Uncoated Wires Research Articles

Evaluation of Nanomechanical Properties, Surface Roughness, and Color Stability of Esthetic Nickel-Titanium Orthodontic Archwires.

Objectives:The objective of the study is to evaluate the surface roughness, nanomechancial properties the color stability of three brands of coated (rhodium, epoxy, and Teflon) nickel-titanium (NiTi) esthetic archwires.Materials and Methods:Three brands of coated (rhodium, epoxy, and Teflon) esthetic NiTi archwires and three brands of uncoated (NiTi) archwires from the same manufactures were evaluated for the surface roughness, nanomechanical properties, and color stability. The specimens with 20 mm length (n = 5) were cut from the straight buccal segments of the coated and uncoated archwires. The specimens with 20 mm length (n = 10) were subjected to color measurement after immersion in a coffee staining solution. The color measurement was evaluated after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after immersion in staining solution using color eye 7000 spectrophotometer. The experimental data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analyses of variance, and Tukey's post hoc test.Results:Epoxy (1.517 ± 0.071) and rhodium (0.297 ± 0.015) coated archwires showed the highest and lower value of surface roughness. All the intergroup comparisons showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) in surface roughness except between rhodium and control group (P = 0.998). There were significant differences between control and the experimental groups for both nanohardness and elastic modulus was observed. All the three NiTi-coated esthetic archwires demonstrated trace” (extremely slight change) color changes as measured by the National Bureau of Standards units after 4 weeks of immersion.Conclusion:Surface roughness of rhodium-coated archwires was almost similar to that of uncoated wires. Whereas Teflon and epoxy coated archwires showed a significant difference in surface roughness compared to uncoated archwires. Uncoated archwires showed higher nanohardness values compared to the coated archwires. Teflon-coated archwires demonstrated significantly slight color change after 4 weeks of immersion in staining solution.

WEDM performance and surface integrity of Inconel alloy IN718 with coated and uncoated wires

In this work, using zinc-coated copper wire and uncoated brass wire, WED machining performance of IN718 was evaluated with input process variables, the discharge duration, pulse interval time, and wire runoff speed. The output variables analyzed are wire feed rate, kerf width, and recast layer characteristics. The experimental results show that zinc-coated copper wire is better in general performance when compared with uncoated brass wire. With the optimization of WEDM process parameters for the zinc-coated copper wire, it obtained 35% increase in wire feed rate and a reduction of 40% in wire consumption. When WEDM at optimized conditions with uncoated brass wire, it was found that 36% gain on wire feed rate with 80% reduction of wire consumption. Electrode material (Cu and Zn) from both wires was incorporated in the IN718 recast layer and in direction to matrix material. The kerf width is dependent on the discharge energy and wire runoff speed.

Electric Discharge Machining of Tungsten Carbide using Uncoated and Coated Wire Electrodes: Analysis of Cutting Speed and Workpiece Geometrical Accuracy

Tungsten carbide is an important tool and die material due to its excellent mechanical properties such as high hardness, good toughness, and wear resistance. Wire electric discharge machining (WEDM) is regarded as a process capable of machining complex geometries and curved features in difficult-to-cut tungsten carbide. The present research work is carried out to study the influence of wire electrode, workpiece taper angle, and WEDM parameters on cutting speed and geometrical error of curved profile machined in tungsten carbide. Experiments are performed based on Taguchi’s L18 orthogonal array using two types of wires; uncoated brass wire and zinc-coated brass wire. Experimental results indicate that zinc-coated brass wire offers higher cutting speed as compared to uncoated brass wire. Main effects plots show that pulse-on time and pulse-off time are the most significant factors affecting cutting speed while taper angle is the most significant factor for geometrical error.

