of the most serious malignancies with high morality. An increasing number of evidences have demonstrated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the progression of multiple cancers. It has been acknowledged that lncRNA TMPO-AS1 plays an oncogenic role in diverse cancers. MethodsReverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to determine the expression of TMPO-AS1, miR-429 and GOT1 in HCC tissues and cell lines. Cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and stemness characteristics were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation, flow cytometry, sphere formation and western blot assays, separately. The relationship among TMPO-AS1, miR-429 and GOT1 was predicted by starBase database and confirmed using luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays. ResultsIn this study, our findings revealed that TMPO-AS1 expression was upregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines. TMPO-AS1 aggravated HCC progression via promoting cell proliferation, stemness as well as suppressing cell apoptosis. Further, molecular mechanism exploration discovered that TMPO-AS1 functioned as a molecular sponge for miR-429 and GOT1 served as a downstream target gene of miR-429 in HCC. Furthermore, there was a negative relationship between GOT1 and miR-429 as well as a positive correlation between GOT1 and TMPO-AS1 in HCC. Rescue assays suggested that overexpression of GOT1 partially reversed the inhibitory effects of TMPO-AS1 knockdown on HCC progression. ConclusionsTaken together, these findings indicated that TMPO-AS1 acted as a tumor motivator to expedite HCC progression via targeting miR-429/GOT1 axis, which may provide a fresh treatment strategy for HCC.

Fast and slow health crises of Homo urbanicus: loss of resilience in communicable diseases, like COVID-19, and non-communicable diseases

Fast and slow health crises of Homo urbanicus: loss of resilience in communicable diseases, like COVID-19, and non-communicable diseases

Vulnerability of coastal communities to climate change: Thirty-year trend analysis and prospective prediction for the coastal regions of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

This study relates changes in social vulnerability of 20 counties on the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf (PG) and the Gulf of Oman (GO) over a 30-year period (1988–2017) to changing socio-economic conditions and environmental (climate) hazard. Social vulnerability in 2030, 2040 and 2050 is predicted based on the RCP8.5 climate change scenario that projects drought intensities and rising sea levels. Social vulnerability was based on the three dimensions of sensitivity, exposure, and adaptive capacity using 18 socio-economic and five climate indicators identified by experts. All but one indicator related very strongly to the dimension it sought to represent. Despite improvements in adaptive capacity over time, social vulnerability increased between 1988 and 2017 and rates of change accelerated after change point years that occurred between 1998 and 2002 in most counties. Extrapolating past changes of each indicator over time enabled forecasts of social vulnerability in the future. While social variability decreased between 2017 and 2030, it increased again between 2030 and 2050. The lowest future social vulnerability is expected along the eastern PG coast, the greatest along the western PG and the GO. The worsening of socio-economic indicators contributed to increased sensitivity, and increased drought intensities plus the expected rise in sea levels will lead to social vulnerabilities in 2050 comparable to present levels. Between 1.4 and 1.7 M people will live in areas that are likely submerged by water in the future. About 80% of these people live in six counties with variable social vulnerabilities. While counties with lower social variabilities might be better able to cope with the challenges posed by climate change, adaptation programs to enhance the resilience of the residents in these and the remaining counties along the PG and the GO need to be implemented soon to avoid uncontrolled mass migration of millions of people from the region.

ATTRACTING MIGRANT LABOR IN ORDER TO INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY OF ENTERPRISES IN REMOTE TERRITORIES

Production has always been one of the main ways to increase economic efficiency at the territorial level. The problems of low production in many remote areas are associated with an underdeveloped infrastructure and a lack of sufficient human resources. In such conditions, the relevance of the search for labor for the development of production and productivity growth increases. Russia's policy is aimed at increasing migration flows, which increases social tension in society and leads to many negative consequences. This article discusses the possibility of developing production in remote enterprises through the use of migrant labor. From the author’s point of view, such a policy will reduce the negative factors from uncontrolled migration flows and give an impetus to the development of regions and the business sector in areas with a low population.

Post-transcriptional regulation of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 expression by ribosomal protein L22 during LPS-mediated inflammation.

Monocyte infiltration to the site of pathogenic invasion is critical for inflammatory response and host defence. However, this process demands precise regulation as uncontrolled migration of monocytes to the site delays resolution of inflammation and ultimately promotes chronic inflammation. C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) plays a key role in monocyte migration, and hence, its expression should be tightly regulated. Here, we report a post-transcriptional regulation of CCL2 involving the large ribosomal subunit protein L22 (RPL22) in LPS-activated, differentiated THP-1 cells. Early events following LPS treatment include transcriptional upregulation of RPL22 and its nuclear accumulation. The protein binds to the first 20 nt sequence of the 5'UTR of ccl2 mRNA. Simultaneous nuclear translocation of up-frameshift-1 protein and its interaction with RPL22 results in cytoplasmic degradation of the ccl2 mRNA at a later stage. Removal of RPL22 from cells results in increased expression of CCL2 in response to LPS causing disproportionate migration of monocytes. We propose that post-transcriptional regulation of CCL2 by RPL22 fine-tunes monocyte infiltration during a pathogenic insult and maintains homeostasis of the immune response critical to resolution of inflammation. DATABASES: Microarray data are available in NCBI GEO database (Accession No GSE126525).