Uncaria Gambier Roxb Research Articles

FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION EFFERVESCENT TABLETS OF GAMBIER LEAF EXTRACT (Uncaria gambier Roxb)

Background: Gambier, also known as the term (Uncaria gambier Roxb), is a plant that has long been cultivated in Indonesia. The components of flavonoid compounds in gambier plants have been widely reported as antioxidants. Using the gambier plant will be more accessible and more practical if it is made in dosage form, one of which is in the form of effervescent tablets. Objective: To determine the physical and chemical characteristics of effervescent tablets of gambier leaf extract (Uncaria gambier Roxb). Methods: Descriptive design, which includes phytochemical screening research, extract quality test, physical and chemical characteristics test of effervescent tablets formulation. Results: Positive gambier leaf extracts contain flavonoid compounds, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. The average weight uniformity test of the tablet is 1.57 ± 0.02 grams, the average tablet thickness test of the tablet is 0.5±0 cm while a tablet's average diameter is 1.6±0 cm, the fragility test obtained <1%, the average hardness test of the tablet is 4.34±0.02 kg, the solubility time of the tablet obtaining is 1.6 ±0.4 minutes and tablets pH is 5.5±0.2. Conclusion: It is possible to draw the conclusion that the positive gambier leaf extract includes flavonoid components, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins based on the findings of the data previously gathered. The quality test of gambier leaf extract is already qualified, and the test of the characteristics of the physical and chemical properties produced is suitable based on Pharmacopeia Indonesia Standard. Keywords: Gambier; Extract; Tablet Effervescent

Land Suitability Assessment Gambir Commodities (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) In Pakpak Bharat Distric Scale 1 : 50.000

Gambier (Uncaria gambier Roxb.) is a cultivated plant regeneration in Pakpak Bharat. Gambir extract benefits as well as the pharmaceutical industry and traditional is quite interested so that market opportunities gambier quite open for the domestic market and abroad. Land potential and development opportunities gambir high enough, it is in the use of plantation area of 1,225 ha and optimization of dry land area of 16.049,6 ha (Pakpak Bharat in Figures, 2022). Gambier development in Pakpak Bharat tends to increase, so it is necessary to study the suitability of land to see the direction of the development of the appropriate location. This assessment was conducted by using ALES (Automated Land Evaluation System). SDPLE (Standard Procedure for Land Evaluation) data was imported to ALES program. Land evaluation result was show in spatial form. This form made by imported tabulation data to GIS (Geographical Information System) form. Suitability land maps (scale 1 : 250.000) present based on each commodities by ArcView program. Key words : Land Suitability, gambier, Pakpak Bharat

Malondialdehyde and TNF-α lowering effects of purified gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) in diabetic rats

BackgroundMalondialdehyde (MDA) is one of a dominat marker in oxidative stress condition, and when inflammation occurred tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) played a significant influence in the propagation this process. Purified gambier (Uncaria gambier Roxb.) contained 90% catechin which is proven to have antioxidant activity and may prevent unwanted inflammatory responses during diabetic state. Objective: The objective of this research was to assess how purified gambier affected plasma MDA and TNF- α levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Material and methods: In this study, 35 rats were used. Alloxan 120 mg/kg BW intraperitoneal injection was administered to induce diabetes conditions in rats. All animals were divided into 5 groups, diabetic control group treated with vehicle, positive control group treated with glibenclamide dose 0.45 mg/kg BW), and treatment groups treated with purified gambier dose of 2.5; 5 and 10 mg/kg BW. All animals were treated respectively for 14 days. Plasma MDA and TNF- α levels were measured on day 3, and 14. Results: Two-way ANOVA was applied to analyze all of the data, these findings suggested that purified gambier has antioxidant-related anti-inflammation actions. possesses blood sugar-lowering activity (p<0.05). The plasma MDA and TNF- α level of treatment group were significantly reduced (p<0.05) compared to diabetes control group. Conclusion: These results depicted that at doses of 2.5–10 mg/kg BW, purified gambier has antioxidant-associated anti-inflammation effects when given for 14 days on diabetic rat model by reducing plasma levels MDA and TNF-α.

