Uncivil Behavior Research Articles

The Mediating Role of Emotional Exhaustion and Job Satisfaction on the Relationship Between Job Demands and Instigated Workplace Incivility

High job demands are considered a risk factor for uncivil behavior in the workplace but the mechanism behind this relationship remains unclear. The current study aimed to analyze emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction as sequential mediators of the relationship between job demands and instigated workplace incivility within the integrative framework of affective events theory and the job demand–control model. Data were collected from 102 university academic staff in Klang Valley, Malaysia, via snowball sampling method. The results supported the predicted three-path mediation model with age, gender, and employment contract type as covariates. High job demands led to emotional exhaustion, which, in turn, led to a decrease in job satisfaction level and as a result gave rise to instigated workplace incivility. Implications, limitations of these findings, and directions for future research are further discussed on how to enhance and establish a civil and respectful workplace.

Nursing faculty academic incivility: perceptions of nursing students and faculty

BackgroundIncivility in nursing education can adversely affect the academic environment, the learning outcomes, and safety. Nursing faculty (NF) and nursing students (NS) contribute to the academic incivility. Little is known about the extent of NF academic incivility in the Middle East region. This study aimed at exploring the perceptions and extent of NF academic incivility in an undergraduate nursing program of a public university in Oman.MethodsA cross sectional survey was used to collect data from 155 undergraduate NS and 40 NF about faculty academic incivility. Data was collected using the Incivility in Nursing Education Survey.ResultsThe majority of NS and NF had similar perceptions about disruptive faculty behaviors. The incidence of faculty incivility was low (Mean = 1.5). The disruptive behaviors with the highest incidence were arriving late for scheduled activities, leaving schedule activities early, cancelling scheduled activities without warning, ineffective teaching styles and methods, and subjective grading. The most common uncivil faculty behaviors reported by participants were general taunts or disrespect to other NF, challenges to other faculty knowledge or credibility, and general taunts or disrespect to NS.ConclusionThe relatively low level of NF academic incivility could still affect the performance of some students, faculty, and program outcomes. Academic institutions need to ensure a policy of zero tolerance to all academic incivility, and regular monitoring and evaluation as part of the prevention strategies.

Seeking Civility Among Faculty

Seeking Civility Among Faculty

Education as an Intervention Toward Recognizing and Eliminating Incivility.

Incivility in nursing is a pervasive and evasive problem that many nurses do not easily recognize or may simply shrug off as "normal." However, incivility produces a hostile work environment and can jeopardize safety. A study was conducted to (a) determine nurses' ability to recognize incivility in nursing after an online educational intervention on incivility, (b) ascertain the effectiveness of online education toward assisting nurses with understanding how to ward off this behavior, and (c) determine the types and effects of incivility participants experienced. Findings suggest that education on incivility may assist nurses with identifying uncivil behaviors exhibited by nurse peers and help them understand strategies to combat it. The types of incivility reported by participants were similar to findings of other studies; effects included unsafe behaviors and somatic consequences.

Quid pro quo in Web 2.0. Connecting personality traits and Facebook usage intensity to uncivil commenting intentions in public online discussions

Fueled by tragic incidents worldwide, many studies have investigated dispositional factors that lead to virtual abuse and cyberbullying. In contrast to this, less extreme forms of uncivil online behavior have received only little attention. The current paper strives to overcome this research gap by focusing on uncivil commenting intentions in public Facebook discussions. We presented controversial online comments to a convenient student sample of 256 Facebook users asking them to consider their likely response on several scales ranging from a functional to an uncivil style of reasoning. Users' intended commenting was then linked to several personality traits (Big Five, Dark Triad, sensation seeking, and impulsivity) and their Facebook intensity. Analyses revealed openness, agreeableness, and experience seeking as negative predictors of participants' intention to comment uncivilly, whereas attentional impulsivity, boredom susceptibility as well as intense Facebook use emerged as positive predictors. No connections were found for the Dark Triad. Possible explanations for these effects are discussed.

