Uncommon Words Research Articles

Compound words on the Jakarta post newspaper and Việtnam news newspaper

A newspaper has become the major news source around the world, either the printed or online newspaper. A newspaper provides many kinds of news and from different perspectives. Words in the newspaper play a significant role to deliver the information to the readers. The morpho-semantic study is needed to find out the uncommon words and their meaning in the newspaper. News in The Jakarta Post newspaper and Việt Nam News newspaper were analyzed, applying Hamawand’s (2001) compound categorization. Endocentric compound and exocentric compound by O’Grady et al (2016) are also being used in this study. The data were taken in a purposive sampling technique by observing eight news in the business column by The Jakarta Post and nine news in the economy column by Việt Nam News, taken from August 28, 2020, until September 4, 2020. Both newspapers contain distinctive compound words related to the economy that is still rarely known by people. From the total seventeen news, only a noun compound and adjective compound are found in the news, while the verb compound does not appear at all. The total of compound words found in the news is 25; there are 18 noun compounds and 7 adjective compounds found in the news. There are 16 endocentric compounds and 9 exocentric compounds found. The result shows that noun compounds and endocentric compounds appear more often than adjective compounds and exocentric compounds.

الأحادیث الواردة فى التباعد الاجتماعى، والحَجْرِ الصِّحِّىِّ للوِقَایة من الأمراض المُعْدِیَة (تخریج، ودراسة) The Prophetic Hadiths that Relate to the Islamic Ruling of Applying the Social Distancing and Quarantine in Oorder to Prevent the Spread of Infectious Diseases

هذا بحث جمعت فيه الأحاديث الواردة فى التباعد الاجتماعى، والحجر الصحى للوقاية من الأمراض المعدية، وخرجتها، وبينت درجتها، وشرحت غريب ألفاظها، وذکرت مسائلها التى يحتاج إلى ذکرها فى تبيان حکم التباعد الاجتماعى، والحجر الصحى. وقد قسمت البحث إلى تمهيد، ومقصود، وخاتمة. فأما التمهيد فهو فى ذکر ما ابتلى به العالم هذا العام من مرض فيروس کورونا الجديد، وهو من الأمراض المعدية، وذکر عدد من أصيبوا به، ومن توفوا، وما أوصت به منظمة الصحة العالمية، وغيرها للوقاية من هذا الفيروس، وذکر اختيار الباحث لوصية التباعد الاجتماعى، والحجر الصحى، ودراستها دراسة حديثية. وأما المقصود فهو فى ذکر الأحاديث التى يمکن أن يؤخذ منها حکم التباعد الاجتماعى، والحجر الصحى للوقاية من الأمراض المعدية حديثا حديثا، وتخريجها، وتبيين درجتها، وشرح غريب ألفاظها، وذکر مسائلها التى يحتاج إلى ذکرها فى تبيان هذا الحکم. وأما الخاتمة فهى فى ذکر نتائج البحث، وتوصياته. ومن نتائج هذا البحث أن فى کتب السنة النبوية أحاديث کثيرة تتعلق بحکم التباعد الاجتماعى، والحجر الصحى للوقاية من الأمراض المعدية، ولکنها متفاوتة المراتب، فبعضها ثابت يمکن الاستدلال به على مشروعية التباعد الاجتماعى، والحجر الصحى، وبعضها غير ثابت لا يمکن الاستدلال به على ذلک. ومن توصياته أن يهتم الباحثون فى علوم الشريعة الإسلامية بالبحث فى المسائل الحديثة، والقضايا المعاصرة لبيان الأصول، والأدلة التى تتعلق بها، وتمييز الصحيح منها من غير الصحيح، والحث على العمل بما تدعو إليه الشريعة فى هذه المسائل، وإثبات کمال الإسلام، وتمامه، وعنايته بمجالات الحياة کلها. This is a research in which I collected the prophetic hadiths that relate to the Islamic ruling of applying the social distancing and quarantine in order to prevent the spread of Infectious diseases. The authenticity of these hadiths has been verified, the meanings of the uncommon words have been explained, and the relating issues have been mentioned in order to declare the ruling of the social distancing and quarantine. The research is divided into preface, content, and conclusion. As for the introduction, it contains the definition of the new Coronavirus, the number of people who are infected with it, those who died, and the advices that the World Health Organization recommended for the prevention of this virus. Also, the introduction refers to the researcher's choice of recommending social distancing and quarantine, along with studying it from the Sunnah perspective. As for the content, I have mentioned the prophetic hadiths that dealt with this issue one by one along with its verifications, meanings, and all other explanations that indicate the ruling of social distancing and quarantine. As for the conclusion, it includes the results and recommendations that have been extracted from the research. One of the results of this research is that there are many hadiths in the books of the Prophet’s Sunnah related to the ruling of social distancing and quarantine that protects from Infectious diseases. These hadiths are vary in ranks, some of them are authentic and acceptable for the deduction, and the others are not. Among the recommendations are encouraging the researchers in the Islamic law sciences to concern themselves with the contemporary issues researchers to the origins, and the proofs that relate to them through distinguishing the authentic out of the unauthentic, and showing the attention that Sharia is giving for such matters, and proving that Islam is a perfect and completed religion to the extent that it contains rulings for all aspects of life.

