Climate Change Uncertainty Research Articles

Harbor in the storm: How Bitcoin navigates challenges of climate change and global uncertainties

Understanding Bitcoin's (BTC) performance and hedging effects under various uncertainties is crucial. This study combines time-varying Granger causality (TVGC) tests and wavelet time-varying parameter vector autoregression (TVP-VAR) methods to examine the relationship between Bitcoin (BTC) and climate uncertainty (SOI), geopolitical risk (GPR), economic policy uncertainty (EPU), crude oil volatility (OVX), and market volatility (VIX) across both time and frequency domains, from December 19, 2017, to October 16, 2023. The results show that in recent years, the long-term impact of SOI on BTC, as well as political and economic uncertainties, is hard to ignore, but BTC cannot serve as a safe-haven asset against SOI. Wavelet decomposition indicates that during extreme events, BTC exhibits a leading positive co-movement with EPU, GPR, VIX, and OVX in the long term, showing potential as a hedging asset. However, TVGC and wavelet decomposition spillover results further suggest that BTC's hedging capacity against different economic and political uncertainties may be limited during certain extreme events.

(Un-)certain knowledge of pre-service geography teachers about climate change

Climate change education is a challenge for teachers, as they must have appropriate content knowledge to teach the topic adequately. Every teacher is confronted with both their own knowledge and non-knowledge, as well as with scientific knowledge and non-knowledge. The uncertainty about this knowledge depends on individual perception and can have an impact on teaching. In this study, the climate change knowledge and uncertainty about this knowledge of 226 pre-service geography teachers at four German universities were investigated using a questionnaire. Five different domains of knowledge about climate change are discussed, namely, knowledge about the (1) causes, (2) basics and (3) effects of climate change as well as (4) climate-friendly behavior and (5) the procedures of the climate sciences. The pre-service teachers answered most of the questions correctly (72.4%), and the anthropogenic nature of climate change is mostly recognized (91%). However, there are also gaps in knowledge, especially regarding action-related knowledge. Typical misconceptions about the greenhouse effect and ozone holes were identified. On average, 32.6% of all answers to all items were rated as “uncertain” by the participants. Male students scored significantly higher than female students. The results indicate a significant difference between the respondents’ university degrees in terms of knowledge. These results lay out the path for the possible improvement of university courses in the context of teachers’ knowledge about climate change.

Making climate finance: toward everyday, historically informed, and reparative understandings

The centering of climate finance around a narrow set of institutions, sites, instruments, practices, and technologies is an achievement made possible by the domination of finance capital and policy elites. In this intervention, we shift the spotlight away from such elite projects and practices in favor of a wider understanding of urban climate finance—one that includes a more diverse set of sites, activities and participants. A wider and more inclusive conceptualization of urban climate finance requires accounting for the historical and ongoing role of finance in the production of climate vulnerability. Reconceptualized in this way, urban climate finance expands to include everyday financial life in cities around the world. Everyday climate finance is thus generated in places where the risks and uncertainties of climate change are currently unrecognized by policy elites as such, yet are being managed through improvised repertoires of financial practices. Additionally, (re)considering past financial practices as climate finance (e.g. historical residential redlining that produces climate vulnerability today), provides a rationale for demanding that past and present financial actors account for today’s climate injustices, and contribute to future reparative and abolitionist climate action.

Community resilience to socio-environmental disasters in Itajaí Valley, Brazil

The Itajaí Valley (Brazil) is historically hit by disasters characterized by landslides and floods. Despite some level of preparedness, the changing rainfall regimes which became less predictable and more severe, is exacerbated by uncertainties of climate change challenging the state of resilience in the area. Community perception in disaster risk areas is one of the key components for identifying the state of resilience to disasters. Hence, to better understand the nature of changing resilience, this research aims to identify and compare the state of resilience of communities (SC) in the Itajaí Valley by analyzing risk perception of local communities. A descriptive-evaluative methodology is used through a quantitative survey approach in the at-risk areas in two distinct phases. Data collection in the first phase took place between March and July 2023, a period temporally distant from the last major disaster, which occurred in 2008. The second phase of data collection took place between the floods of October and November 2023. The results of the research indicate that exposure to the October 2023 floods had a substantial impact on the population's perception of risk, in which changes were observed in all the aspects of community resilience analyzed. In this sense, there was a significant increase in resilience during the reorganization phase, strengthening the consensus with studies related to adaptive cycles. The results enable a more precise understanding of vulnerable areas, allowing decision-makers to pinpoint where resources and efforts should be directed with greater accuracy.

