Unchanged Part Research Articles

The Role of Platform Architecture Characteristics in Flexible Decision-Making

The platform-based product development strategy is well-known as an efficient development methodology for high variety products in many industries. The development of a physical platform prior to the development of platform-based products receives more and more importance in industrial practice and academic research. Through the upstream development of the product platform there can be a significant time delay between the planning of a platform and the development of the final platform-based product. This time delay is even more reinforced by the fact that product platforms have a longer usage time than a single product. During this time, market dynamics can negatively affect the decisions which are made in the upstream product platform development project. Flexible decision-making within platform development projects will be therefore a key challenge to develop a successful product platform in a dynamic market environment. The influence of the different platform architecture characteristics, being one of the most crucial decisions within a platform project, is evaluated in this paper, regarding flexible decision-making. In total, five key characteristics of platform architectures are identified from literature and described. The “degree of module and component reuse” which specifies closed and open platforms, the “degree of modularization versus integration” which specifies the main function structure of the platform, the “degree of scalability” which describes the potential for scaling main functions, the “degree of commonality” which from top-down specifies the common unchanged parts across all product variants within the product family, and “the share of platform modules developed within a platform project”. Based on the case study analysis of well-known and often cited platform development publications, this study shows that a significant number of platform development decisions are affected by the different characteristics of platform architectures, in terms of flexible decision-making. Based on the findings, this paper provides a new perspective to introduce development flexibility in platform projects by using the distinct characteristics of platform architectures which support flexible decision-making.

Reanalysis-based fast solution algorithm for flexible multi-body system dynamic analysis with floating frame of reference formulation

In order to improve the computational efficiency of flexible multi-body system dynamic analysis with floating frame of reference formulation (FFRF), a reanalysis-based fast solution algorithm is developed here. The data of FFRF analysis process can be divided into two parts: unchanged mass and stiffness matrices part kept by deformation, and changed mass and stiffness matrices part caused by rigid motion and joint constraints. In the proposed method, the factorization of the unchanged part is reused in the entire solution process via employing the reanalysis concept; and the changed part is treated as structural modification. Meanwhile, the joint constraints are handled with an exact reanalysis method—the Sherman–Morrison–Woodbury (SMW) formula, which is also beneficial for saving the computational cost. Numerical examples demonstrate that the computational efficiency of the proposed method is higher than that of full analysis, especially in large scale problems. Moreover, since the proposed fast FFRF solution algorithm is-based on exact reanalysis methods, there is no theoretical error between the results obtained by the fast solution algorithm and full analysis method.

Frequency-Response Methods for Synthesizing Controlled High-Speed Electric Drives of Compressors

Frequency-response methods for analyzing and synthesizing current and electromagnetic torque control loops in alternating-current electric drives are proposed. It is shown that, when solving the problems of analysis and synthesis of the current and torque control loops, the unchanged part of the electric drive can be approximated by a linear system with the amplitude-modulated signal. It has been established that the transient and steady-state processes of variables in the motor’s phase windings can be considered in the current and torque loops independently. The use of frequency-response methods for identification of controlled objects allows consideration of the cross-magnetic links between the three-phase windings of the electric machine and the mathematical description of the system can be represented by a simplified set of equations, which is convenient for setting up and adjusting the system by engineering personnel. Using experimental Bode plots, it has been shown that the steady frequency passband in the current control loop can reach 4000 rad/s, which facilitates the adjustment of the toque control loop when the drive is running at a speed of 6000 rpm. A further increase in the speed of the drive with the specific mass and dimensional parameters preserved at the same level can be achieved only by introducing correction signals. It is shown that in multiphase electric drives with more than three phases, the phase winding zone decreases and the leakage inductive reactance of the phase winding decreases, which allows a significant expansion of the frequency passband in the current, torque, and speed control circuits.

Regression test selection model: a comparison between ReTSE and pythia

As software systems change and evolve over time regression tests have to be run to validate these changes. Regression testing is an expensive but essential activity in software maintenance. The purpose of this paper is to compare a new regression test selection model called ReTSE with Pythia. The ReTSE model uses decomposition slicing in order to identify the relevant regression tests. Decomposition slicing provides a technique that is capable of identifying the unchanged parts of a system. Pythia is a regression test selection technique based on textual differencing. Both techniques are compare using a Power program taken from Vokolos and Frankl’s paper. The analysis of this comparison has shown promising results in reducing the number of tests to be run after changes are introduced.