The attrition of common and distinctive English words in translator trainers

This paper embodies a study into the attrition rate of a translator educator in the event of the occurrence of common and uncommon vocabulary in the translation process. The study was conducted on 30 Iranian male translator educators who have been detached from translation practice for long chronological periods of time upon completion of their teacher training courses. They were chosen through purposive testing among 100 Iranian male translator educators from three areas in Iran namely Mashhad, Torbat-e-Heydarieh, and Tehran. Their age runs somewhere in the range of 25 and 35. The instrument included one translation errand. The assignment comprised 20 items out of common words and 20 items out of uncommon vocabularies that were assigned in a translation setting. Results demonstrated that the attrition rate gradually expanded as the chronology of not being attached to translation expanded. This means that as the translation practitioner becomes a trainer, with less practice translation attrition occurs. Additionally, it was discovered that the attrition rate in contextualized text is not as high as for common words in comparison to the uncommon words, also it applies to the decontextualized text. This accordingly shows that the context and the level of familiarity with vocabularies in a text have influence on the level of attrition rate in translation. This study also indicates that uncommon words are more resistant to attrition than common words in translation settings.
 
 Keywords: Contextualization, Attrition, Common words, Distinctive words, De-contextualization

Extracting Time Expressions and Named Entities with Constituent-Based Tagging Schemes

Time expressions and named entities play important roles in data mining, information retrieval, and natural language processing. However, the conventional position-based tagging schemes (e.g., the BIO and BILOU schemes) that previous research used to model time expressions and named entities suffer from the problem of inconsistent tag assignment. To overcome the problem of inconsistent tag assignment, we designed a new type of tagging schemes to model time expressions and named entities based on their constituents. Specifically, to model time expressions, we defined a constituent-based tagging scheme termed TOMN scheme with four tags, namely T, O, M, and N, indicating the defined constituents of time expressions, namely time token, modifier, numeral, and the words outside time expressions. To model named entities, we defined a constituent-based tagging scheme termed UGTO scheme with four tags, namely U, G, T, and O, indicating the defined constituents of named entities, namely uncommon word, general modifier, trigger word, and the words outside named entities. In modeling, our TOMN and UGTO schemes model time expressions and named entities under conditional random fields with minimal features according to an in-depth analysis for the characteristics of time expressions and named entities. Experiments on diverse datasets demonstrate that our proposed methods perform equally with or more effectively than representative state-of-the-art methods on both time expression extraction and named entity extraction.