How does restoration ecology consider climate change uncertainties in forested ecosystems?

Forest restoration is a powerful tool that combats forest loss and mitigates climate change. Our review asks how climate change considerations are integrated into forest restoration. We asked: (1) How many articles about forest restoration practices discuss climate change; (2) has this changed over time; and (3) when climate change is mentioned, how is it considered? We used the framework created by Simonson et al. in 2021, which describes seven unique areas where practitioners can consider climate change impacts in their projects. These areas include adjusting species and location for projected changes to fitness, mitigating risks, and aligning practice with policy. We reviewed the literature through Web of Science and evaluated publications for inclusion of these considerations. We found that the number of publications about forest restoration projects has increased significantly since the early 2000s, exceeding 200 in 2021. The proportion of these including the terms “climate change” or “global warming,” has also increased (35% in 2021). Climate change concepts were only considered in what we defined as an “in‐depth” context in 83 of the 186 publications we reviewed (45%). However, the majority of publications (115 of 186, 61%) did incorporate at least one of the seven considerations, even if they did not satisfy our definition for in‐depth climate change consideration. Several articles discussed other considerations not described by Simonson et al. (2021), leading us to recommend adding an eighth criterion to their framework: consider place‐based communities and Indigenous Knowledge Holders' responses to climate change in forest restoration.

Investigation of the time-dependent bearing capacities of concrete structures in different environments considering climate change

The escalating trend of emissions of greenhouse gases, including CO2, prompts significant modifications in climate variables, such as temperature and relative humidity (RH). For concrete civil infrastructures, the carbonation and chlorination corrosion processes are sensitive to changes in climate variables. The focus of this study is to evaluate the time-sensitive deterioration of concrete components in different corrosion environments with consideration of large uncertainties of climate change. Future projections for atmospheric CO2, temperature, and RH until the end of the twenty first century are examined. By implementing an aging corrosion model that incorporates climate change, the study observes that under the SSP5-8.5 emission scenario, the average carbonation depth for the RC structures in the general atmospheric environment increases by 58.7%. Furthermore, the chlorination corrosion rate in marine environments nearly doubles that under aging conditions alone. By 2100, corrosion-affected RC beams in the SSP5-8.5 scenario will lose 9.5 and 29.2% of their flexural capacity, respectively. Moreover, under carbonation and chlorination environments, the beams will face an additional loss of 20.7 and 27.6% in shear capacity, respectively. In performing the above calculations, we have considered the uncertainty prediction of climate change and the uncertainty analysis of the influence of model parameters and material variability.

Nature-Based Secondary Resource Recovery under Climate Change Uncertainty: A Robust Multi-Objective Optimisation Methodology

The management of high-volume (HV) waste poses a persistent challenge in sustainable materials management and represents an untapped opportunity in circular economy models. This study proposes a conceptual decision-making framework to operationalise a novel circular economy strategy for HV waste, involving temporary storage to facilitate nature-based secondary resource recovery. Using an illustrative case study of a candidate HV waste (legacy mining waste), we apply a robust multi-objective spatial optimisation approach at a national scale, employing an exact solution approach. Our methodology integrates mixed-integer linear programming to evaluate the economic viability, social benefits, and impacts of climate change uncertainties on nature-based solutions (NbS) implementation across diverse scenarios. The results demonstrate that NbS can enhance economic feasibility by incorporating carbon sequestration and employment benefits while demonstrating resilience against climate change projections to ensure long-term sustainability. The findings suggest that although NbS can improve the circular economy of HV nationally, it is essential to assess additional ecosystem services and address multiple uncertainties for effective macro-level sustainability assessment of HV management. This study offers a robust decision-making framework for policymakers and stakeholders to plan and implement nature-based circular economy strategies for HV waste streams at a national level while effectively managing long-term planning uncertainties.