Abrasion phenomena of the contact tip in consumable electrode arc welding

ABSTRACTIn GMA welding, presently, fluctuation of the tip of welding wire has been able to restrain precisely, and metal transfer also has been able to regulate periodically, that is stable arc-like TIG welding has been realized. Then at this stage, reduction of contact tip abrasion is the most important subject to maintain arc stability for a long time. In this investigation, many factors are evaluated with abrasion amount, and new material of contact tip is recommended. Results obtained are as follows. Using uncoated welding wire increases contact tip abrasion rapidly as to Cu-coated welding wire. On the contrary, other welding conditions concerning contact point have almost no influence. Under the same current, the abrasion of contact tip is reduced accordingly as welding wire feeding rate becomes higher. Therefore, the abrasion is accelerated violently at the time of arc ignition because of heat accumulation at the contact point by wire stopping and high current which is needed for arc ignition. That is the welding wire which is induced to contact point with room temperature has considerable influence to cool the contact point. As a measure to reduce the abrasion at arc ignition, shortening the period of high current is effective. To cool the contact point positively, thermoelectromotive force was applied. Constantan (Cu-455Ni) has low thermoelectromotive force and high melting point than Fe. So, Cu–Ni alloy (Cu-43.3%Ni-0.92%Mn) was selected and examined as the contact tip material. The abrasion of Cu–Ni alloy contact tip becomes less than about two-tenth of the abrasion of Cu–Cr contact tip. As the conclusion, the best mixed measures which are effective to reduce the contact tip abrasion are using Cu-coated welding wire, wire retract type arc ignition and Cu–Ni alloy contact tip.

Autoclave sterilization of uncoated and coated NiTi wires and possible effects on the mechanical properties and surface roughness

Introduction: The frequency of patients’ exposure to infection and cross contaminated dental materials raises concern about sterilization of orthodontic arch wires. Objective: To explore if autoclave sterilization may modify the mechanical properties and surface roughness of NiTi arch wires or not. Methods: In the present study a total number of ninety maxillary superelastic NiTi wires with a diameter of 0.016” were used. They were equally divided into three groups. Group 1: uncoated NiTi wires (OrthoOrganizers), group 2: teflon coated NiTi wires (OrthoOrganizers), group 3: aesthetic NiTi wire (Jiscop). The three groups were examined using three point bending tests and profilometry before and after autoclave sterilization at 134°C for 18 minutes. Results: The three point bending test revealed statistically significant higher loading forces after sterilization at deflections of 1mm and 2 mm in uncoated NiTi wire and at 1mm in aesthetic NiTi wire. Significant lower loading forces were recorded at deflections of 2mm &3mm in Aesthetic wire. On the other hand, statistically significant lower loading forces after sterilization were detected in teflon coated NiTi wire. As regards the unloading forces, they were significantly lower after sterilization when deflected for 0.5mm, 1.5mm and 2.5 mm in Teflon coated Niti wire. A significant decrease in the elastic modulus was detected in all groups after autoclave sterilization and the profilometry revealed a significant decrease in the surface roughness of uncoated Niti group. Conclusion: Autoclaving causes significant changes in the mechanical properties and surface roughness of NiTi archwires.

Corrosion Behavior of Coated and Uncoated Nickel-Titanium Orthodontic Wires in Artificial Saliva with Short-term Prophylactic Fluoride Treatment

The objective was to evaluate and compare the corrosion stability of nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires with various coatings in the course of a weekly prop

Influence of epoxy, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and rhodium surface coatings on surface roughness, nano-mechanical properties and biofilm adhesion of nickel titanium (Ni-Ti) archwires

Aim. To investigate the effect of epoxy, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and rhodium surface coatings on surface roughness, nano-mechanical properties and biofilm adhesion of nickel titanium (Ni-Ti) archwires Methods. Three different coated (Epoxy, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and rhodium) and one uncoated Ni-Ti archwires were evaluated in the present study. Surface roughness (Ra) was assessed using a non-contact surface profilometer. The mechanical properties (nano-hardness and elastic modulus) were measured using a nanoindenter. Bacterial adhesion assays were performed using Streptococcus mutans (MS) and streptococcus sobrinus (SS) in an in-vitro set up. The data obtained were analyzed using analyses of variance, Tukey’s post hoc test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient test. Result. The highest Ra values (1.29 ± 0.49) were obtained for epoxy coated wires and lowest Ra values (0.29 ± 0.16) were obtained for the uncoated wires. No significant differences in the Ra values were observed between the rhodium coated and uncoated archwires (P > 0.05). The highest nano-hardness (3.72 ± 0.24) and elastic modulus values (61.15 ± 2.59) were obtained for uncoated archwires and the lowest nano-hardness (0.18 ± 0.10) and elastic modulus values (4.84 ± 0.65) were observed for epoxy coated archwires. No significant differences in nano-hardness and elastic modulus values were observed between the coated archwires (P > 0.05). The adhesion of Streptococcus mutans (MS) to the wires was significantly greater than that of streptococcus sobrinus (SS). The epoxy coated wires demonstrated an increased adhesion of MS and SS and the uncoated wires demonstrated decreased biofilm adhesion. The Spearman correlation test showed that MS and SS adhesion was positively correlated with the surface roughness of the wires. Conclusion. The different surface coatings significantly influence the roughness, nano-mechanical properties and biofilm adhesion parameters of the archwires. The evaluated parameters were most influenced by epoxy coating followed by PTFE and rhodium coating. A positive correlation was detected between surface roughness and biofilm adhesion.