СПЕЦИФИКА ИДИОЛЕКТА Э. МАКРОНА В КОНТЕКСТЕ ЕГО ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

The aim of the paper is to present the results of the analysis of the idiolect of the French President Emmanuel Macron in the context of political events presented in the president’s addresses to the nation. The following tasks are solved in the work: the mechanisms of the influence of his speech on the recipient are determined, the aspect of an interdisciplinary dialogue between political science and linguistics is reflected, attention is drawn to the context of the discourse of E. Macron against the backdrop of a changing world, challenges in France's domestic and foreign policy. The analysis of the idiolect of E. Macron from the point of view of the implementation of its communicative functions was also carried out. The conclusion of the article is informative for the increment of knowledge in sociolinguistics and political linguistics. The main result of the study was the conclusion that the individual style of E. Macron is distinguished by the desire for a neat, cautious, but at the same time bold attitude to the word. The specificity of his speech is manifested at all linguistic levels, namely at the phonetic level, clearly defined in terms of diction and arrangement of pauses, linking and accentuation by declaring, at the lexical level in a peculiar choice of vocabulary, in some cases outdated, uncommon words, as well as in the use of metaphors and phraseological units, at the syntactic level – in the use of complex syntactic constructions and anaphoric repetitions. This specificity draws attention to itself, it defines the president’s idiolect as a person striving to take the country's development to a new level, to take care of the nation, at the same time emphasizing his rather tough position in relation to the whole world.

The 'Mantle of Stone' Re-Worked: Comments on the Relationship of Lycoph. Alex. 333 to Hom. IL. 3.57 and the Style of Lycophron's Alexandra

The 'Mantle of Stone' Re-Worked:Comments on the Relationship of Lycoph. Alex. 333 to Hom. IL. 3.57 and the Style of Lycophron's Alexandra* Fabian Horn In the enigmatic poem Alexandra commonly ascribed to the Hellenistic poet Lycophron of Chalcis (3rd century bce), the fate of queen Hecuba is described in the following lines (330–34): σὲ δ' ἀμφὶ κοίλην αἰχμάλωτον ᾐόναπρέσβυν Δολόγκων δημόλευστον ὠλένῃἐπεσβόλοις ἀραῖσιν ἠρεθισμένῃκρύψει κύπασσις χερμάδων ἐπομβρίᾳΜαίρας ὅταν φαιουρὸν ἀλλάξῃς δομήν. But you, aged captive by the hollow shore,stoned by the arm of the people of the Doloncians,which was enraged by your railing curses,a stony mantle will hide in a torrent of rocks,when you have put on the reddish-brown body of Maira.1 [End Page 205] The version of the myth presumed and presented in highly compressed form by Lycophron is known in more detail from other sources: after the sack of the city, Hecuba, the aged queen of Troy, was taken captive and brought to the land of the Doloncians on the Thracian Chersonese where she avenged the death of her son Polydorus, and after she had blinded his killer, the Thracian king Polymestor, she was transformed into a dog and was subsequently stoned to death (see also Lycoph. Alex. 1174–88 on Hecuba's transformation and cenotaph).2 At first reading, the metaphor κύπασσις χερμάδων 'mantle of stones' in line 333 is cryptic, as befits the style of the poem as a large-scale riddle,3 but the phrasing is distinctive enough to be recognizable to the erudite reader as an intertextual reworking of a famous metaphor from the Iliad:4 in Book 3, Hector chastises his brother Paris and threatens that, if the Trojans were less indulgent towards his philandering, 'you would be wearing a shirt of stone for all the misery you have caused' (Il. 3.57: λάινον ἕσσο χιτῶνα κακῶν ἕνεχ' ὅσσα ἔοργας), probably a novel and imaginative variation of the similar expression 'putting on (a garment of) earth', a [End Page 206] metaphorical euphemism for burial in later Greek.5 There are no direct verbal echoes between the two passages, but the metaphor is unique and accordingly most commentators merely mention the model of Iliad 3.57 for Lycoph. Alex. 333, even though the precise relationship between the two passages is not made explicit.6 Indeed, Lycophron's adaptation is certainly meant to evoke the original Homeric metaphor, but the imagery of the passage and the effects it produces are more complicated and will be examined in the following discussion. Initially, it seems as if Lycophron has simply rephrased the Homeric metaphor in the language of his tragic messenger speech and substituted different words for the original phrasing. The lexeme κύπασσις, which has come to replace the Homeric χιτών and similarly denotes a short shirt or frock for both men and women reaching to mid-thigh,7 is not a particularly common word and is mainly attested in fragmentary sources.8 In its rarity, it is typical of Lycophron's penchant for peculiar and uncommon words.9 The Homeric adjective λάινος 'made of stone' (derived from λᾶας 'stone', 'boulder'; cf. Il. 2.319; 3.12; 7.268; 12.445, 453; Od. 9.537; 11.594, 596, 598; 14.163) is taken up by the genitive χερμάδων. Χερμάς is a conventional poetic word well adapted to this context, since it denotes a large stone, especially one used for throwing or slinging.10 Therefore any ancient [End Page 207] reader with sufficient erudition to read and understand Lycophron's Alexandra could not fail to notice that the collocation κύπασσις χερμάδων is a paraphrase of the unique image of the Homeric λάινος χιτών, both phrases meaning 'a garment of stones' as a creative metaphor for death by stoning. However, in the Alexandra the following word ἐπομβρίᾳ partially deconstructs the original image: κύπασσις 'coat' and ἐπομβρία 'rain',11 even though they at first seem to share a common conceptual domain, are both used figuratively, while only χερμάδες 'stones' is to be taken literally. As it is, neither of the two nouns can be understood literally and on its own: neither Hecuba, in the shape of a dog, being hidden by an actual mantle in a metaphorical torrent of stones, nor a figurative mantle of stones covering her in a literal shower of rain makes good sense from a logical point of view.12 Thus κύπασσις metaphorically denotes 'something covering the...