Assessing thermal resilience to overheating in a Belgian apartment: impact of building parameters

Globally and in European Union, climate change and heatwaves (HWs) challenges the thermal resilience performance (buildings’ ability to withstand and recover from a shock) of airtight, highly insulated buildings with no cooling strategies. Ensuring thermal resilience in buildings is crucial for maintaining habitability amid climate change uncertainties. This study, under the framework of IEA EBC Annex 80, aims to explore the impact of design parameters (thermal mass, window to wall ratio (WWR), operation of solar shading and natural night ventilation) on the thermal resilience in a Belgian apartment. Although a number of recent studies explored impact of building design on overheating, there is still a lack in the state-of-the-art exploring and varying ranges of the design parameters that impact the thermal resilience performance of apartments during short-term shocks such as heatwaves. In order to reach the aim of this study, building energy simulations were performed. Initially, the default apartment was evaluated during current weather scenario varying the parameters. Results showed overheating risk in default apartment during current weather scenario. Then the worst, improved and, the optimized variation of the building is evaluated against 6 days HW. The apartments’ thermal resilience performance assessment conclude that high window-to-wall ratios (WWR >30%) without solar shading and lighter thermal mass decrease thermal resilience during shocks, highlighting WWR’s significance. For short-term overheating events, heavy thermal mass improves the thermal resilience by pro-longing the absorptivity time (withstanding capability) of the excess heat. However, if excess heat is absorbed by the building (higher WWR resulting in higher solar gains), lighter thermal mass enhances the thermal resilience performance (recovery capability) by flushing out the excess heat. Solar shading and passive cooling strategy like natural night ventilation aids in temperature management, improving the buildings’ thermal resilience performance by prolonging the absorptivity and speeding the recovery from the shock.

Impacts of future climate change on rice yield based on crop model simulation—A meta-analysis

Rice is one of the world's major food crops. Changes in major climatic factors such as temperature, rainfall, solar radiation and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration have an important impact on rice growth and yield. However, many of the current studies that predict the impact of future climate change on rice yield are affected by uncertainties such as climate models, climate scenarios, model parameters and structure, and showing great differences. This study was based on the assessment results of the impact of climate change on rice in the future of 111 published literature, and comprehensively analyzed the impact and uncertainty of climate change on rice yield. This study utilized local polynomial (Loess) regression analysis to investigate the impact of changes in mean temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, solar radiation, and precipitation on relative rice yield variations within a complete dataset. A linear mixed-effects model was used to quantitatively analyze the relationships between the restricted datasets. The qualitative analysis based on the entire dataset revealed that rice yields decreased with increasing average temperature. The precipitation changed between 0 and 25 %, it was conducive to the stable production of rice, and when the precipitation changed >25 %, it would cause rice yield reduction. The change of solar radiation was less than −1.15 %, the rice yield increases with the increase of solar radiation, and when the change of solar radiation exceeds −1.15 %, the rice yield decreases. Elevated CO2 concentrations and management practices could mitigate the negative effects of climate change. The results of a quantitative analysis utilizing the mixed effects model revealed that average temperature, precipitation, CO2 concentration, and adaptation methods all had a substantial impact on rice production, and elevated CO2 concentrations and management practices could exert positive influences on rice production. For every 1 °C and 1 % increase in average temperature and precipitation, rice yield decreased by 3.85 % and 0.56 %, respectively. For every 100 ppm increase in CO2 concentration, rice yield increased by 7.1 %. The variation of rice yield under different climate models, study sites and climate scenarios had significant variability. Elevated CO2 concentrations and management practices could compensate for the negative effects of climate change, benefiting rice production. This study comprehensively collected and analyzed a wide range of literature and research, which provides an in-depth understanding of the impacts of climate change on rice production and informs future research and policy development.