Фінансові ризики в електронних закупівлях, як елементу цифрової економіки

Споживання харчових продуктів є незмінною частиною нашого життя. На сьогоднішній день забезпечення харчуванням у навчальних закладах, в установах охорони здоров'я та взагалі в багатьох державних установах відбувається за допомогою електронних закупівель. Відповідно до Закону України «Про державні закупівлі», закупівля це - придбання замовником товарів, робіт і послуг в порядку, встановленому цим Законом [1]. Це є обов'язковим для всіх розпорядників бюджетних коштів і відображається на платформі Prozorro. Така спрямованість економіки є нічим іншим, як прикладом цифрової економіки. Цифрову економіку також іноді називають інтернет-економікою, новою економікою, або веб-економікою. [2] Під цифровий економікою найчастіше розуміють виробництво, продажу та поставки продуктів через комп'ютерні мережі, як і в нашому випадку. Мета «Prozorro» - максимальна прозорість процесу державних закупівель та простота доступу. Основним питанням, яке виникає за участю підприємства в таких закупівлях, це ризики. Вони є на будь-якому етапі діяльності, і можуть виникати незалежно від його дій. З огляду на досить недавнє виникнення такої електронної системи, проблема оцінки таких ризиків є досить важливою і вимагає вивчення. В системі публічних закупівель суб'єкт підприємницької діяльності виступає в ролі учасника, і саме цей статус і є причиною виникнення ризиків. Говорячи про цю систему, можна сказати, що тут в більшості випадків виникають саме фінансові ризики, в частині можливості втрати частину свого капіталу, а також неотримання бажаного доходу, або в недостатньому обсязі.Під втратою частини капіталу розуміється втрата коштів, сплачених за участь у тендерній процедурі. Незалежно від результатів процедури закупівлі вони не повертаються суб'єкту підприємницької діяльності. Під ризиком неотримання бажаного доходу розуміється такий випадок, коли незалежно від об'єктивних чи суб'єктивних причин учасник програє тендер і не отримує додаткового стабільного доходу. І останній випадок, коли підприємство отримує дохід менше бажаного. Це відбувається в результаті скорочення обсягів фінансування і зменшення обсягів закупівлі. Державні закупівлі одночасно є гарантом отримання стабільного доходу, але в той же час можуть стати і причиною його зменшення.

ГРАМАТИЧНИЙ СТАТУС ДІЄПРИСЛІВНИКА В СИСТЕМІ ЧАСТИН МОВИ

The article examines the grammatical status of diiepryslivnyk (the specific adverbial form of the Ukrainian verb). It has been determined that the diiepryslivnyk as a grammatical class of words occupies a separate grammatical niche and is an unchangeable part of speech of deverbal nature, which functions with the meaning of the processual adverbial modifier or acts either as the grammatical center of an adverbial phrase or expletive structure. Ascribing the diiepryslivnyk to the verbal-adverbial or adverbial-verbal category abridges the specificity in determining its grammatical status. Diiepryslivnyk is a deverbal formation that inherits from the verb its stem with prefixes, affixes, postfix -sia, by which the meaning of the aspect is transmitted to the adverbial participle, and which has not lost its ability to have dependent words. Yet the existence of these grammatical indicators is not considered to be the basis for including the diiepryslivnyk to the deverbal forms. The difference between the diiepryslivnyk as an unchangeable form and the adverb itself is that the diiepryslivnyk expresses the meaning of a procedural adverbial modifier. The adverb is deprived of this, because it includes non-processual words. They also differ by the fact that among diiepryslivnyks there are no such words that in the isolated way, without reference to other words, would be perceived with the certain meaning of an adverbial modifier. The semantics of the adverb is clearly determined even in the isolated position.

An electrical feed drive-control system for a cold reducing mill

Methods of control synthesis with the selection of parameters of the electrical-power equipment of a cold reducing mill using the example of the Chelyabinsk Pipe-Rolling Plant have been proposed. The proposed methods of a multiconnected system based on the minimum-error criterion for positioning of a movable element, and it is different in that the selection of the control structure is determined by the frequency ratio of the contour cutoff “unchangeable part” of the electric drive and electromagnetic-torque control loop. The task of control synthesis was divided into three stages. The first stage is the search for the optimal curve of movable-element variable speed based on the criterion of minimum electric losses. The second stage is parametric optimization of the electric-power-system parameters. Finally, the third stage is selection of the structure and parameters of the control-system corrective links. Control measures in systems with subordinate regulation and modal control with a change of the frequency ratio of the contour cutoff “unchangeable part” of the system and torque control were compared during research. The developed control-synthesis methods for the positioning electric drive may be recommended for any technological facilities of steel production in which an electric drive provides motion for a movable element with a high level of accuracy.