DEVELOPING STORY BOOK IN ENGLISH FOR PRE SCHOOLERS IN MEDAN

The objectives of the study was To find out to what extent does the design of story book in English match the preschoolers’ language development, to find out how story book in English designed to cope with the Pre-schoolers, to find out the reason why story book in English designed as it was for pre-Schoolers. The study was research and development. The existing story book was Moo’s Smelly Jumper from David Brown. There were several uncommon words, and the book was not intended in indicators K-13 Curricullum. The researcher wanted to develop a new story book in English for Preschoolers in Medan based on the position of EFL in Indonesia and the preschoolers’ language development in English. The story book was about my pets and me. The researcher develop 6 of pets, cat, rabbit, fish, bird, dog, and rooster. The researcher create the uncommon words to be common word to the preschoolers by presenting the explanation of picture of the object, and the function of the object. the story book was intended to the indicator in K-13 Curricullum. The findings of the study showed that (1) The findings of the existing story book the total score in general were ”2” (the criteria was partially met). And then, preschoolers’ language development, namely 80% matched with Slobin’s theory in Semantic, 76% in Grammatic and 72% preschoolers in Phonology. (2). Based on the validation of the book by the experts, the book got some the revision in the content and in the layout. Finally the book would be : The content : Included the learning outcome, the text was intended to achieve the indicator of K-13 curricullum, namely preschoolers are able to love the pets such as rabbit, cat, dog, birds, and roooster. The layout : the size of page number was not too big, the background was colorfull to attrack The preschoolers’ attention. The series book of “Gunggung is my Dog, Brave Rooster, Miaw the Cheerfull cat, Bird’s sad whistle, and Missing Fish ” had been design to achieved the standard competence which was written in syllabus kemendikbud no 37, “the preschoolers can love the God’s living things” where the theme was “Pets” in the first semester. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the book was appropriate for Preschoolers in Medan. some suggestion were directed to To teacher of Preschool in Medan supposed giving more attention to the preschoolers’ language development in Medan in doing story telling by using a story book in English, to other researcher, it was suggested that this reseach could be further expanded, elaborated, and explored in other field in ordet to contribute the development, especially in story book, and to all the readers, it was suggested to use this research as the reference for other research in educational research and Development.Keywords : develop, story book, PreSchoolers,

