Unconscious Perceptions Research Articles

The Loincloth, a Textile Technology through Time in Congo-Kinshasa. An Ethnosociological Study Among Women in Kinshasa

It would be uncertain if, in fact, textile technology in Congo-Kinshasa has not followed the evolution of clothing over time. The loincloth is a piece of clothing that corroborates a culture based on the civilization of a people. This fabric represents respect for certain texts linked to morality in women as well as in men. For the Congolese woman, the loincloth represents a textile technology which vibrates to the rhythm of creation and production of models which constitutes the ingenuity of the couturier artists in a workshop. This study is part of the impact of textile technology for holding cultural-ethnic events, in particular: national holidays, customary weddings, prayer evenings, gala evenings, etc. Thus, the persuasive theory (BARABARS H., 2009) provides a favorable view in the semiology of clothing communication on the need to dress Congolese women in loincloths. This theory is linked to the mechanisms of cognition through the abstraction inherent in the idea and the notions learned in thought. In experimental psychology, in humans, we distinguish scales of conscious and unconscious perceptions, also called implicit or subliminal. This distinction has been extended to other animals to the extent that it is recognized or, to another extent, can be trained and conditioned to indicate whether or not they have perceived a stimulus. Fashion offers its non-inevitability for the maintenance of the textile and clothing industry. This theorization relating to persuasion appeals to the senses, the mind, ideas, the moment and time for clothing fashion. It is sensory and "immediate" as the senses deliver direct information, and reverberate in people's culture on respect for the morals and customs surrounding an evening or a festive event. Thus, through surveys carried out in Kinshasa, this study will focus on the necessity of women's clothing in loincloths and its impact in Congolese culture.

Perceptions of cheese authenticity: A comparative analysis of value chain actors in Mexico

Authenticity, an ever-evolving concept, has become crucial in the context of the industrialization of food and the growing problem of food fraud. This exploratory study focuses on understanding how cheese authenticity is perceived by value chain actors in Mexico, taking into account their experiences and perspectives. Two online questionnaires were used, one aimed at consumers and the other at producers and promoters. A total of 1223 consumers, 69 producers and 26 promoters participated. The free word association (FWA) technique was used to capture the participants' unconscious perceptions. The results showed significant differences in perceived authenticity between the different actors. For consumers, authenticity was related to their own quality standards and to the influence of external international factors. For the producers and promoters, on the other hand, the authenticity of the cheese is based on the implicit characteristics resulting from the rural environment in which it is produced. These results suggest that the differences in the perception of authenticity between actors are the result of the influence of the environment, experiences and the particular conditions they experience due to their position in the value chain. The study suggests that understanding these differences can help small cheese producers differentiate themselves in the marketplace and focus their efforts on more effective strategies. It also shows the importance of taking into account the perceptions of the different actors in the value chain in order to effectively combat food fraud and promote authenticity in the Mexican cheese industry.

Unconscious Processing of Greenery in the Tourism Context: A Breaking Continuous Flash Suppression Experiment.

Both tourism and nature have been proven to contribute to people's physical and mental health. Most studies have discussed their positive effects at the conscious level, but the unconscious mechanisms underlying these effects remain under-investigated, especially in the tourism context. Using a psychological experimental paradigm called breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS), this study tested how the proportion of greenery in an environment influences people's perceptions of tourism sites and compared the effects of different proportions of greenery on participants' unconscious responses to tourism sites. The results suggest that the presence of greenery improves the participants' unconscious perceptions, and that this effect is due to greenery as an element of the natural world, rather than to green as a color. These findings enhance the understanding of the role that the unconscious response plays in the effect of nature on human health and may have managerial implications for the tourism industry.

Similar EEG Activity Patterns During Experimentally-Induced Auditory Illusions and Veridical Perceptions.

