Source Of Income Research Articles

THE INCREASING INCOME STRATEGY OF SUMBER AGUNG VILLAGE WEST PESIR DISTRICT THAT IMPACT ON COMMUNITY ECONOMY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SIYASAH MALIYAH

The enactment of Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages and Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government gives villages the right to regulate their regional affairs. In increasing the village's original income, the village government has the right and authority to widely utilize village wealth. Regarding village income sources, efforts to mobilize resources to develop the people's economic potential will increase people's productivity, so that the productivity of both human resources and natural resources around the people can be increased. In this research study, the formulation of the problem is how the strategy for increasing village original income has an impact on the community's economy and how siyāsah māliyah reviews this strategy. The aim of this research are to find out how the strategy of increasing village original income has an impact on the community's economy and how siyāsah māliyah views this strategy. The type of research used in this research is field research, where this research was carried out by interviewing staff at Sumber Agung Pekon, Ngambur District, Pesisir Barat Regency. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively, processing data analysis using descriptive analysis methods, namely discussions based on general thought patterns and then concluded in specific terms. The research results show that the strategy to increase village original income which has an impact on the community economy in the Sumber Agung area, Ngambur District, Pesisir Barat Regency is by establishing village-owned business entities, developing beach tourism, and also having village markets. The conclusion from the results of this research is that the strategy to increase village original income which has an impact on the economy of the community in the Ngambur area has made a contribution, although not much. Siyāsah māliyah's review of the increase in original village income which has an impact on the economy of the community in the Sumber Agung District of Ngambur is in accordance with the principle of benefit, namely prioritizing the interests of the people rather than the interests of the individual.

Demographic and food frequency survey of a marginalized community in Almora, Uttarakhand, India

The demography and eating behaviour of the marginalized communities residing in the Almora district of Uttarakhand, India, was investigated. It was observed that agriculture was the main income source along with other work such as labourer, black-smith, etc. Food consumption was mainly dependent upon either the Government Public Distribution System or on traditional coarse grains which were being produced only for their own consumption. Traditional food crops were being neglected in the Himalayan region due to the deterioration of local food systems, changing food habits, and lack of awareness of the uses and nutritional value of traditional crops.

The Impact of Non-Agricultural Activities on Poverty Reduction in Rural Communities: A Case of Sumbawanga Rural District, Tanzania

Agriculture is central to Tanzania's rural economy, but its underperformance drives many households in Sumbawanga Rural District to seek non-farm activities to combat poverty. This study investigates the impact of such activities on poverty reduction. It identifies drivers pushing farmers towards non-agricultural work, like low farm earnings and land scarcity, and explores how these activities affect household income. Data from 195 farming households reveals non-farm activities contribute significantly to income, ranging from 43% to 50%. Despite Tanzania's decreasing poverty rate (25.7%) in 2020, around 26 million still live in extreme poverty. The study suggests promoting non-agricultural endeavours like carpentry and animal husbandry to diversify income sources and alleviate poverty. Overall, it highlights the importance of non-farm activities in rural prosperity and recommends their integration into poverty reduction strategies.

Innovation and Practice of Diversified Business Model of New Energy Power Generation Enterprises

With the growing global demand for clean energy, new energy power generation enterprises are facing new opportunities and challenges. This paper explores the diversified business model of new energy power generation enterprises. Firstly, the theoretical basis of the business model of new energy power generation enterprises is analyzed, including the characteristics and income sources of single and multiple industrial chain models. The advantages and applications of different business models are analyzed through the study of cases at home and abroad, such as the European aggregated generation side resource model, the United States focused on controllable load demand response model, and the domestic cases of Shanghai and Shenzhen virtual power plant projects and distributed photovoltaic power generation. Then it puts forward the diversified business model innovation strategy of new energy power generation enterprises, covering the innovation of comprehensive energy services, the development of power side energy storage business, and the expansion of key businesses and profit models. Finally, the research conclusions are summarized and the future research directions are prospected. In short, the exploration of diversified business models of new energy power generation enterprises is of great significance to promote the development of clean energy and improve the competitiveness of enterprises.