Hardly Full Metal Jacket: What We Can Learn From a Military Learning Environment.

Hardly Full Metal Jacket: What We Can Learn From a Military Learning Environment.

Who's uncivil to who? Perceptions of incivility in pre-licensure nursing programs.

The purpose of this study was to determine if there were differences in the perceptions of uncivil behaviors among nursing students and faculty according to pre-licensure nursing program types, and if there were any relationships in reported uncivil behaviors to the variables of age, gender, ethnic/racial background, and parental level of education. The sample was a convenience sample of 159 pre-licensure senior nursing students and 14 nursing faculty from four schools of nursing in the northeastern United States: two Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) programs, one Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) program, and one hospital-based diploma nursing program. The nursing students and nursing faculty were administered a mixed method, validated survey instrument, the Incivility in Nursing Education (INE) Survey (Clark etal., 2009). The results of the survey identified similarities and differences between the BSN, ADN, and diploma nursing programs for both the perceptions and experiences of uncivil behaviors, however no significant differences were found between the demographic variables and the occurrence of uncivil behaviors.

Positive Leader Behaviors and Workplace Incivility: the Mediating Role of Perceived Norms for Respect

Scholars have called for research on the antecedents of mistreatment in organizations such as workplace incivility, as well as the theoretical mechanisms that explain their linkage. To address this call, the present study draws upon social information processing and social cognitive theories to investigate the relationship between positive leader behaviors—those associated with charismatic leadership and ethical leadership—and workers’ experiences of workplace incivility through their perceptions of norms for respect. Relationships were separately examined in two field studies using multi-source data (employees and coworkers in study 1, employees and supervisors in study 2). Results suggest that charismatic leadership (study 1) and ethical leadership (study 2) are negatively related to employee experiences of workplace incivility through employee perceptions of norms for respect. Norms for respect appear to operate as a mediating mechanism through which positive forms of leadership may negatively relate to workplace incivility. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications for organizations regarding leader behaviors that foster norms for respect and curb uncivil behaviors at work.

Uncivil Supervisors and Perceived Work Ability: The Joint Moderating Roles of Job Involvement and Grit

Uncivil behavior by leaders may be viewed as an effective way to motivate employees. However, supervisor incivility, as a form of unethical supervision, may be undercutting employees’ ability to do their jobs. We investigate linkages between workplace incivility and perceived work ability (PWA), a variable that captures employees’ appraisals of their ability to continue working in their jobs. We draw upon the appraisal theory of stress and social identity theory to examine incivility from supervisors as an antecedent to PWA, and to investigate job involvement and grit as joint moderators of this association. Results from data collected in two samples of working adults provided evidence for three-way interactions in relation to PWA. Among employees with high levels of grit, there was no significant relation between supervisor incivility and PWA, regardless of employee job involvement. However, we found some evidence that for those low in grit, having high job involvement was associated with a stronger relationship between supervisor incivility and PWA. Findings attest to the importance of unethical supervisor behavior, showing the potential for supervisor incivility to erode PWA, as well as the importance of grit as a potential buffer.

Incidence and perception of nursing students\u2019 academic incivility in Oman

BackgroundThe incidence of incivility in nursing education is increasing in most countries and it is affecting the culture of safety and the teaching-learning processes. Despite reports of increasing trends, little is known about nursing students’ academic incivility in the Middle East. This study aimed at exploring the perceptions and extent of academic incivility among nursing students (NS) and nursing faculty members (NF) in a university based undergraduate nursing program in Oman.MethodsA quantitative cross sectional survey was used to explore NS academic incivility from the perspective of NS and NF in a public university in Oman. Data was obtained from a sample of 155 NS and 40 NF using the Incivility in Nursing Education Survey.ResultsThere was agreement between NS and NF on the majority of behaviors perceived to be disruptive. The incidence of NS academic incivility was moderate. The most common uncivil behaviors were acting bored or apathetic in class, holding conversations that distract others in class, using cell phones during class, arriving late for class, and being unprepared for class. There were significant differences between NF and NS perceived incidence of uncivil behaviors such as sleeping in class (p = 0.016); not paying attention in class (p = 0.004); refusing to answer direct questions (p = 0.013); leaving class early (p = 0.000); cutting or not coming to class (p = 0.024); and creating tension by dominating class discussions (p = 0.002).ConclusionStudent academic incivility is moderately present in nursing education in Oman, and this may have implications in terms of the future of the profession and patient care. There is need for more streamlined policies and strategies to curtail the incidence of academic incivility and to maintain safe and effective learning environments.