DEVELOPING STORY BOOK IN ENGLISH FOR PRE SCHOOLERS IN MEDAN

The objectives of the study was To find out to what extent does the design of story book in English match the preschoolers’ language development, to find out how story book in English designed to cope with the Pre-schoolers, to find out the reason why story book in English designed as it was for pre-Schoolers. The study was research and development. The existing story book was Moo’s Smelly Jumper from David Brown. There were several uncommon words, and the book was not intended in indicators K-13 Curricullum. The researcher wanted to develop a new story book in English for Preschoolers in Medan based on the position of EFL in Indonesia and the preschoolers’ language development in English. The story book was about my pets and me. The researcher develop 6 of pets, cat, rabbit, fish, bird, dog, and rooster. The researcher create the uncommon words to be common word to the preschoolers by presenting the explanation of picture of the object, and the function of the object. the story book was intended to the indicator in K-13 Curricullum. The findings of the study showed that (1) The findings of the existing story book the total score in general were ”2” (the criteria was partially met). And then, preschoolers’ language development, namely 80% matched with Slobin’s theory in Semantic, 76% in Grammatic and 72% preschoolers in Phonology. (2). Based on the validation of the book by the experts, the book got some the revision in the content and in the layout. Finally the book would be : The content : Included the learning outcome, the text was intended to achieve the indicator of K-13 curricullum, namely preschoolers are able to love the pets such as rabbit, cat, dog, birds, and roooster. The layout : the size of page number was not too big, the background was colorfull to attrack The preschoolers’ attention. The series book of “Gunggung is my Dog, Brave Rooster, Miaw the Cheerfull cat, Bird’s sad whistle, and Missing Fish ” had been design to achieved the standard competence which was written in syllabus kemendikbud no 37, “the preschoolers can love the God’s living things” where the theme was “Pets” in the first semester. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the book was appropriate for Preschoolers in Medan. some suggestion were directed to To teacher of Preschool in Medan supposed giving more attention to the preschoolers’ language development in Medan in doing story telling by using a story book in English, to other researcher, it was suggested that this reseach could be further expanded, elaborated, and explored in other field in ordet to contribute the development, especially in story book, and to all the readers, it was suggested to use this research as the reference for other research in educational research and Development.Keywords : develop, story book, PreSchoolers,

Uncommon Word Order of Yoda in Star Wars Movie Series: A Syntactic Analysis

This paper analyzes Yoda’s syntax order to discover the word order which occurs in his speeches and the factors affecting his preferred syntax. Data were collected from Yoda’s utterances in George Lucas’ Star Wars saga. Yoda, who speaks English, expresses his thoughts in an unusual structure which might not be recognized by the existing rules of syntax. Instead of speaking in the traditional Subject-Verb-Object syntax, Yoda speaks in Object-Subject-Verb and Verb-Object-Subject syntax. This study employs content analysis, diving into seven Star Wars movies from the Saga. Out of 169 sentences Yoda uttered, the researchers discovered three factors affecting his preference to use the unusual syntax, namely Yoda’s origin, personality and traits, and power and abilities.

Mina Loy and lexicophilia

ABSTRACTThis essay considers the “lexicophilic” impulse in some forms of Anglo-American modernism to provide a context for a close examination of Mina Loy’s interest in unusual and recondite vocabularies. Like many modernist writers – Pound, Joyce, MacDiarmid, Barnes, Zukofsky, for example – Loy was an avid reader of dictionaries from which she mined what she called a “composite” language that deployed dialect and Latinate words along with others purloined from the technical fields of science and medicine. Loy’s ironic use of abstruse and specialized words serves both a satirical and a feminist agenda, producing a kind of verbal materiality that mocks intellectual pretension and deflates masculine authority by lending it “a ribald flavor of lubriciousness.” Extended comparison is made between the satirical modes of Loy and Wyndham Lewis whose work she greatly admired. It is characteristic of the hybrid nature of Loy’s feminism that she could see her own project in relation to the misogynist one of Lewis – for both, a satirical play with uncommon words was a means of attacking pretension and the false authority of metaphysics.

Real-Life Language Use Across Different Interlocutors: A Naturalistic Observation Study of Adults Varying in Age