Hallucinations and illusions are two instances of perceptual experiences illustrating how perception might diverge from external sensory stimulations and be generated or altered based on internal brain states. The occurrence of these phenomena is not constrained to patient populations. Similar experiences can be elicited in healthy subjects by means of suitable experimental procedures. Studying the neural mechanisms underlying these experiences not only has the potential to expand our understanding of the brain’s perceptual machinery but also of how it might get impaired. In the current study, we employed an auditory signal detection task to induce auditory illusions by presenting speech snippets at near detection threshold intensity embedded in noise. We investigated the neural correlates of auditory false perceptions by examining the EEG activity preceding the responses in speech absent (false alarm, FA) trials and comparing them to speech present (hit) trials. The results of the comparison of event-related potentials (ERPs) in the activation period vs. baseline revealed the presence of an early negativity (EN) and a late positivity (LP) similar in both hits and FAs, which were absent in misses, correct rejections (CR) and control button presses (BPs). We postulate that the EN and the LP might represent the auditory awareness negativity (AAN) and centro-parietal positivity (CPP) or P300, respectively. The event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs) exhibited a common power enhancement in low frequencies (<4 Hz) in hits and FAs. The low-frequency power enhancement has been frequently shown to be accompanied with P300 as well as separately being a marker of perceptual awareness, referred to as slow cortical potentials (SCP). Furthermore, the comparison of hits vs. FAs showed a significantly higher LP amplitude and low frequency power in hits compared to FAs. Generally, the observed patterns in the present results resembled some of the major neural correlates associated with perceptual awareness in previous studies. Our findings provide evidence that the neural correlates associated with conscious perception, can be elicited in similar ways in both presence and absence of externally presented sensory stimuli. The present findings did not reveal any pre-stimulus alpha and beta modulations distinguishing conscious vs. unconscious perceptions.

Naive Realism for Unconscious Perceptions

Unconscious perceptions (i.e., person-level perceptions that lack phenomenal character) have recently become a focal point in the debate for and against naive realism. In this paper I defend the naive realist side. More specifically, I use an idea of Martin’s to develop a new version of naive realism—neuro-computational naive realism. I argue that neuro-computational naive realism offers a uniform treatment of both conscious and unconscious perceptions. I also argue that it accommodates the possibility of phenomenally different conscious perceptions of the same items, and that it can answer a further challenge to naive realism raised by Berger and Nanay.

Draw Me a Shepherd: Student-teachers&amp;#39; Perceptions and Metaphors on the Image of the &amp;#34;Leader-teacher&amp;#34;

The current research examined how students participating in professional training in education and teaching characterized the concept of the &amp;quot;teacher leader&amp;quot;. Layered analysis was employed using quantitative data alongside a qualitative examination of metaphorical representations indicating deeper unconscious perceptions.&#x0D; &#x0D; The significance of the investigation lies in revealing the meaning given in the student-teachers&amp;#39; reflective worldview to their future role as teachers and educational leaders. Participants were one hundred twenty-five undergraduate students studying in various stages of their B.Ed. courses in education and teaching at a teacher education college in Israel.&#x0D; &#x0D; The research process identified four key indices, describing the main qualities required for the teacher leader: Personal Relations, Student Empowerment, Personality Traits, and Functional Traits. Key findings indicated that, according to the students&amp;#39; opinions, Personal Attitude received the highest score of the four examined indices. Thus, from the perspective of these future teachers, a clear association was created between Personal Relations and Personality Traits, as the most significant dominant traits in the concept of the &amp;quot;teacher leader&amp;quot;.

Developing the implicit association test to uncover hidden preferences for sustainable drainage systems.

Understanding public perceptions of Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) is critical for addressing barriers to their implementation. Perceptions are typically evaluated using explicit measures (e.g. questionnaires) that are subject to biases and may not fully capture attitudes towards SuDS. A novel image-based application of the Implicit Association Test is developed to investigate unconscious perceptions of SuDS in public greenspace and combined with explicit tests to evaluate perceptions of greenspace with and without SuDS, focusing on a sample population in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Greenspace with or without SuDS is perceived positively by the sample population. Overall, respondents implicitly and explicitly prefer greenspace without SuDS and perceive greenspace without SuDS as more attractive, tidier and safer. The wide distribution of scores for SuDS, nonetheless, suggests a range of opinions and illustrates the complex nature of preferences for the use of greenspace. That the strongly negative explicit scores were not reflected in the implicit tests may suggest that explicit attitudes towards tidiness and safety may not be deep-rooted and are subject to social bias. Combined explicit and implicit tests may help us to understand any disconnect between expressed positive attitudes to natural spaces and behaviours around them and inform SuDS design to increase public acceptance.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Urban flood resilience’.