Comparative Evaluation of Frictional Resistance of Silver-Coated Stainless Steel Wires with Uncoated Stainless Steel Wires: An In vitro Study.

Background:Silver is known for its antimicrobial activity. Silver coating effectively reduces Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus mutans count, thus reducing chances of dental plaque and caries. This silver coating may have effect on frictional property of orthodontic wires.Aim:The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare frictional resistance of silver-coated and uncoated stainless steel (SS) wires.Methods:Forty SS wires were divided into four groups of 10 each: Group 1 – 0.017 × 0.025 inch SS wires (silver coated), Group 2 – 0.017 × 0.025 inch SS wires (control), Group 3 – 0.019 × 0.025 inch SS wires (silver coated), and Group 4 – 0.019 × 0.025 inch SS wires (control). Surface modification of wires was carried out by the thermal vacuum evaporation method with silver (10 nm size) using vacuum-coating unit model. The frictional resistances of all forty wires were checked on forty 0.022 × 0.028 inch slot central incisor brackets (SS wires and brackets from American Orthodontics, St Paul, USA) mounted on metal plates using universal testing machine.Results:There was no significant difference found in frictional resistance between silver-coated and uncoated 0.017 × 0.025 inch SS wires group (P = 0.854). Statistically significant reduction in frictional resistance was observed in 0.019 × 0.025 inch coated SS wires in comparison to uncoated wires (P = 0.032).Conclusion:Overall silver coating either did not affect the frictional resistance (0.017 × 0.025 inch SS wires) or reduced it (0.019 × 0.025 inch coated SS wires) compared to uncoated wires. Findings suggest that the use of silver-coated SS wires in routine orthodontic practice can be implemented after further in vivo human clinical trials.

Effect of wire electrode materials on die-corner accuracy for Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) of Inconel 718

In present investigation to analyzed the effects of tool electrode on machinability of Inconel 718 using wire electrical discharge machining. An L16 orthogonal array has been used for experimentation by considering machine controllable factors (i.e. pulse on time, wire speed, flushing pressure and discharge current). The influence of the process parameters on the responses, such as, surface Roughness and corner error were studied. From the results, it has been observed that tool material has the significant nature on determining performance variables. It has been also observed that zinc coated brass wire have better performance on surface roughness and corner error than the uncoated brass wire.

Development of copper coating technology on high strength low alloy steel filler wire for aerospace applications

0.3C-CrMoV(ESR) grade steel is considered as a potential candidate for realizing solid booster cases in aerospace applications due to its high strength coupled with toughness. To obtain the maximum weld efficiency, these steels are welded using filler wires of the same chemical composition. However, due to inherent corrosive nature, bare filler wires could not be stored for long time. To overcome this problem, a suitable coating technology using copper as coating material has been developed which provides uniform, adherent and thin coating on the wire and do not impair the required mechanical properties of weldment. In order to alleviate the gas pick-up issues associated with electro-plating technique and considering the product configuration, immersion coating technique was adopted. Process optimization to obtain a uniform and adherent coating on wire spools was carried out. Wires were also analysed for coating thickness, adhesion and gases (O, H, N). Coating has been observed to be adherent and gas content were found within the aerospace specification. Further, weldment realized using coated filler wire shows similar quality of weldments and properties as obtained through uncoated filler wire, confirming this process and coating can be adaptable for storage of filler wire.

