This paper investigates the problem of robust exponential stabilization of uncertain discrete-time stochastic neural networks with time-varying delay based on output feedback control. By choosing an augmented Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, we established the sufficient conditions of the delay-dependent asymptotical stabilization in the mean square for a class of discrete-time stochastic neural networks with time-varying delay. Furthermore, we obtain the criteria of robust global exponential stabilization in the mean square for uncertain discrete-time stochastic neural networks with time-varying delay. Finally, we give numerical examples to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed results.