Study on Household Expenditure in Rural India: An Empirical Evidence

Indian society in multifaceted to an extent perhaps unknown in any other of the world’s great civilizations. Urban-rural differences can be immense. About 74 percent of India’s population like in villages, with agriculture providing support for most of these rural residents, and the socio economic status of rural India are not so good. Maximum number of people in village lives under poverty line. So research is very necessary for rural India. To know the status of villages. Through research Government or private organization known the problems of rural India. Indian Village life is a mixture of tranquility, sensitive, quietude and innocence. And the primary occupation of the people living in the villages is agriculture and is therefore reckoned as an unchangeable part of the village culture. Villages face many problems in their daily life. Current paper focuses on rural household revenuers and their expenditure.

A Scale-Driven Change Detection Method Incorporating Uncertainty Analysis for Remote Sensing Images

Change detection (CD) based on remote sensing images plays an important role in Earth observation. However, the CD accuracy is usually affected by sunlight and atmospheric conditions and sensor calibration. In this study, a scale-driven CD method incorporating uncertainty analysis is proposed to increase CD accuracy. First, two temporal images are stacked and segmented into multiscale segmentation maps. Then, a pixel-based change map with memberships belonging to changed and unchanged parts is obtained by fuzzy c-means clustering. Finally, based on the Dempster-Shafer evidence theory, the proposed scale-driven CD method incorporating uncertainty analysis is performed on the multiscale segmentation maps and the pixel-based change map. Two experiments were carried out on Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and SPOT 5 data sets. The ratio of total errors can be reduced to 4.0% and 7.5% for the ETM+ and SPOT 5 data sets in this study, respectively. Moreover, the proposed approach outperforms some state-of-the-art CD methods and provides an effective solution for CD.

The Paradox of Liberal Politics in the South African Context: Alfred Hoernlé's Critique of Liberalism's Pact with White Domination

Abstract This article traces the evolution by which in the context of 1930s South Africa the liberal philosopher Alfred Hoernlé came to recognize the inability of classical liberalism to address the problems of a society in which a racial hierarchy had become deeply entrenched. Although he must be criticized for his patriarchal approach and for the pessimism that led him to take White attitudes toward Black South Africans as an unchangeable part of the situation that simply had to be accepted, his insight into the limits of liberalism still resonates. While most White commentators were still thinking of racism in terms of beliefs and attitudes, he already understood that the problem lay in the systemic adoption of “techniques of domination” or what we today might call institutional racism. Although his proposal in 1939 that “Total Separation” was “a legitimate application of sound liberal ideas” was deeply problematic in context and might well have had a serious negative impact, it should be understood that it was intended to highlight the fundamental paradox into which liberalism fell when attempting to solve the problems it had helped to create by its belief in a civilizing mission that began with violence.

The Paradox of Liberal Politics in the South African Context: Alfred Hoernlé's Critique of Liberalism's Pact with White Domination

Abstract This article traces the evolution by which in the context of 1930s South Africa the liberal philosopher Alfred Hoernlé came to recognize the inability of classical liberalism to address the problems of a society in which a racial hierarchy had become deeply entrenched. Although he must be criticized for his patriarchal approach and for the pessimism that led him to take White attitudes toward Black South Africans as an unchangeable part of the situation that simply had to be accepted, his insight into the limits of liberalism still resonates. While most White commentators were still thinking of racism in terms of beliefs and attitudes, he already understood that the problem lay in the systemic adoption of “techniques of domination” or what we today might call institutional racism. Although his proposal in 1939 that “Total Separation” was “a legitimate application of sound liberal ideas” was deeply problematic in context and might well have had a serious negative impact, it should be understood that it was intended to highlight the fundamental paradox into which liberalism fell when attempting to solve the problems it had helped to create by its belief in a civilizing mission that began with violence.