Manajemen Risiko Usahatani Cabai Rawit: Studi Kasus Di Kawasan Gunung Merapi

Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L) is a common horticultural commodity cultivated by farmers in the Mount Merapi area. Farmers in this region face the risk of fluctuating productivity due to unpredictable volcanic eruption activities. This study aims to describe the types, sources, and levels of risk, analyze and examine risk management in bird's eye chili farming based on risk levels, risk mapping, and the total household income analysis of bird's eye chili farmers in Mount Merapi. The sample consists of 100 farmers selected through simple random sampling, with the criteria being residents who have been farming cayenne pepper for 10 years in the Mount Merapi area, growing cayenne pepper as the main commodity on their farmland, and farmers with and without additional income sources outside of farming. Data analysis includes risk analysis, total household income analysis, and descriptive quantitative analysis. In Pakem Subdistrict, the coefficient of variation values for production, price, and profit risks are 0.67, 0.08, and 1.20, respectively. In Dukun Subdistrict, these values are 0.55, 0.14, and 2.40, respectively. Lastly, in Selo Subdistrict, the values are 0.45, 0.07, and 0.84, respectively. Household income analysis is divided into two categories: farmers with additional income sources outside of farming and those without additional income sources in each district. The highest average total household income of cayenne pepper farmers is found in Selo Subdistrict. Important considerations in agricultural risk management include providing insurance for cayenne pepperi, market development, and land diversification.

Discussion and Verification: Chinese Development Path

This paper examines the long-term implications of China's extensive investment in infrastructure and real estate, suggesting that the country may have reached a stage where returns on such investments are significantly diminishing. Merely loosening lending regulations is unlikely to yield sustainable benefits and could, in fact, worsen the financial strain on local governments, particularly when accounting for hidden liabilities from local government financing vehicles (LGFVs), which are projected to surpass half of the country's GDP. The heavy dependence of local governments on land sales for revenue further complicates the issue, as a downturn in the real estate sector could lead to a dramatic decline in this vital income source. While these challenges are theoretically solvable, they are extremely difficult to address in practice. The paper stresses the need for a more balanced and diversified approach to economic development, particularly in addressing local government debt and finding new revenue streams beyond land sales.

Biochar improves growth and physiology of Swietenia macrophylla king in contaminated soil by copper

The production of açaí seed waste from the commercial and extractive exploitation of the Euterpe oleraceae palm tree is a serious problem that contributes to environmental contamination and production of greenhouse gases, a fact that suggests the need for an environmentally correct destination for this waste produced on a large scale. To this end, this study was conducted to evaluate the potential of acaí seed biochar (BCA) in mitigating the toxic effects of copper in Brazilian mahogany plants, analyzing biometrics and gas exchange. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with five blocks, in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme, corresponding to the control (without Cu) and three concentration of Cu (200, 400, and 600 mg Cu kg−1) and three levels of BCA (0%, 5% and 10%) proportional to the amount of soil in the pots, totaling sixty experimental units. The use of 5% BCA in soils contaminated with up to 200 mg kg−1 Cu promoted biometric increase (height, diameter, number of leaves), maintaining gas exchange (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, internal carbon and internal/external carbon), and consequently, maintaining water use efficiency in plants under abiotic stress, resulting in plant growth. The findings of this study allow us to indicate the use of biochar in remediating and improving the growth of plants grown in copper-contaminated soils. The production of biochar from açaí seeds is an ecologically sustainable alternative, because it reduces its accumulation on public roads and contributes to reducing soil pollution. In the context of public policies, biochar production could be a source of income in the context of the bioeconomy and circular economy practiced in the Amazon, because it is produced in large quantities.

Optimization of Vacant Land Utilization through Moringa Cultivation and Moringa Tea Production as a Source of Food and Income for the Cilembang Community, Tasikmalaya

Optimization of Vacant Land Utilization through Moringa Cultivation and Moringa Tea Production as a Source of Food and Income for the Cilembang Community, Tasikmalaya

Caregiving experiences and practices: qualitative formative research towards development of integrated early childhood development interventions targeting Kenyans and refugees in Nairobi’s informal settlements