Projecting Future Tropical Cyclone Frequencies by Combining Uncertain Empirical Estimates of Baseline Frequencies with Climate Model Estimates of Change

Various studies have given projections for how frequencies of tropical cyclones (TCs) might change under climate change. In this study, we combine a set of such projections with uncertain estimates of frequencies of tropical cyclones in a baseline climate to produce probabilistic projections of tropical cyclone frequencies for the next 50 years. The novel aspect of our projections is the inclusion of baseline uncertainty. We consider frequencies of Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale category 0-5 and category 4-5 storms for the six major tropical cyclone basins. We find that in several cases the means and medians of the frequency of category 0-5 storms are projected to decrease, but that increasing uncertainty nevertheless leads to increases in the likelihood of high rates of TC activity in the future. We then show how the variance of the distributions of uncertainty can be decomposed into terms due to baseline uncertainty and climate change uncertainty. We use this decomposition to determine the year in which climate change uncertainty overtakes baseline uncertainty. Over the next 20 years we find that in some basins baseline uncertainty dominates and in other basins climate change uncertainty dominates. We are able to relate these variations between basins to the coefficients of variation of the baseline and climate change inputs. Finally, we quantify how climate change affects estimates of near-term TC frequency, including the extent to which it increases the uncertainty. These results help us understand two of the major sources of uncertainty in estimates of tropical cyclone behaviour now and in the future, and the role climate change is playing in changing that behaviour. They also demonstrate how estimates of TC change can be combined with observations to create projections of future TC climate.

The contribution of commonly consumed edible insects to nutrition security in the Eastern D.R. Congo

Edible insects are perceived as an incredible opportunity to mitigate the major challenge of sustainably producing healthy foods for a growing world population in the face of climate change uncertainties over the coming decade. In this study, we assessed the nutrient composition and sensory properties of Acheta domesticus, Apis mellifera, Gnathocera trivittata, Gryllotalpa africana, Imbrasia epimethea, Imbrasia oyemensis, Locusta migratoria, Macrotermes subhylanus, Nomadacris septemfasciata, Rhyncophorus phoenicis, Ruspolia differens and Rhynchophorus ferrugineus consumed in Eastern D. R. Congo. The investigated edible insects are highly appreciated and nutritious, with proteins (20.67–43.93 g/100 g) and fats (14.53–36.02 g/100 g) being the major macro-nutrients, proving their potential to improve diets through food enrichment. The high potassium (24–386.67 mg/100 g), sodium (152–257.82 mg/100 g), magnesium (32–64 mg/100 g), iron (5.3–16.13 mg/100 g), calcium (25–156.67 mg/100 g) and zinc (11–19.67 mg/100 g) content make the assessed edible insects a useful mineral-containing ingredient for preventing undernutrition in countries which are plagued by micronutrient deficiencies. A scatter plot of matrices and Pearson’s correlations between sensory attributes and nutritional composition showed a negative correlation (r = − 0.45) between protein and appearance. While no strong correlation was observed between nutritional attributes and sensory acceptance, a positive correlation was observed between potassium and aroma (r = 0.50), after-taste (r = 0.50) and acceptability (r = 0.52). Principal component analysis results indicated that the two axes accounted for up to 97.4% of the observed variability in the nutrient composition and sensory attributes of commonly consumed edible insects in the Eastern D. R. Congo. Given the significant delicacy and nutritional potential of edible insects highlighted in this paper, households can rely on the latter to meet their nutritional needs rather than conventional livestock, thus contributing to environmental and financial security through local business opportunities.

Current trends in forestry research of Latin-America: an editorial overview of the Special Issue

Mendoza city (Argentina) hosted the VIII Latin American Forestry Congress (CONFLAT) and the V Forestry Congress of Argentina (CFA) in 2023, where relevant issues were addressed, such as climate change, degradation, reforestation, management and forest industry, monitoring, environmental services, social issues, and governance, among others. The objective of this Special Issue was to present the main advances in Forestry Science for Latin-America in the context of changing governance and forest livelihoods for people. The fifteen articles emphasize the interdisciplinary nature of the forest management and conservation, and that multiple variables must be considered to achieve sustainability. The articles come from studies across Southern South-America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay), and the collaboration of researchers of other countries (México, Canada, and Spain). Articles include research in tropical, Mediterranean and temperate Sub-Antarctic forests. Together, these articles provide a snapshot of new forestry research carried out locally and internationally to bring about beneficial ecological and environmental outcomes in a world facing the challenges of sustainable management and conservation amongst the threats and uncertainty of climate change and environmental degradation responsible for extensive loss of biodiversity and environmental services. We believe that this Special Issue will encourage more inter-disciplinary research focusing on management and conservation of forests.