Uniform energy bound and asymptotics for the Maxwell field on a slowly rotating Kerr black hole exterior

We consider the Maxwell equation in the exterior of a very slowly rotating Kerr black hole. For this system, we prove the boundedness of a positive definite energy on each hypersurface of constant [Formula: see text]. We also prove the convergence of each solution to a stationary Coulomb solution. We separate a general solution into the charged, Coulomb part and the uncharged part. Convergence to the Coulomb solutions follows from the fact that the uncharged part satisfies a Morawetz estimate, i.e. that a spatially localized energy density is integrable in time. For the unchanged part, we study both the full Maxwell equation and the Fackerell–Ipser equation for one component. To treat the Fackerell–Ipser equation, we use a Fourier transform in [Formula: see text]. For the Fackerell–Ipser equation, we prove a refined Morawetz estimate that controls 3/2 derivatives with no loss near the orbiting null geodesics.

Unchangeable Part of Speech in Modern Turkic Languages: Semantic and Function

The article concerns such a disputable problem as adverbs as an unchangeable part of speech in Turkic languages. The work presents a profound research of scientific labors of a number of eminent linguists, their viewpoints, methods and approaches to the subject of adverb transformation into an integral and constituent part of a word. The author supplies his study with numerous examples from the old Turkic, Yakut, Bashkir and Kazakh languages. The examples illustrate common and peculiar features of adverbs in different language phenomenon. In the course of comparative investigation the author draws a few considerable conclusions and principles.

Morphofunctional characteristics of ileac atresia in newborns

The morphological indicators have been determined and functional abnormalities of the mucosa, muscular membrane, intermuscular nervous plexus, vessels of wall in preatretic, atretic and postatretic segments of ileum have been identified. The ability of the intestine to anastomoses in pathogenic type of atresia with primary disorders of vascular development was evaluated. We recommend resection of visually unchanging part of the intestine above of preatretic and below of postatretic segments of intestine to the nearest level of the iliocolic arteries.

Shoreline change analysis of the Kizilirmak Lagoon Series

Comprising many small and large lagoons, the Kizilirmak Lagoon Series is located in the Kizilirmak Delta, which is one of the most important wetlands protected by the Ramsar Convention in Turkey. This study examines the changes that have occurred in the shoreline of the Kizilirmak Lagoon Series between 1962 and 2013. Furthermore, shoreline changes in the delta were also determined to discuss whether there is a relationship between the shoreline changes in the Kizilirmak Delta and lagoons. The shorelines in 1962, 1974, 1987 and 2013 were used to analyze the shoreline changes. Landsat-MSS/TM/OLI satellite images and 1/100,000 topographic maps were used to measure the shorelines. The changes in area, shoreline length and the shoreline development index (SDI) were compared to determine the changes in the lagoon shorelines, and the changed and unchanged parts of the lagoon areas were spatially analyzed using polygon overlay analysis. The Net Shoreline Movement (NSM), End Point Rate (EPR) and Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE) methods were used to determine the changes in the delta shoreline. The results showed that the lagoons tended to shrink in the periods when the Kizilirmak River carried abundant amounts of sediment, prior to the construction of the Altinkaya and Derbent Dams between 1962 and 1987. However, after the construction of the dams, between 1987 and 2013, the delta development stopped due to the disruption of the sediment flow to the delta. As a result, coastal erosion occurred due to an increase in wind and wave erosion, which led to narrowing of the barrier spit in front of the lagoons along the eastern coasts of the delta. The maximum erosion along the coasts of the delta was −827 m, and the total shrinkage in lagoon areas was 963.7 ha between 1962 and 2013. This study reveals that it is crucial to take necessary measures to sustainably manage the Kizilirmak Lagoon Series, which is highly important for the delta ecosystem.

Commons, Coase, and the Unchanging Nature of the Social Provisioning Process

:We compare the analytical approach of John R. Common and Ronald H. Coase to institutional analysis and social provisioning. In particular, we examine their similarities in (i) the definition and role of institutions in the economy, (ii) the allocative (social provisioning) role of institutions in the economy, and (iii) the inescapable and unchanging role of institutions in shaping the social provisioning process. We contend that Commons and Coase had more in common than did Coase and many of his followers in the “new institutional economics.” In particular, the two had strong similarities in both (a) their insights into the nature of institutions in the legal-economic nexus that is the foundation of the economy and (b) their methods for conducting economics research. Because this role of institutional evolution is, as Warren Samuels noted, an inescapable and unchanging part of an economy’s social provisioning process, it will remain an integral part of any such work in the future, regardless of the “school of analysis” or methodological approach.