BackgroundEvidence is needed to understand factors that influence child development and caregiving experiences, especially in marginalized contexts, to inform the development and implementation of early childhood development (ECD) interventions. This study explores caregiving practices for young children in an urban informal settlement with Kenyans and embedded refugees, and identifies factors shaping these caregiving experiences, to inform the design and development of potentially appropriate ECD interventions.MethodsA qualitative formative study, which included 14 focus group discussions (n = 125 participants), and 13 key informant interviews was conducted between August and October 2018. Purposive sampling approaches were used to select a diverse range of respondents including caregivers of children below three years of age and stakeholders of Kenyan nationality and refugees. Data were analysed using a thematic approach and the Nurturing Care Framework was used as an interpretative lens.ResultsThere was a fusion of traditional, religious and modern practices in the care for young children, influenced by the caregivers’ culture, and financial disposition. There were mixed views/practices on nutrition for young children. For example, while there was recognition of the value for breastfeeding, working mothers, especially in the informal economy, found it a difficult practice. Stimulation through play was common, especially for older children, but gaps were identified in aspects such as reading, and storytelling in the home environment. Some barriers identified included the limited availability of a caregiver, insecurity, and confined space in the informal settlement, all of which made it difficult for children to engage in play activities. Physical and psychological forms of discipline were commonly mentioned, although few caregivers practiced and recognized the need for using non-violent approaches. Some overarching challenges for caregivers were unemployment or unstable sources of income, and, particularly for refugee caregivers, their legal status.ConclusionThese findings point to the interplay of various factors affecting optimal caregiving for young children in an urban informal settlement with Kenyans and refugees. Integrated ECD interventions are needed for such a mixed population, especially those that strive to anchor along caregivers’ social support system, co-designed together with community stakeholders, that ideally focus on parent skills training promoting nurturing care and economic empowerment.

Basic income for creative justice: Weathering inequity in the creative industries during COVID-19

Basic income for creative justice: Weathering inequity in the creative industries during COVID-19

Gender differentials in primary processing and market participation by mopane worm harvesters in Zimbabwe: insights from the COVID-19 pandemic phase

BackgroundGender disparities in access to inputs, markets, financial inclusion, and participation in strategic value chains are major developmental challenges in emerging economies. Participation in the edible insect value chain has become an essential source of income, food, and nutrition in some African countries. This paper uses a bivariate probit model to examine the gender differentials for primary mopane worm harvesters’ participation in primary processing and market participation during COVID-19 in Southeastern Zimbabwe. Using a structured questionnaire, the data were gathered from 393 primary harvesters in five purposively selected wards in the Gwanda District of Zimbabwe. This study examines the gender differentials for primary mopane worm harvesters’ participation in primary processing and market participation during COVID-19 in Southeastern Zimbabwe.ResultsResults show that women are likelier to participate in primary value addition to preparing for the lean season opportunities. There are gender differentials in the participation in markets during COVID-19. Results show a significant negative relationship between participants' ages and female engagement in mopane processing and a positive correlation with female involvement in lean COVID-19 season marketing. Male harvesters’ participation in the lean market during the COVID-19 pandemic was significantly correlated positively with age and education level, while the choice to participate in the lean market was negatively correlated with the dependency ratio.ConclusionsCollaborative, community-centric, and gender-accommodative development of the mopane worm value chain is important. Focal issues are on supporting primary value addition for lean season market participation and during market shocks such as COVID-19. This can be a leap towards gender equality and improving livelihoods of women and men in mopane harvesting areas. The study recommends marketing and district-specific policies explicitly addressing mopane worm harvesting and marketing affects market participation and primary value-addition decisions.

Devolution and Social Citizenship: The Case of the Basic Income Pilot for Care Leavers in Wales

Devolution and Social Citizenship: The Case of the Basic Income Pilot for Care Leavers in Wales

An Eco-Friendly Alternative to Orange Peel, Sustainable Fashion Hair Accessories

The fashion industry contributes around 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions and 35% of plastic micro-fibers released in oceans [4][5]. This impact is amplified by the increasing demand for hair accessories, which are often made from plastic or metal and contain harmful chemicals. The global market for hair accessories is estimated to be worth Rs. 1,96,566 Crs. in 2023 and is forecasted to reach Rs. 3,50,201 Crs. by 2030 with a growth rate of 8.60%. To address the significant environmental impacts of hair fashion industry, there is a need to emphasize sustainable and eco-friendly fashion practices, including the use of organic waste. This action research project explores the use of bio-plastic made from Orange Peels, for creating sustainable and eco-friendly hair accessories. Due to high cellulose content in orange peel, bio-plastic produced using simple techniques have shown promising results, with excellent strength, flexibility, and biodegradability [1]. This research not only showcases the ‘best from the waste’ concept but also opens the door of additional income source to the orange farmers & consumers. A comprehensive online survey was conducted to get feedback from key stake holders toward promotion of eco-friendly fashion. The ‘Sakhi Paryavarnachi’ campaign has been initiated to promote the bio- plastic hair accessories amongst the end users. Overall the combined efforts of experimentation, observation, evaluation and survey based campaign have been explored herein to promote ‘Orange peel eco-friendly alternative for sustainable fashion in hair accessories.’