Climate change impacts on magnitude and frequency of urban floods under scenario and model uncertainties

Many studies have confirmed that climate change leads to frequent urban flooding, which can lead to significant socioeconomic repercussions. However, most existing studies have not evaluated the impacts of climate change on urban flood from both event-scale and annual-scale dimensions. In addition, there are only few studies that simultaneously consider scenario and model uncertainties of climate change, and combine flood risk assessment and uncertainty analysis results to provide practical suggestions for urban drainage system management. This study uses the statistical downscaling method to calculate the design rainfall under ten rainfall return periods of four climate models and three climate change scenarios in 2040s, 2060s, and 2080s in various prefecture-level cities in China. The four climate models are HadGEM2- ES, MPI-ESM-MR, NorESM1-M and FGOALS-g2 models and the three climate change scenarios are constructed by different representative concentration pathways (RCP), namely RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. On this basis, relying on the generated drainage systems using geographical information and other data, event-scale and annual-scale precipitation are combined to calculate the change ratio of annual flood volume expectation in prefecture-level cities in each future year compared with the current situation. Furthermore, the study evaluates scenario and model uncertainties of climate change, and then comprehensively integrates the flood risk and its uncertainties to provides suggestions for urban drainage system management.

An organizing protocol for society’s approach at responding to climate change

An organizing protocol for society’s approach at responding to climate change Huffington Foundation Professor of Economics and Environmental Studies, Emeritus Gary Yohe argues that adopting an iterative risk management approach is the most effective way when responding to climate change uncertainties. The issue at hand is easily expressed: How might society effectively organize its thinking as it ponders how to respond to climate change impacts and their consequences in the face of enormous uncertainty? That is, what thought protocol would be best, not only because it would provide the ‘30,000-foot’ perspective to inform response decisions but also because it would inform researchers and implementers who work ‘in the weeds’ of project-specific details on how to fit their work into the broader national and global strategies for action.

A Systematic Review on Drivers of Water-Use Behaviour among Agricultural Water Users

Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) is closely linked to the sustainable management of water resources and sanitation worldwide. SDG 6.4, in particular, aims to significantly improve water-use efficiency across all sectors by 2030. It is important to acknowledge the significant role that behavioural aspects of water users in an agricultural context play in contributing to water-use efficiency. This systematic review aims to provide an up-to-date synthesis of the current knowledge of water-use behaviours in agriculture to stay on track in achieving SDG 6. This systematic literature review investigates the factors influencing water-use behaviour among agricultural water users globally. Using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) method, we retrieved a total of 867 records, of which 47 matched the eligibility criteria. The 47 relevant studies were primarily conducted in the United States and China with key themes including sustainable agricultural practices, technology adoption for productivity, climate change adaptation, and modelling and uncertainty in water conservation. Additionally, the review identified six distinct water-use behaviours investigated from 2020 to 2024, which were each driven by its unique set of factors. Overall, the findings from the systematic review indicate that there has been a geographical gap in research efforts over the past five years, and it is important for water-use behaviour-related research to be extended to other countries that are water-stressed. Furthermore, the researchers recommend that future studies should develop comprehensive behavioural models and adopt holistic approaches to better understand and promote sustainable water-use behaviours in agriculture. These efforts are vital for achieving sustainable water management and broader SDGs.

Sensitivity of cloud microphysics to aerosol is highly associated with cloud water content: Implications for indirect radiative forcing

The sensitivity of cloud microphysics to aerosol loading, quantified by the aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI) index, plays a crucial role in calculating the radiative forcing due to ACI (RFaci). However, the dependence of the ACI index on liquid water content (LWC) and its impact on RFaci are often overlooked. This study aims to investigate this dependence and evaluate its implications for RFaci, based on ground in-situ aerosol-cloud observations on Mt. Lu in eastern China. The results demonstrate that the ACI index exhibits an initial increase, followed by a decline with increasing LWC. In the unconstrained LWC scenario, the ACI index, calculated based on cloud droplet number concentration (ACIn of 0.13), is found to be lower than the lower bound of ACIn (0.17 to 0.35) obtained from the constrained LWC scenario. Neglecting this LWC-dependence leads to a significant underestimation of the mean RFaci by 53%. Furthermore, when calculating RFaci using the ACI index from droplet effective diameter (ACId), implying the neglect of the dispersion effect by assuming a fixed droplet spectrum width, it results in an overestimation of RFaci by 22% compared to using ACIn. These findings shed new light on the assessment of RFaci and help reconcile differences between observed and simulated RFaci. Plain language summaryAerosol-cloud interactions are the major source of uncertainty in understanding human-induced climate change. This study focused on the relationship between aerosol and clouds, specifically investigating how the sensitivity of cloud properties to aerosol loading associates with the amount of liquid water present in the clouds. Using ground in-situ observations of clouds and aerosols on Mt. Lu in eastern China, this study showed that the sensitivity of cloud properties to aerosol loading initially increases and then decreases as the cloud water content increases. Neglecting this dependence can lead to a significant underestimation of the impact of aerosol-cloud interactions on climate. These findings provide valuable insights for improving our understanding of how aerosols and clouds interact and contribute to climate change.