Diversity Training Workshop for Graduate Faculty and Students

A large body of theoretically supported experimental and observational research describes how stereotypes impede the participation and advancement of individuals from groups underrepresented in academia, especially in science. As a result, there is a lack of diversity of graduate students in US universities with individuals from groups underrepresented in biomedical sciences encompassing only 10% of doctorate degrees earned. Implicit biases, hidden biases, or unconscious biases are bits of knowledge about social groups that are learned at an early age, developed, and established throughout our lifetime. We all carry hidden biases from exposure to cultural attitudes about age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, social class, sexuality, disability status, and nationality which play a major role in establishing individual implicit bias. These unconscious perceptions govern many important decisions we make and can have profound effects on our personal and professional lives. Implicit biases can create added obstacles for individuals from groups underrepresented in biomedical sciences entering graduate programs. In academia, graduate faculty mentors have a major influence on shaping their students' skills, attitudes, and careers. It is therefore imperative for academic institutions of higher learning to educate research faculty and graduate students on implicit bias to improve inclusiveness in their cultural educational environment. To address this need, we have developed an interactive workshop series for faculty research mentors and graduate students. The 4‐hour workshop will include teaching modules, a simulation video, and discussions to focus on how to recognize implicit bias through increased awareness, introspection, authenticity, humility, and compassion for all people. The facilitators will discuss topics including: 1) What is the importance of a diverse academic environment? 2) What is unconscious bias? 3) How do we become more aware of our own unconscious biases? 4) Strategies to overcome bias, and 5) What biases have you witnessed regarding graduate education or training? Attendees will use the interactive video simulation, “Fair Play”, funded by the Univ. of Wisconsin, NIH NIGMS, and Gates Foundation which provides the opportunity to take the perspective of Jamal Davis, an African American graduate student. The simulation presents real‐life examples of bias concepts such as microaggressions, colorblind racial attitudes, tokenism, and highlights many of the obstacles that sometimes prevent individuals from groups underrepresented in biomedical sciences from excelling in graduate education and their future careers. Upon completion, the attendees will reflect on their attitudes while walking in the shoes of Jamal Davis. Attendees will be encouraged to become aware of their implicit biases, intervene, and change the behaviors. Additionally, ways to develop more consciousness of implicit bias in decision making will be discussed. A Likert scale of diversity and cultural awareness, as well as, multiple‐choice quiz regarding diversity and implicit bias terms will be used for pre‐ and post‐tests. Upon completion of the workshop, it is hoped that faculty and graduate students will develop a mutual understanding and introspective awareness towards the inclusion and improved mentoring of a diverse group of future scientists.Support or Funding InformationAPS Teaching Career Enhancement Award, R25GM121189This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Emotional priming depends on the degree of conscious experience

Most experiments in consciousness research assume that awareness is a dichotomous 'either/or' phenomenon. However, participants can distinguish multiple levels of subjective experience of simple features (colour, shape etc.), which correlate with their performance in different tasks. As experiments showing multiple levels of perceptual awareness question the widespread idea that many forms of perception can occur unconsciously, we investigated emotional priming combined with methods able to measure small variations in subjective experience.We show awareness of emotional faces is gradual rather than dichotomous, and that the effects of emotional priming are predicted by the level of perceptual awareness of emotional faces, with no effects when reported unseen.The results question how much unconscious perceptions can influence behaviour. As priming is one of the most well-established phenomena believed to occur unconsciously, the results expand the growing body of evidence that questions the contributions of unconscious processing on behaviour.

Gender differences in surgical treatment of patients with cleft lip and palate

Numerous gender-based differences in medical treatment have been recognized due to conscious or unconscious perceptions, i.e. gender bias. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether gender differences exist in the surgical treatment of patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) anomalies. This study is a retrospective review of 235 consecutive patients with non-syndromic unilateral CLP or bilateral CLP born between 1966 and 1986. Each chart was reviewed, and 2178 surgical procedures were registered and categorized as primary surgery (primary lip, palatal and alveolar repair) or secondary surgery (aesthetic and functional revision). Different surgical procedures could be performed during the same surgical session. The number of surgeries performed was analysed and compared between genders. The results demonstrate that women with CLP received statistically significantly more secondary surgeries than men. No differences in the number of primary surgeries were identified. This study provides a gender perspective of the treatment of CLP. We identified no gender differences in primary surgery of the CLP. The standardized method of repairing the cleft is effective in preventing unjust treatment due to gender. However, we identified an indication of gender bias in cleft care regarding secondary surgeries of the nose and lip, namely, women are over-treated and/or men are under-treated. There are several possible explanations for this phenomenon, and further studies are needed.