Support for universal basic income: A cross-disciplinary literature review

The technological development and the rise of artificial intelligence are driving a significant transformation of the labor market. The technological unemployment predicted by Keynes poses challenges for the global labor market that require new solutions. Basic income research has become a significant field of study, attracting attention from various disciplines such as political science, law, economics, and sociology. The aim of this paper is to explore on the basis of a literature review, what factors influence the support for basic income among the population. A systematic literature review based on the Web of Science and Scopus databases, after screening 2623 publications, identified 23 articles that contained findings relevant to the research question. A significant number of authors (12/23) analyzed data from the same source, the European Social Survey 2016 (ESS Round 8, 2020), conducted in 2016, first published in 2017 and updated several times since then. The paper shows that the study of the topic has a strong European focus. The social, economic, social and cultural diversity of European countries makes these studies important from a European and EU perspective, but from an international perspective, further research on the topic is needed.

Analysing the multifaceted determinants of exorbitant medical expenses among senior citizens in Malaysia

This article analyses the complex factors contributing to rising medical expenses, focusing on the senior citizen demographic in Malaysia. With the global aging population, notably in lower and middle-income countries, the study highlights the escalating medical and health insurance costs, driven by age, income source, modern healthcare, and geographical residence. The research draws on an extensive literature review, demographic analysis, and quantitative methods to examine these determinants. It critically analyzes Malaysia’s healthcare system, which operates on a dual-tier model, and the financial burden placed on senior citizens. The findings indicate that age, source of income, and geographical residence significantly influence medical expenses, whereas modern healthcare’s impact is not statistically significant. The study calls for government intervention, insurance industry adjustments, and private sector support to mitigate the financial strain on senior citizens. Recommendations include tax relief adjustments, National Health Insurance Scheme implementation, and employment sustainability for seniors. This research provides some recommendations to policymaking, the insurance industry, and academia by providing insights into managing the healthcare needs of an aging population sustainably.

Status of farm mechanization and factor affecting its adoption among the rice (Oryzae sativa) farmers in Sarlahi district, Nepal

This study aimed to investigate the degree of agricultural mechanization adoption and the factors influencing its acceptance in the Haripurwa municipality and Parsa rural municipality of Sarlahi district, specifically concerning rice agriculture using a multistage random sampling method. A total of 98 respondents were selected for the study, 52 were from Haripurwa municipality and 46 were from Parsa rural municipality. Primary data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires, focal group discussion, and key informant interviews whereas secondary data were obtained through review of relevant literature. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, scaling and indexing, chi-square tests, T-tests, and the logit model. By analyzing the adoption index, 62.245% and 37.755% of respondents were under the adopter and non-adopter categories respectively. In contrast to 100% physical labor for transplanting, fertilizer application, and other intercultural tasks like weeding and harvesting, the study found that land preparation was done mechanically (100%). The two biggest obstacles to the use of agricultural machinery were small farms scattered terrain and poor infrastructure with index values of 0.845 and 0.843, respectively. Major factors influencing agricultural mechanization were respondents' educational status, gender, farmers' experience, participation in organizations, loan availability, and primary source of family income. Thus, it can be said that socio-economic determinants which had a significant association with adoption status and most needed farm implements for farmers can be considered by the concerned authority to increase the farm mechanization and enhance profitability from rice farming.