Amid the growing interest in studying language use in real life, this study, for the first time, examined age effects on real-life language use, as well as within-person variations across different interlocutors. We examined speech samples collected via the Electronically Activated Recorder (i.e., portable audio recorder that periodically records ambient sounds) for a larger project. This existing dataset included more than 18,000 sound snippets (50-s long) from 53 American couples (breast cancer patients and their spouses; aged 24 to 94 years) in their natural environments. Sound snippets that included participant speech were coded for different interlocutors and given scores on three linguistic measures that are associated with age-related cognitive changes: usage of unique words, usage of uncommon words, and grammatical complexity. Multilevel models showed that there were no age effects on the three linguistic measures when interlocutors were not taken into account. We found that interlocutors influenced usage of unique words and grammatical complexity. More specifically, compared to talking with their spouse, participants used fewer unique words with children and friends; and used simpler grammatical structures with children, strangers, and in multiparty conversations. Next, we found that interlocutors influenced the associations between age and language use. More specifically, young adults used more unique words and more uncommon words with children than older adults. They used more uncommon words with friends and uttered more complex grammatical structures with strangers than older adults. Our results offer preliminary evidence for a new perspective to understand real-life language use: focusing not only on individual characteristics (i.e., age), but also context (i.e., interlocutors). This perspective should be useful to researchers who are interested in collecting “big data” and understanding cognitive activities in real life.

Reading Individual Words Within Sentences in Infantile Nystagmus.

Normal readers make immediate and precise adjustments in eye movements during sentence reading in response to individual word features, such as lexical difficulty (e.g., common or uncommon words) or word length. Our purpose was to assess the effect of infantile nystagmus (IN) on these adaptive mechanisms. Eye movements were recorded from 29 participants with IN (14 albinism, 12 idiopathic, and 3 congenital stationary night blindness) and 15 controls when reading sentences containing either common/uncommon words or long/short target words. Parameters assessed included: duration of first foveation/fixation, number of first-pass and percentage second-pass foveations/fixations, percentage words skipped, gaze duration, acquisition time (gaze + nongaze duration), landing site locations, clinical and experimental reading speeds. Participants with IN could not modify first foveation durations in contrast to controls who made longer first fixations on uncommon words (P < 0.001). Participants with IN made more first-pass foveations on uncommon and long words (P < 0.001) to increase gaze durations. However, this also increased nongaze durations (P < 0.001) delaying acquisition times. Participants with IN reread shorter words more often (P < 0.005). Similar to controls, participants with IN landed more first foveations between the start and center of long words. Reading speeds during experiments were lower in IN participants compared to controls (P < 0.01). People with IN make more first-pass foveations on uncommon and long words influencing reading speeds. This demonstrates that the "slow to see" phenomenon occurs during word reading in IN. These deficits are not captured by clinical reading charts.

The Aachen List of Trait Words.

In this study, we present the Aachen List of Trait Words (ALoT), including a total of 606 German adjectives with English translations, describing personality traits. The lack of ratings regarding the social desirability of traits led us to create a German trait database. Ratings of valence and social desirability were obtained from 100 participants. Statistical analyses of 99 participants indicated that valence and social desirability ratings were strongly correlated. However, there are several words showing a weak or no relationship. Furthermore, uncommon words were rated less positively (or desirable) than more common traits. Word frequency and word length were positively correlated, showing that short terms were more common than long ones. Social desirability and valence ratings are presented together with several psycholinguistic variables known to influence word processing (e.g. word length) in the ALoT. Scores for each word are provided as supplemental materials. The ALoT is intended to provide stimulus material for experiments dealing with the affective processing of German trait adjectives.

Culture and social media: the relationship between cultural values and hashtagging styles

ABSTRACT Many social media users include #-signs before particular terms on social media – which is termed hashtagging. Recent research indicates that people tend to use the pound key for uncommon words, including ‘artistic’ words that are unlikely to serve functional purposes, and that cultural differences in hashtagging styles exist. The current study examines characteristics of hashtags and the impact of individual cultural values on hashtagging behaviour. Findings reveal four dimensions of hashtags, concluding that hashtags can be inspirational, structural, entertaining, and artistic. Second, findings show that hashtags are used to structure content equally independent of cultural values. However, inspirational hashtags are common among users with collectivistic, uncertainty avoidant, and masculine cultural values. Moreover, collectivistic and masculine values are also associated with artistic hashtags – whereas uncertainty avoidance is related to entertaining hashtags. In addition, findings show that cultural values associated with power distance relate to a higher hashtagging intensity.

A non-contact interactive stereo display system for exploring human anatomy.