Gendered Gaps in the Adoption of Climate-Smart Agriculture in Africa and How to Overcome Them

In Africa, the agricultural sector contributes approximately 10–20% of the total anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It presents rapid growth as a result of rising food demand in Africa, which is being driven by population growth. Consequently, climate change can negatively affect crop yields and livestock production, thus threatening food security. This review highlights the existing gender gaps in African agriculture and discusses the drivers and barriers that maintain gender gaps in climate-smart agriculture (CSA) adoption in African countries. Moreover, the review offers a comprehensive roadmap for the essential measures required to facilitate the widespread uptake of CSA practices among female farmers. Several CSA practices were reported, such as agricultural practices, forest and cropland regeneration practices, water resources, and the use of weather and climate information services. The gender gap in the adoption of CSA practices was influenced by policy legislation, financial resources, social and cultural taboos, and technical determinants such as climate information access. To address this gender gap, scientific-outcome-based research should be used to address gender gaps among female small farmers. In conclusion, to overcome the gender gap in CSA adoption in Africa, this review recommends the use of a gender-responsive approach, the development of scientific research-driven measures, and the prioritization of gender equality in governments’ agendas in the context of climate change uncertainty.

Study on the Development of Property Insurance Industry Based on ARIMA and CGDAM-WRIR Models

This study aims to address the climate change challenges faced by the property-casualty insurance industry by using the ARIMA model to assess the potential impacts of extreme weather events on the insurance industry and the CGDAM-WRIR model to analyze the regional impacts of tornadoes and the impacts of climate change on communities. With these models, we provide accurate risk management and underwriting strategy adjustment recommendations. Future research will further explore complex models, overcome limitations, integrate multi-source data, and develop real-time predictive models to help the insurance industry better manage climate change uncertainty, safeguard property owner interests, and ensure market sustainability and resilience.

Payment for Ecosystem Services: institutional arrangements for a changing climate in the Chilean Mediterranean Region

Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) can promote different types of governance arrangements to address the triple challenge of biodiversity loss, climate change and air pollution. These institutional arrangements, however, do not explicitly incorporate climate change into the ecosystem’s capacity to provide services. In this study, we explore why and how to incorporate climate uncertainties using as example the Altos de Cantillana Nature Reserve, a unique biodiversity hotspot in Central Chile. First, prioritized ecosystem services (ES) were grouped in bundles and linked to measured and modeled impacts of climate change on key water-related processes. Second, institutional barriers to PES were identified from case studies and analyzed considering challenges in a changing climate. Finally, bundles with different levels of risk were matched to six recommendations that better incorporate levels of risks to the uncertainty of climate change into Payment for Ecosystem Services in Chile.

Climate change uncertainty and supply chain financing

We examine the impact of climate change uncertainty on supply chain financing. We find that firms significantly curtail trade credit provision during periods of high climate change uncertainty. The cross-sectional variations of this effect with firm-specific factors such as vulnerability to climate change, asset redeployability, and pollution severity suggest that it is primarily driven by managerial anticipation of physical damage cost rather than regulatory cost that the uncertainty could incur. The moderation of this effect by exogenous regulatory interventions such as state-level staggered adoption of the Climate Change Adaptation Plans and the Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act suggests that managerial concerns of such cost can be alleviated through the improvement of climate change preparation and external financing respectively. Overall, our study reveals that climate change undermines the financial resilience of the supply chain and provides timely policy implications for tackling climate change against the backdrop of the global supply chain crisis.