Effect of Copper Coating and Reinforcement Orientation on Mechanical Properties of LM6 Aluminium Alloy Composites Reinforced with Steel Mesh by Squeeze Casting

Uncoated and copper coated steel wire mesh reinforcing LM6 aluminium alloy composites have been produced using squeeze casting process by varying reinforcement orientation viz., 0°, 45° and 90° respectively. Microstructure of the castings has been examined and mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength and ductility have been investigated. Fracture surface of tensile specimens has been analysed using field emission scanning electron microscope. Microstructure of samples reveals that copper coating on steel wires improves the interface bonding between matrix and reinforcement. Average hardness values of 259 and 90 Hv have been observed in steel wire and matrix respectively. Tensile strength of composites increases with increasing angle of reinforcement orientation from 0° to 90°. Tensile strength increases up to 11% by reinforcing copper coated steel wire mesh at 90° orientation as compared to LM6 aluminium alloy. Fracture surface of composites shows pullout of steel wires in uncoated steel wire mesh composites and broken wires in copper coated steel wire mesh composites respectively. Dimples have been observed on the fracture surface of LM6 aluminium alloy. In general, copper coated steel wire mesh composites offer better hardness and tensile strength compared to uncoated steel wire mesh composites and LM6 aluminium alloy. This may be attributed to the copper coating on steel wires which results better interface bonding between matrix and reinforcement.

Effect of PLLA coating on corrosion and biocompatibility of zinc in vascular environment

Zinc (Zn) has recently been introduced as a promising new metal candidate for biodegradable vascular stent applications with a favorable degradation rate and biocompatibility. Corrosion-resistant metal stents are often coated with drug-eluting polymer layers to inhibit harmful biological responses. Here, the authors aimed to investigate the interaction between biodegradable zinc metal and a conventional biodegradable polymer coating. Zinc wires with a diameter of 0·25 mm were surface-modified using 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MPS) and then coated with a 1–12 μm film of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA). The corrosion behavior of PLLA/MPS-coated zinc wires was studied in simulated body fluid using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. An increase in the impedance from &lt;1000 to &gt;15 000 Ω cm2 was recorded for the zinc wires after being coated with PLLA. The PLLA/MPS-coated zinc specimens were implanted into the abdominal rat aorta to assess their biodegradation and biocompatibility compared to uncoated zinc wires. PLLA/MPS-coated wires corroded at approximately half the rate of unmodified zinc during the first 4·5 months. A histological analysis of the biological tissue surrounding the zinc implants revealed a reduction in the biocompatibility of the polymer-coated samples, as indicated by increasing cell toxicity and neointimal hyperplasia.

Mechanical and frictional properties of aesthetic orthodontic wires obtained by hard chrome carbide plating

Background/purposeAlthough aesthetic wire coating has been increasing in demand, it has problems that changes in mechanical properties and increase in frictional force. The aim of this study was to evaluate the coating of the wire, as characterized by aesthetics, in terms of low and constant friction and mechanical properties. Materials and methodsHard chrome carbide-plated (HCCP) wires (HCCP group), commercially available polymer-coated wires (P group), rhodium-coated wires (R group), and uncoated wires (control group) were used. For all wire types, a stainless steel wire of dimensions 0.017 inch × 0.025 inch was used. They were evaluated by three-point bending, friction testing, surface observation, and colorimetric testing. ResultsThe HCCP group was not significantly different from the control group in terms of flexural strength (σ) and flexural modulus (E) (σ: p = 0.90, E: p = 0.35). However, it was significantly inferior compared to the three other groups in terms of the maximum static and kinetic frictional forces under both dry and wet conditions (p < 0.05). In the surface observation, scratches were observed on the wire after the friction test. In the colorimetric test, no significant difference was observed between the HCCP group and the R group (p > 0.05). ConclusionThe mechanical properties of the HCCP wire were not significantly different compared to the control group. The frictional force of the HCCP wire was significantly lower than the other group. Therefore, the HCCP wire was suggested to increase the efficiency of tooth movement in clinics.