Comprehensive Subspace Decomposition with Analysis of Between-Mode Relative Changes for Multimode Process Monitoring

Multimode processes may be operating under different statuses, revealing different process characteristics and variations. It can be an interesting issue to check how the process variations change from one mode to another and thus how they can be used for multimode analysis and monitoring. In the present work, a between-mode relative analysis algorithm is proposed to explore the between-mode relationship. Comprehensive subspace decomposition is performed in each mode regarding their relative changes from the reference mode and influences on process monitoring. Each mode is separated into three different systematic subspaces and one residual subspace based on the between-mode changes of process variations, including the increased part, the decreased part, and the unchanged part. These different variations are then modeled respectively and different monitoring statistics are defined for online monitoring to identify mode affiliation and detect the fault status. By separating and monitoring different types of between-mode relative variations, the proposed method can not only efficiently distinguish different modes and detect faults but also offer enhanced process understanding. Theoretical support is framed and the related statistical characteristics are analyzed. Its feasibility and performance are illustrated with multimode data generated from the Tennessee Eastman (TE) benchmark process.

Static/Unchangeable and Dynamic/Changeable Nature of Personality According to the Nine Types Temperament Model: A Proposal

Researchers which aimed to understand human behaviours have propounded many opinions about temperament and personality. Some of them centralize temperament while others centralize personality in their studies. They defined temperament and personality in many ways and tried to explain similar and different features of these concepts. The disagreement of the researchers on the definitions of temperament and personality concepts caused confusion in explaining the relations between these concepts. Besides, this confusion brings along the question “which one is the changeable and unchangeable part of the human behaviours, temperament or personality?� Nine Types Temperament Model (NTTM) is new model that considers human behaviour with a temperament based approach, claims to formulate a holistic model to the definitions, boundaries, scopes, interrelations of temperament, character and personality. The aim of this study is to explain the relation of personality with temperament and to propose an approach which conceptualizes the personality’s unchangeable -originating from the temperament- and changeable facets from the NTTM perspective, which can be a conceptual base for future empirical studies. In this study; first we explained the definitions and the relations of temperament, character and personality propounded by NTTM based on the current literature. Second we proposed “natural personality� concept in order to explain unchangeable features that originate from the individual’s temperament type. Also we proposed “synthetic personality� concept in order to explain the traits that do not exist in the temperament type of the individual and are acquired after birth through parents, school and social transference. In conclusion, in this study we tried to offer a new perspective to the researchers for understanding the nature of temperament -character- personality concepts and the link between them. Additionally, we propounded the concepts of natural and synthetic personality that will be able to answer the questions about changeable and unchangeable facets of personality.

The diachrony of light and auxiliary verbs in Indo-Aryan

This study examines the historical development of light verbs in Indo-Aryan. I investigate the origins of the modern Indo-Aryan compound verb construction, and compare this construction with other light verb constructions in Indo-Aryan. Examination of the antecedents of the Indo-Aryan compound verb construction alongside other Indo-Aryan light verb constructions, combined with analysis of lexical and morphosyntactic differences between the compound verb systems of two Indo-Aryan languages (Hindi and Nepali), demonstrate that light verbs are not a stable or unchanging part of grammar, but rather undergo a variety of changes, including reanalysis as tense/aspect auxiliaries.

Statistical modeling and online fault detection for multiphase batch processes with analysis of between-phase relative changes

For multiphase batch processes, the specific changes of process characteristics between two neighboring phases are a critical problem for batch process monitoring, which, however, have not been fully addressed. This article proposes a statistical modeling and online fault detection strategy with the analysis of between-phase relative changes for multiphase batch processes. A two-step subspace decomposition procedure is designed to explore the between-phase relationship by relating each phase with its neighboring phases. Different subspaces are decomposed from the original phase space to reveal different changes from one phase to another, including increased part, decreased part and unchanged part. They are deemed to impose different influences on monitoring results in systematic and residual monitoring subspaces, respectively. The process dynamics from one phase to another are then comprehensively captured in different subspaces. By modeling and monitoring different types of between-phase relative variations, the proposed algorithm can provide enhanced process understanding about between-phase relationship and also offer reliable fault detection performance. The proposed algorithm is illustrated with a typical multiphase batch process, injection molding.