Global patterns of mangrove resource utilization: a systematic review

Ecosystem services, encompassing the direct and indirect benefits of natural systems, are extensively studied in the context of mangroves. These carbon-rich ecosystems support coastal fisheries, shorelines, and harvestable resources to local communities. However, research on mangrove ecosystem services primarily are at a local scale, with limited exploration of global variations in resource utilization. This paper aims to bridge this knowledge gap through a systematic review of the existing literature conducted in Web of Science to assess the geographical variations in the coverage of mangrove use and ecosystem services. Out of 310 papers analyzed, Asia had the highest coverage (43%) with support to fisheries (39%) being the most researched ecosystem service worldwide. Direct use of mangrove resources exhibited regional variations, particularly in Asia, Africa, and North America. Mangrove wood, primarily used for fuel (16%) and construction (15%), was the most documented resource, with its usage persisting in low-income countries. Notably, a shift from being a primary income source to subsistence use was observed in Asia, Africa, and South America. Intrinsic and cultural services were less mentioned in the literature, emphasizing the need for future studies to focus on these areas to ensure culturally sensitive conservation efforts.

ASSESSMENT OF ADULT YOUTHS’ PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN ZARIA, KADUNA STATE

This study assessed the adult youth’s participation in agricultural production and its impact on employment opportunities in Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria. Three specific objectives and three research questions were formulated. Descriptive survey design was adopted and population of the study was all youths participated in farming production in Zaria Birni Constituency. A sample of 60 adult youths was purposively selected from 3 wards out of 6 wards in Zaria Birni and its surrounding. Instrument used was a structured questionnaire with a four rating scale titled “Adult Youths Participation in Agricultural Production and its Impact on Employment Opportunity” (AYPAPIEO)”. It was validated by three senior researchers in the faculty of education Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. Descriptive statistics (percentage, mean and standard deviation) was used to answer the research questions. The findings revealed that the adult youth in the study area participated actively in agricultural production to produce foods for their family and provide employment opportunity to their family, friend and community. The findings also revealed that the adult youth participated in the agricultural production because of the food security and to have other sources of income for the family. The findings of the study equally revealed that adult youth participation in agricultural production reduces the level of social vices. It was therefore recommended among others that government and non-governmental organizations should increase efforts to provide adult youth with easier access to land, credit facilities, and inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, and machinery. This can be achieved through targeted subsidy programs, low-interest loans, and land reform policies that prioritize youth engagement in agriculture. KEY WORDS: Adult youths, Agricultural production, Employment opportunities

National Sentiments and Regional Flavour- A Socio-economic Study of Huvina Hadagali Jasmine

Background This socio-economic analysis studies the influence of jasmine production on the economic well-being of farmers in Huvina Hadagali, a region known for its high-quality jasmine flowers. The Vijaya Nagara district’s Havina Hadagali area is well known throughout the country for its jasmine flower farming. In addition to being referred to as Mallige Nadu, this location is also known as Malligeya Tavaru. The cultivation of the jasmine flower is protected by the Geographical Indication (GI) Tag, and this flower has been popular in this region for a substantial amount of time. Methods Data was collected from a sample of 364 jasmine growers using a structured questionnaire in Huvina Hadagali, Vijayanagar district. The data focused on different socio-economic factors such as income levels, employment, market access, and agricultural techniques. The study is analysed using IBM SPSS through frequency analysis and 2-step clustering. Result The results demonstrate that the cultivation of jasmine makes a substantial contribution to the local economy, serving as a main or additional source of income for numerous households. Jasmine farming often contributes 40% of the whole household income, and during peak seasons, it provides significant economic advantages. Nevertheless, the highlighted obstacles were volatile market pricing, pest infestations, and limited access to contemporary farming practices. The study emphasises the crucial significance of cooperative societies and local marketplaces in stabilising income and offering essential resources and training to farmers. Conclusion The research highlights the necessity of governmental interventions focused on developing market infrastructure, offering financial assistance, and improving access to agricultural innovations to maintain and augment the economic advantages of jasmine cultivation in Huvina Hadagali.

(How) Would You Continue Working? A Comparison of Responses to the Lottery Question and a Basic Income Question

Abstract: The introduction of a basic income (BI) is a controversial topic. A key psychological question is whether most employees would stop or, as suggested by lottery question research, continue working. We addressed this question through two surveys with 268 and 640 employees, examining their plans regarding working if they won the lottery (lottery question) or received a monthly BI (BI question) as well as their reasons for continuing to work. More than 90 % (Study 1) and more than 80 % (Study 2) of respondents planned to continue working in both scenarios. In response to the BI question, more participants indicated they would continue working as before and fewer planned to pursue a different kind of work or to stop working. Financial reasons to continue working were reported more frequently in response to the BI question. Our findings suggest that the generalizability of lottery question research to the BI is limited, which necessitates specific research on the BI.