Attitudes of Saudi EFL students toward American and British accents

This study aimed to examine the attitudes of 63 Saudi female students who study English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in Saudi Arabia toward British and American accents. Methods used in this study was Verbal Guise Technique (VGT), a subsequent development of Matched Guise Technique (MGT). These were indirect methods of measuring participants’ attitudes toward different groups. The materials used in the present study required a set of two studies using the same British and American stimulus recordings – the first to identify a set of relevant traits for the rating scales and the second to collect actual ratings on those scales. Thus, the results showed a preference for British accent and female speakers, particularly in terms of status, despite participants’ inability to distinguish British and American accents consciously. This suggests that conscious ability to distinguish speakers’ dialects and identify their nationalities is not a necessary precondition to having different (unconscious) perceptions of those speakers. The bases of the unconscious perceptions found in this thesis remain a mystery.

Attitudes of Saudi EFL Students toward American and British Accents

Attitudes of EFL | British Accent | American Accent | Verbal Guise Technique | Matched Guise Technique | Unconscious Perceptions | مواقف طلاب اللغة الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية | اللهجة البريطانية | اللهجة الأمريكية | تقنية قياس المظهر اللفظية | تقنية قياس المظهر المتطابقة | التصور اللاوعي

An Introduction to the Buddhist Underpinnings of Mindfulness-Based Interventions: Buddha-Nature and Intrinsic Goodness

An Introduction to the Buddhist Underpinnings of Mindfulness-Based Interventions: Buddha-Nature and Intrinsic Goodness

Perception consciente ou perception inconsciente : quel rapport entre perception et conscience ?

PurposesThis paper discusses how the notion of perception can be defined and suggests a reappraisal of the relationship between perception and consciousness. MethodAccording to classic definition, the notion of perception cannot be separated from that of consciousness: perception is the process originating from sensory activity that provides a conscious knowledge of the external world. This definition predominates in modern literature, but it is to some extent contradicted by the usage of the phrase “unconscious perceptions” to refer to a series of clinical phenomena (hysterical manifestations, brain damage) and experimental phenomena (tachistoscopic studies). This is the contradiction we propose to examine. ResultsIt seems judicious to consider that the “unconscious perceptions” noted by science for over a century are not a group of disparate phenomena, but amount to a single phenomenon that is observable when the conditions enabling the appearance of consciousness are not fully met. It then becomes clear that this phenomenon always occurs before the moment when consciousness can potentially appear. DiscussionThe paradoxical term of “unconscious perceptions” evidences the reluctance of the literature to actually envisage a psychic phenomenon falling outside the field of consciousness, and all in all evidences a strong allegiance to Descartes’ thinking, opposed to the principle of an unconscious psychic life. For Descartes, perception – this is the very basis of the classic definition – is sensory activity in that it is able to animate consciousness. The view of Leibniz, according to which the life of the soul is not restricted to mere consciousness, provides a wider definition: perception is the sensory activity able to animate the soul. And precisely, we conclude that it always animates it at an unconscious level, prior to the establishment of consciousness. ConclusionBy admitting the inherently unconscious nature of perception, in a sense we solve our paradox: the term of “unconscious perception” becomes a pleonasm. We also conclude that consciousness is separate from the process of perception, and emerges as an extension of an unconscious psychic space forming in close contact with the body. Thus, we generally take possession of the external world twice: by perceiving it and then by becoming conscious of our perception of it.

The Sense of Rhythm: Nationalism, Sympathy, and the English Elocutionists

This essay traces a peculiar conception of linguistic rhythm developed by the English Elocutionists and imagined to foster strong sympathy among members of linguistic communities. Focusing on Joshua Steele's An Essay Towards Establishing the Melody and Measure of Speech (1775), I demonstrate that such rhythm and the fellow-feeling it fosters were imagined as at once national and personal as well as formal and embodied. This conception of linguistic bonding coheres with David Hume's early discussion of sympathy, while also offering interesting solutions to problems in Adam Smith's later theatrical model. Additionally, it provides an illuminating perspective on the much debated ethic of speech, as it was shaped by Rousseauvian nostalgia and reconsidered in more recent deconstructive and psychoanalytic theorizations of presence.