Hong Kong 2007-2017: a backlash in civil society

Ten years ago, the development of civil society in the first decade of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) was analysed in terms of three discourses: civil society as a defender of its autonomy; civil society as the third sector; and civil society as a partner in governance. The conclusion then was that Hong Kong civil society had come of age; not only had its agenda been expanded, but there was also a diversification of values. Ten years on, this article updates the state of civil society, which can be described as both turbulent and vibrant. While Hong Kong society is deeply divided as a result of several mass mobilisations and the rise of localism, there has also been a mushrooming of counter forces in the form of social enterprises and informal groups aiming to help the underprivileged. Civil society has assumed a proactive and even aggressive role in protecting its values and autonomy (the first discourse), while its partnership in governance role has been seriously damaged (the third discourse). In its role as the third sector involving social capital (the second discourse), it has continued to flourish. However, there is a growing number of groups which spread ideas of exclusion and intolerance, and engage in practices like verbal abuse and physical violence, that are opposite to the values promoted by civil society. Accordingly, Hong Kong civil society is in urgent need of repair. If the un-civil values and behaviour are not checked, civil society will experience a downward spiral.

Individual, interpersonal, and organisational factors of healthcare conflict: A scoping review

ABSTRACTUnresolved conflicts among healthcare professionals can lead to difficult patient care consequences. This scoping review examines the current healthcare literature that reported sources and consequences of conflict associated with individual, interpersonal, and organisational factors. We identified 99 articles published between 2001 and 2015 from PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Excerpta Medical Database. Most reviewed studies relied on healthcare professionals’ perceptions and beliefs associated with conflict sources and consequences, with few studies reporting behavioural or organisational change outcomes. Individual conflict sources included personal traits, such as self-focus, self-esteem, or worldview, as well as individuals’ conflict management styles. These conflicts posed threats to one’s physical, mental, and emotional health and to one’s ability to perform at work. Interpersonal dynamics were hampered by colleagues’ uncivil behaviours, such as low degree of support, to more destructive behaviours including bullying or humiliation. Perceptions of disrespectful working environment and weakened team collaboration were the main interpersonal conflict consequences. Organisational conflict sources included ambiguity in professional roles, scope of practice, reporting structure, or workflows, negatively affecting healthcare professionals’ job satisfactions and intent to stay. Future inquiries into healthcare conflict research may target the following: shifting from research involving single professions to multiple professions; dissemination of studies via journals that promote interprofessional research; inquiries into the roles of unconscious or implicit bias, or psychological capital (i.e., resilience) in healthcare conflict; and diversification of data sources to include hospital or clinic data with implications for conflict sources.

Uncivil Behaviors in Nursing Workplace: A Qualitative Study

Uncivil Behaviors in Nursing Workplace: A Qualitative Study

College instruction is not so stress free after all: A qualitative and quantitative study of academic entitlement, uncivil behaviors, and instructor strain and burnout.