Stereoscopic display based on Virtual Reality (VR) can facilitate doctors to observe the 3 D virtual anatomical models with the depth cues, assist them in intuitively investigating the spatial relationship between different anatomical structures without mental imagination. However, there is few input device can be used in controlling the virtual anatomical models in the sterile operating room. This paper presents a cost-effective VR application system for demonstration of 3 D virtual anatomical models with non-contact interaction and stereo display. The system is integrated with hand gesture interaction and voice interaction to achieve non-contact interaction. Hand gesture interaction is implemented based on a Leap Motion controller mounted on the Oculus Rift DK2. Voice is converted into operation using Bing Speech for English language and Aitalk for Chinese language, respectively. A local relationship database is designed to record the anatomical terminologies to speech recognition engine to query these uncommon words. The hierarchical nature of these terminologies is also recorded in a tree structure. In the experiments, ten participants were asked to perform the evaluation on the proposed system. The results show that our system is more efficient than traditional interactive manner and verify the feasibility and practicability in the sterile operating room.

A non-contact interactive stereo display system for exploring human anatomy

Stereoscopic display based on Virtual Reality (VR) can facilitate clinicians observing 3 D anatomical models with the depth cue which lets them understand the spatial relationship between different anatomical structures intuitively. However, there are few input devices available in the sterile field of the operating room for controlling 3 D anatomical models. This paper presents a cost-effective VR application for stereo display of 3 D anatomical models with non-contact interaction. The system is integrated with hand gesture interaction and voice interaction to achieve non-contact interaction. Hand gesture interaction is based on Leap Motion. Voice interaction is implemented based on Bing Speech for English language and Aitalk for Chinese language. A local database is designed to record the anatomical terminologies organized in a tree structure, and provided to the speech recognition engine for querying these uncommon words. Ten participants were asked to practice the proposed system and compare it with the common interactive manners. The results show that our system is more efficient than the common interactive manner and prove the feasibility and practicability of the proposed system used in the sterile field.

The impact of hyperlinks on reading text.

There has been debate about whether blue hyperlinks on the Web cause disruption to reading. A series of eye tracking experiments were conducted to explore if coloured words in black text had any impact on reading behaviour outside and inside a Web environment. Experiment 1 and 2 explored the saliency of coloured words embedded in single sentences and the impact on reading behaviour. In Experiment 3, the effects of coloured words/hyperlinks in passages of text in a Web-like environment was explored. Experiment 1 and 2 showed that multiple coloured words in text had no negative impact on reading behaviour. However, if the sentence featured only a single coloured word, a reduction in skipping rates was observed. This suggests that the visual saliency associated with a single coloured word may signal to the reader that the word is important, whereas this signalling is reduced when multiple words are coloured. In Experiment 3, when reading passages of text containing hyperlinks in a Web environment, participants showed a tendency to re-read sentences that contained hyperlinked, uncommon words compared to hyperlinked, common words. Hyperlinks highlight important information and suggest additional content, which for more difficult concepts, invites rereading of the preceding text.

PENGGUNAAN BAHASA ASING DAN DAERAH PADA PAPAN NAMAUSAHA DAN IKLAN (Studi Kasus di Banjarbaru dan Martapura)

Abstract: The objective of this study is (1) to describe the choice of using foreign and local languages on the bussiness banners and advertisements in Banjarbaru and Martapura; and (2) to explain the reasons or the cause of using those languages. Data is obtained from purposive samples of business sign board found in Banjarbaru and Martapura city. Data analysis is using descriptive approach; it was describing the error from the sample. This research uses the rule of Indonesianization of foreign words and terms and AIDA theory (Attention, Interest, Desire, Action). The results of this research are (1) many Banjar and foreign languages are used in one business sign board; (2) three reasons of using foreign and local language: 1. latest icon are used to attract consumer’s attention to goods and services even though the icon is not relevant to Indonesian Language. 2. Using different languages deviate from grammar and uncommon word choice to attract consumer’s attention to the advertisement of product or business. 3. The use of local language is familiar to consumers of detail and services. This research shows that local phrases or terms are used to evoke consumer’s feeling. On the other hand, the use of English gives an educated impression to advertisers.