The crack of doom: The uncanny echoes of Steven Moffat's Doctor Who

This paper analyses Steven Moffat's contributions to the British sf series Doctor Who between 2005 and 2010, both as a screenwriter and as executive producer. This analysis is framed specifically by the Freudian notion of the uncanny, and suggests that Moffat's work on Doctor Who confronts unconscious perceptions, repressed fears and death itself through storytelling techniques which attempt to connect directly with the audience by deconstructing the distance between material reality and the series's fantasy space.

Geographic Reality Versus Imagination in Taiwan’s Historical Maps

<title/>During the past 400 years, Taiwan has experienced the dominance of various political regimes, which allowed the development of a diversity of cartographic styles for academic comparison. A detailed analysis of historical maps across centuries demonstrates that this contested island has been illustrated with a blending of reality, misconception and imagination. This paper narrates how maps reveal political rulers’ conscious and unconscious perceptions of this island. We call attention to the abundant cartographic materials in existence and suggest that they can be fascinating materials for the study of the contested colonial histories of this island in various disciplines.

Discovering the Enemy Within: An Exercise in Unintended Thought

This experiential exercise addresses a complex and many faceted problem in organizational psychology that is sometimes referred to as false consciousness. By bringing the subconscious into focus, we learn how we got where we are, and more importantly, we learn that while our environment may affect our beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors, we are in no way helpless pawns of our socialization. The exercise is a fun house of mirrors, providing opportunities to address myriad organizational behavior issues. We explore how much of our current behaviors are due to socialization, conscious thought, and context. We investigate intended versus actual behaviors, our unconscious attributions, associations, perceptions, stereotypes, and self-honesty. Finally, we ask ourselves, “Just who is making up my mind for me?

Self-Determination and the Neurology of Mindfulness

Self-actualization is one of the keystones of humanistic psychology which, as a reaction to the reductionist values of behaviorism and psychoanalysis, also silently ignored brain research, subsuming it under the same rubric. Now comes mindfulness, a fairly new movement, with its openness to brain research and such cutting-edge notions as the adaptive unconscious—“thin slicing” unconscious perceptions for immediate decision making. The integration of mindfulness with emerging brain research leads to the possibility of modifying brain structure through conscious awareness, thereby restoring self-determination to its proper role. Another incipient movement in humanistic psychotherapy, deep empathy, is explained in terms of mindful human connection and limbic brain function. Just as emotion, thought, and brain structure mutually affect one another, so do therapist and client. Mindfulness, emotional connection, and deep empathy all contribute to mental well-being and a physiologically nurtured brain and help us transcend the numbing “consensus trance” that blinds us to the deeper aspects of life. Mindfulness and the new awareness of mind-brain interaction bring us back to the self-actualization values of the beginnings of humanistic psychology.

Power, Perception, and Privilege: White Privilege and the Rehabilitation of Mexican Americans

Rehabilitation counselors are gatekeepers to services in the state/federal vocational rehabilitation agency. Further, it is safe to state that the majority of these counselors are white, non-Hispanic Americans. Juxtaposed with these twin realities is the growing number of Hispanic/Latino Americans with disabilities, the greatest number of whom are of Mexican origin. Therefore, it becomes necessary for rehabilitation counselors to examine the concepts, history, and results of white privilege. In rehabilitation, white privilege may affect the higher rates of disabilities experienced by Mexican Americans and the fact that once Mexican Americans acquire these disabilities, they experience more secondary conditions and complications (than white, non-Hispanics). Acceptance for services in the state/federal VR system can be influenced by white privilege. Once accepted for services, white privilege can create distance and a power differential between the rehabilitation counselor and the Mexican American client. In addition, biases and inaccurate (and unconscious) perceptions of the counselor may lead to inaccurate assessments and underestimation of the Mexican American client's potential for rehabilitation. Practice recommendations which empower the Mexican American client are presented.