The vast majority of today's college students are millennials, who have traits of confidence, tolerance, but also of entitlement and narcissism (Twenge, 2006). Therefore, college instructors face a unique challenge: dealing with the requests from academically entitled students, who have unreasonable expectations of receiving academic success, regardless of performance (Chowning & Campbell, 2009). We conducted two studies to examine whether student academic entitlement would increase instructors' strain and burnout via uncivil behaviors. A qualitative inquiry asked 136 instructors with college-teaching experience to describe types of behaviors entitled students display, their responses to entitled students, and the influence of these interactions on instructors' well-being. Next, a quantitative study with data from 857 college students nested in 34 instructors tested a multilevel mediation model where students' academic entitlement was related to instructor-reported uncivil behaviors, which in turn related to instructors' strain and burnout. Both studies largely support our hypothesis that uncivil behaviors fully mediate the relationship between students' academic entitlement and instructors' strain and burnout. We recommend employing behavioral modification strategies to decrease uncivil behaviors (e.g., class rules regarding uncivil behaviors might be specified in the course syllabus and consistently enforced) because academic entitlement attitudes are largely stable beliefs and thus may be less amenable to modification.

Categorizing the Magnitude and Frequency of Exposure to Uncivil Behaviors: A New Approach for More Meaningful Interventions.

To examine turnover intentions, as well as the prevalence and frequency of uncivil behaviors, from the perspective of registered nurses, respiratory therapists, and imaging professionals, using a new method to categorize exposure magnitude. Data were collected using the 22-item Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R). Additional items, informed by Price and Mueller's causal model of turnover, were included, as were select demographic variables. The final sample included 170 healthcare professionals. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the sample, a chi-square test was constructed to test for significant differences in exposure to uncivil behavior based on demographics, and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistics were used to test associations between variables and calculation of raw sum scores to implement a new method of analysis for the NAQ-R, allowing for categorization of exposure magnitude. Exposure to uncivil behavior was reported more often among nursing staff than other healthcare professionals. Lack of exposure to uncivil behavior was a significant predictor of intention to stay. Perceptual differences were found between nurses prepared at the baccalaureate and associate degree levels. Lastly, no significant correlations between exposure to uncivil behavior and selected demographic variables were found, suggesting that exposure is not dependent upon age, race, unit type, or educational level. Findings support prior research associating negative organizational climate with higher turnover intentions. Uncivil behavior was reported across the organization, most predominantly among units staffed with nurses. Finally, use of newly defined cutoff points for the NAQ-R provide organizations with the ability to use both subjective and objective data to identify targets of uncivil behaviors to construct meaningful interventions. There is a need to develop more meaningful interventions to support targets of uncivil behaviors. Use of the NAQ-R, coupled with the proposed cutoff scores, allows for the identification of targets, the magnitude of exposure, and the construction of meaningful primary, secondary, and tertiary intervention programs that may improve turnover and quality of care.

Perception of Uncivil Classroom Behavior Among the Faculty Members and the Students in an Indian Dental Institution

Introduction: Students and faculty members in the health professions classroom are expected to exhibit professional behaviors that are conducive to maintaining a positive learning environment. Aim: To assess the perception of uncivil classroom behavior among the students and the faculty members in a private dental institute in Hyderabad city, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted among the dental students and the faculty members. The mean perceptions of uncivil classroom behavior were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire of Rowland and Srisukho containing 18 items. Results: A statistically significant difference was noted between the students and the faculty members for mean perception of uncivil classroom behavior (P = 0.002). When based on gender, no significant difference was observed among the students and the staff, but when individual items were considered, most of the male students and the faculty members perceived uncivil behaviors. Among all students, the mean perception of uncivil classroom behavior was significantly high among the undergraduates (68.17 ± 14.5) and least in postgraduates (62.67 ± 22.7), and among the faculty members, it was more among the professors (82.63 ± 4.0). Conclusion: Overall, the issue of uncivil classroom behavior remains a major concern, because 88.6% of the students agreed that they were involved in uncivil classroom behavior previously.