Influence of aesthetic coating on the load-deflection ratio of nickel–titanium archwires

Aim: To assess the influence of aesthetic surface coating on load-deflection ratios in nickel-titanium (NiTi) orthodontic wires compared with uncoated wires. Methods: NiTi wires (0.016") from four different manufacturers (Morelli, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil; TP, La Porte, IN, USA; Eurodonto, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Ortho Organizers, San Marcos, CA, USA) were divided into eight groups, according to presence or absence of coating: group 1, Morelli coated wire; group 2, Morelli uncoated; group 3, TP coated; group 4, TP uncoated; group 5, Eurodonto coated; group 6, Eurodonto uncoated; group 7, Ortho Organizers coated; group 8, Ortho Organizers uncoated. To determine the load-deflection ratio, a three-point bending test was performed in a AGS-X 250 KN (Shimadzu) universal testing machine. Results: The results showed that aesthetic coatings did not influence load-deflection ratio in NiTi orthodontic wires at 1-mm and 2-mm activation. However, comparison across the four tested brands revealed that Eurodonto coated wires exhibited the greatest force levels at 1-mm, 2-mm, and 3-mm deflection. At 3-mm deflection, Ortho Organizers coated wires exhibited lower force levels than all other tested brands, except for TP wires. Conclusions: We conclude that the load-deflection ratio of NiTi wires was not influenced significantly by aesthetic coatings, especially at lower activations.

Effect of esthetic coating on surface roughness of orthodontic archwires.

Esthetic wires are commonly used in orthodontic treatments. Surface roughness is an important factor in the friction and bacterial adhesion in these wires. Surface roughness of esthetic wires has not been assessed, except in a few recent (mostly qualitative esthetics) studies. The aim of this study was to quantitatively compare the surface roughness of 4coated esthetic wires with that of a conventional orthodontic wire. In this in vitro trial, 25 coated and uncoated orthodontic archwires were studied, including: NiTi Memory wire (American Orthodontics, USA) as a control group; Orthocosmetic Elastinol (Ortho Organizers, USA); Perfect (Hubit, Korea); Imagination (Gestenco, Sweden); EverWhite (American Orthodontics, USA). All were .016×.022" rectangular maxillary wires. Fifteen millimeters of wire was cut off at the posterior end and a surface area of 2000×2000nm was probed using a Scanning Probe Microscope (DS95-50E/DME, Denmark) to determine the surface roughness values. The roughness parameters of Sa, Sdq, Sv and Sy were measured and statistically compared by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. The average range of the 4parameters was the highest for the uncoated Ni-Ti Memory wire (control group) while the Perfect coated wire showed the lowest values. The differences were significant for parameters Sa and Sy (P<0.02 and P<0.023) and non-significant for Sv and Sdq. Significant differences existed between uncoated and coated wires regarding Sa and Sy values (P<0.01), being higher for the uncoated wires. Taking into account the study limitations, the surface roughness values of NiTi uncoated archwires were significantly higher than those of the coated wires.

Improvement of in-situ Fe/MgB2 monofilamentary wires by internal Mg-coating process

In the present work, we have studied on the use of internally Mg-coated and uncoated iron tubes in processing of in-situ mono filamentary Fe/MgB2 wires by means of transport measurements and structural analysis methods. For coated wires, the starting Fe tube is internally coated by magnesium before PIT process is applied and these wires with 0.81 mm in diameter are heat treated at different annealing temperatures and times. The main idea behind this work is to investigate the possible role of Mg coating on inhibition of Fe2B phase formation and its contribution to granular structure of MgB2 core. The transport and superconducting properties in the presence of external magnetic field are well improved for Mg-coated wire samples in comparison to the uncoated wire samples. The structural and surface analyses of Mg-coated wires reveal that the Fe2B formation still exists at the interface region. The results are interpreted in terms of effects of excess magnesium, internal Mg vapor pressure, homogeinity of Mg coating process, and heat treatment conditions. The highest engineering critical current density Jce(4.2 K) is obtained as greater than 5.4 × 104 A/cm2 at μ0H = 4 T among the coated samples.

Peptide modification of polyimide-insulated microwires: Towards improved biocompatibility through reduced glial scarring.

The peptide KHIFSDDSSE has previously been shown in vitro to both reduce the proliferation of astrocytes, and to increase the adhesion of astrocyte to glass substrates. Here, we demonstrate a method to apply uniform coatings of peptides to microwires, which could readily be generalized to other peptides and surfaces. We then show that when peptide-modified wires are inserted into 3D cell-laden hydrogels, the normal cellular reaction (microglial activation followed by astrocyte recruitment and hypertrophy) does not occur, rather astrocytes are attracted directly to the surface of the wire, forming a relatively thin and uniform coating. This suggests a method to improve tissue integration of implanted devices to reduce glial scarring and ultimately reduce failure of neural interfaces.