Русские стяженные номинации с суффиксом –к(а) в социолингвистическом аспекте: от коммуналки к боевке

Active distribution of lexemes derived from combining attributive phrases in one word – in particular, using the -k(а) suffix – is often associated with their stylistic markedness and expressive tone. Often, however, set -k(a)-formations function as stylistically neutral: open letter – otrkrytka, student’s record book – zachyotka. The derivative model is active both in colloquial speech and terminology. -K(а)-nominates are described in literature (see the works by Isachenko, Kapanadze, Yanko-Trinitskaya, Vinokur, Lopatin, Zemskaya, Osipova, Veprevoi, Ustimenko) as the result of semantic condensation, lexico-syntactic inclusion, lexical ellipticism, univerbation, compression (and are called univerbs, compressives, sometimes distinguishing these types). Due to their tendency to relate to several referents, -k(a)-words tend towards polysemic functioning. The study explores mono- and polyreferenciality of univerbs, their polysemous nature, and young Russian native speakers’ understanding / treatment of mono- and polysemic -k(a)-lexemes. The article examines 32 relatively active (relevant at least in one meaning) derivational models with affixal -k(а) selected from several sources: the Internet; Contemporary Reverse Russian language dictionary; research, including dictionaries of compressives. Chosen were mainly derivatives from attributive combinations motivated by word-sign (adjective or participle) but without a strict distinction between univerbs and condensates. The informants (the students of HSE Lyceum, Moscow) were given a list that included 3 fillers to measure reliability and identify excessive speech creativity which might induce informants to interpret an uncommon word as known. Control group consisted of adults with technical and humanities background (12 people). The study objectives were to determine the prevalence and marginality of univerbs, as well as poly- and monoreferential lexemes; to identify the use of dominant and non-actualized values; to show similarities and differences of adolescent and adult usage of compressives and their functioning. Selected lexemes were interpreted differently in everyday and professional speech, in urban usage and regiolects, in neutral colloquial speech and slangs. According to the analysis of the Internet and the Russian National Corpus newspaper sub-corpus, the selected lexemes are, in most cases, polysemic. Monosemic univerbs are rare. However, multireferencial lexemes have dominant meanings that may change with time. According to the informants’ self-evaluation, almost all respondents know the common lexeme kommunalka, sometimes in two meanings. Almost no one, at the same time, knows the specialised term boevka even in its dominant meaning. Typical context for the proposed words was asked to test whether informants’ self-evaluation alligns with general speech practice. Fillers shhipkovka and dobrotka expectedly produced no contexts, and the most natural potential formation pripaska was put in context by 9 informants. Globalka and boevka are commonly disappearing in live speech regardless of the respondents’ age (this is consistent with their self-assessment), while ochka and durka are dominant in the proposed set of lexemes. Based on the data collected, there are 9 monoreferential lexemes distinguished by their context formation ability (nastolka, voenka, bezlimitka, durka, globalka, zabroshka, lichka, minusovka, vkusnyashka), none of which are derived from the respondents’ answers. As for contextual usage and suggested synonyms, there are 23 polyreferencial lexemes. Informants’ individual response to fillers and unfamiliar existing words is similar: when trying to interpret the meaning, their internal form (something motivated by an adjective or participle) is reconstructed. Contexts of use, synonyms and producing base are not specified in these cases. Overall, the fillers differ significantly from the existing words in the sample: reactions to them are rare even in the interpretations’ graph. Therefore, the general results of the study of existing words may be said not to be inspired by informants’ desire to cooperate or their excessive creativity.

The Indo-European Voice of Barbarians

In our essay we shall focus on the analyses (cum grano salis) of a limited number of words from the introductory pages of the novel Barbarians (such as gorgan, grui, crap, fală, sfadă, etc.). Here, more than elsewhere the author makes use of a good amount of rather strange words in his stylistic attempt to conceive the realm of the Dacians. We shall make an analysis of the etymology of these rather uncommon words as designated in Vinereanu's Etymological Dictionary of Romanian Language (2008) (unlike the traditional Romanian dictionaries, a different vision). From the (probable) linguistic discrepancies and stylistic preferences, findings will be drawn and novelties will be suggested, concerned with Romanian language and culture.