A Delphi Study to Identify Best-Practices to Affect Change in Nursing Student Incivility At a Southeastern U. S. Community College

This research study focused on the phenomena of student incivility in nursing education and the perception of part-time and full-time Associate Degree in Nursing (AND) nursing faculty regarding the issue. Nursing student incivility has become a threat to learning and instructor job satisfaction (Bittner & O’Connor, 2012). The Incivility in Nursing Education (Revised) Survey was used to identify nursing faculty perceptions of student uncivil behavior within an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) nursing program at a Southeastern United States community college. I utilized the Delphi technique to reach consensus among practice experts to determine best practices to prevent and manage student uncivil behaviors. Results of the study can be used for further academic policy development regarding student incivility.

Barriers to Civil Academic Work Environments: Experiences of Academic Faculty Leaders.

Faculty-to-faculty incivility negatively affects not only the victim of the uncivil behavior but also the nursing program as a whole. This phenomenological study explored the experiences of academic nurse administrators who have dealt with incivility among and between faculty members. An interpretative approach was used to uncover themes, and suggestions are made for managing faculty-to-faculty incivility.

Assessment of Non-Lethal Projectile Head Impacts

Anti-personnel NLW (Non-Lethal Weapons) are used to impart sufficient effect onto a person in order to deter uncivil, suspect or hazardous behaviour with a low probability of permanent or fatal injury. In many situations of conflict, where the army and law-enforcement units are involved, the use of such weapons can ensure a minimal risk of collateral damage. The most used NLW are Kinetic Energy Non-Lethal Weapons (KENLW) that involve the shooting of a deformable or breakable projectile. Since their first use, real cases indicate that the injuries inflicted by such projectiles may be irreversible and sometimes lead to death, especially for the head impacts. Therefore, there is a necessity to assess the head impacts in order to allow a safer use of such projectiles. This article concludes a 4-year study where three methods, independently developed, are considered to be applicable for the head risk assessment. The first method links force measurements on rigid wall structure with cadaveric and animal impact test results. Lesional thresholds, in terms of the maximum impact force and intracranial pressure, are proposed for unconsciousness, meningeal damages and bone damages, respectively. The second one is based on direct impact force measurements on a specific mechanical surrogate. The third method makes use of numerical simulations using a validated finite element head model. The numerical model allows the prediction of different kind of injuries. Firstly, the necessity of the assessment of the non-lethal head impacts is highlighted through some examples taken from literature. Secondly, the three different methods are detailed and illustrated for different projectiles. Outstanding results are given and a comparison between the different methods is proposed including some correlations between different criteria. Finally, some discussions and remarks conclude the present article.

Exploring nursing student and faculty perceptions of incivility in the online learning environment

Objective : The purpose of the study was to explore student and faculty perspectives regarding what constitutes incivility in the online learning environment (OLE). Online learning is increasingly prevalent in nursing education. Scant research describes characteristics of OLEs contributing to, or inhibiting, learning or affecting civility among learners/faculty. Educators must effectively manage uncivil behavior to reduce incivility in learning and work environments. Attribution theory is helpful in examining issues related to incivility. Methods and Results : Faculty (n = 34) and students (n = 44) reported perceptions of what constitutes incivility via an online survey, the Incivility in the Online Learning Environment (IOLE), an instrument described by Clark and colleagues. The groups reported somewhat different perceptions of the extent of incivility experienced but agreed on identification of uncivil behaviors. Both groups agreed that rude comments and name calling were definitely uncivil, however, several areas of disagreement existed between faculty and student groups as to other types of behaviors. For example, lack of timely feedback on assignments and an unclear syllabus were seen as incivility by students. High internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha of .98 on the faculty scale, and .96 on the student scale) was obtained for the IOLE in this sample. Qualitative comments regarding suggested ways to promote civility were similar from both groups, including role modeling and penalizing incivility; students emphasize the need for clearly stated course requirements. Conclusions : Best practices are essential for developing/delivering online courses and in orienting faculty and students regarding expectations for professional behavior online. Faculty development should focus on using best practices to ensure online courses incorporate essential components enabling accessibility and efficiency for students navigating through them. Attention to this unique and increasingly typical learning environment is essential to the goal of prevention of incivility in both learning environments and subsequently in workplaces.