Disinfection of water in a batch reactor using chloridized silver surfaces

There is growing interest in the use and development of silver based disinfection technologies owing to its safe and effective bactericidal action. The present work demonstrates the bactericidal effect of chloridized silver wires, where chloridization was achieved through chemical/electrochemical methods. The disinfection kinetics of uncoated and chloridized silver wires immersed in a 100mL batch reactor were compared for one Gram positive and two Gram negative model bacterial strains, i.e., Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441 and Escherichia coli MTCC 443 and MTCC 739, respectively. Results showed that the chloridized silver wires could achieve better bactericidal effect compared to the uncoated silver wires. Initial cell concentration (N0) had a significant influence on the time required for complete disinfection which increased by more than 60 fold as N0 increased from 103 to 109CFU/mL. The disinfection kinetics was correlated with release of silver ions from the chloridized surfaces and was affected by changes in water quality and presence of other constituents in water. High alkalinity showed minimal adverse effect whereas high values of hardness and natural organic matter had severe adverse effect on disinfection kinetics and silver release.

In vitro biocompatibility of nickel-titanium esthetic orthodontic archwires

To investigate the cytotoxicity of nickel-titanium (NiTi) esthetic orthodontic archwires with different surface coatings. Three fully coated, tooth-colored NiTi wires (BioCosmetic, Titanol Cosmetic, EverWhite), two ion-implanted wires (TMA Purple, Sentalloy High Aesthetic), five uncoated NiTi wires (BioStarter, BioTorque, Titanol Superelastic, Memory Wire Superelastic, and Sentalloy), one β-titanium wire (TMA), and one stainless steel wire (Stainless Steel) were considered for this study. The wire samples were placed at 37°C in airtight test tubes containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (0.1 mg/mL) for 1, 7, 14, and 30 days. The cell viability of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) cultured with this medium was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Data were analyzed by a two-way analysis of variance (α = .05). The highest cytotoxic effect was reached on day 30 for all samples. The archwires exhibited a cytotoxicity on HGFs ranging from "none" to "slight," with the exception of the BioTorque, which resulted in moderate cytotoxicity on day 30. Significant differences were found between esthetic archwires and their uncoated pairs only for BioCosmetic (P = .001) and EverWhite (P < .001). Under the experimental conditions, all of the NiTi esthetic archwires resulted in slight cytotoxicity, as did the respective uncoated wires. For this reason their clinical use may be considered to have similar risks to the uncoated archwires.

Modeling the Insertion Mechanics of Flexible Neural Probes Coated with Sacrificial Polymers for Optimizing Probe Design

Single-unit recording neural probes have significant advantages towards improving signal-to-noise ratio and specificity for signal acquisition in brain-to-computer interface devices. Long-term effectiveness is unfortunately limited by the chronic injury response, which has been linked to the mechanical mismatch between rigid probes and compliant brain tissue. Small, flexible microelectrodes may overcome this limitation, but insertion of these probes without buckling requires supporting elements such as a stiff coating with a biodegradable polymer. For these coated probes, there is a design trade-off between the potential for successful insertion into brain tissue and the degree of trauma generated by the insertion. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a finite element model (FEM) to simulate insertion of coated neural probes of varying dimensions and material properties into brain tissue. Simulations were performed to predict the buckling and insertion forces during insertion of coated probes into a tissue phantom with material properties of brain. The simulations were validated with parallel experimental studies where probes were inserted into agarose tissue phantom, ex vivo chick embryonic brain tissue, and ex vivo rat brain tissue. Experiments were performed with uncoated copper wire and both uncoated and coated SU-8 photoresist and Parylene C probes. Model predictions were found to strongly agree with experimental results (<10% error). The ratio of the predicted buckling force-to-predicted insertion force, where a value greater than one would ideally be expected to result in successful insertion, was plotted against the actual success rate from experiments. A sigmoidal relationship was observed, with a ratio of 1.35 corresponding to equal probability of insertion and failure, and a ratio of 3.5 corresponding to a 100% success rate. This ratio was dubbed the “safety factor”, as it indicated the degree to which the coating should be over-designed to ensure successful insertion. Probability color maps were generated to visually compare the influence of design parameters. Statistical metrics derived from the color maps and multi-variable regression analysis confirmed that coating thickness and probe length were the most important features in influencing insertion potential. The model also revealed the effects of manufacturing flaws on insertion potential.