The effect of chewing-betel habits on blood glucose levels in the Karo ethnic community, Karo district

Background: The chewing Betel habit is a hereditary tradition from the ancestors of the Batak-Karo tribe, Indonesia. Karo people believe that chewing betel habit is their unifier. The chewing-betel habit process begins with concocting a mixture of ingredients such as betel leaf, lime, gambier, areca nut, and with or without tobacco addition, then chewed slowly. Our previous study showed that gambier extracts (Uncaria gambier Roxb), can reduce blood glucose levels(BGL) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)patients. This study aimed to analyze whether the habit of chewing betel can affect BGL in the Karo ethnic community in the Karo district. Methods: In total, 48 participants from the Karo community were divided into 4 groups (n=12 per group), namely: I. non-T2DM participants without chewing betel habits; II. non-T2DM participants with chewing-betel habit; III. T2DM participants without chewing-betel habit and IV. T2DM participants with chewing-betel habit. The sampling technique was consecutive sampling. The data were collected by interviews and blood sampling (fasting and 2 hours postprandial (2hPP)). The collected data were analyzed by paired t-test, Independent sample t-test, Wilcoxon, and Mann-Whitney with a significance level of p-value &lt;0.05. Results: This study showed that fasting BGL condition in group-I compared to group II (84.33±12.32 vs 81.00±4.84) mg/dl and group-III compared to group-IV (196.25±104.81 vs 150.00±42.45) mg/dl had no significant difference. Also, the BGL of 2hPP condition in group-I compared to group-II (111.25 ±22.62 vs 108.33±18.99) mg/dl, and group-III compared to group-IV (314.92±128.97 vs 229.25±58.26) mg/dl, in statistically there was no difference (p&gt;0.05). Although the data showed that group-III was higher than group-IV. Conclusions: This study concludes that with or without chewing-betel habits affect blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes subjects (Groups III and IV).

The effect of betel habits on blood glucose levels in the Karo ethnic community, Karo district

Background: Betel habit is a hereditary tradition from the ancestors of the Batak-Karo tribe, Indonesia. Karo people believe that betel habit is their unifier. The betel process begins with concocting a mixture of ingredients such as betel leaf, lime, gambier, areca nut, and with/ without tobacco addition, then chewed slowly. Our previous study showed that gambier extracts (Uncaria gambier Roxb), can reduce blood glucose levels(BGL) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)patients. This study aimed to analyze whether the habit of chewing betel can affect BGL in the Karo ethnic community in the Karo district.Methods: In total, 48 participants from the Karo community were divided into 4 groups (n=12 per group), namely: I. non-T2DM participants without betel habits; II. non-T2DM participants with betel habit; III. T2DM participants without betel habit and IV. T2DM participants with betel habit. The sampling technique was consecutive sampling. Data were collected by interviews and blood sampling (fasting and 2 hours postprandial (2hPP)). The collected data analyzed by paired t-test, Independent sample t-test, Wilcoxon, and Mann-Whitney with a significance level of p-value &lt;0.05.Results: This study showed that fasting BGL condition in group-I compared to group II (84.33±12.32 vs 81.00±4.84) mg/dl and group-III compared to group-IV (196.25±104.81 vs 150.00±42.45) mg/dl had no significant difference. Also, the BGL of 2hPP condition in group-I compared to group-II (111.25 ±22.62 vs 108.33±18.99) mg/dl, and group-III compared to group-IV (314.92±128.97 vs 229.25±58.26) mg/dl, in statistically there was no difference (p&gt;0.05). Although the data showed that group-III was higher than group-IV.Conclusions: This study concludes that with/without betel habits affect blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes subjects (Groups III and IV).

Analisis Green Growth Petani Gambir di Kecamatan Bukik Barisan Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota Sumatera Barat

Green growth strategies need attention to various aspects that can support strategy implementation. Green growth is environmentally friendly economic growth aimed at alleviating poverty along with the reduced availability of natural resources and climate change. One of the most important commodities in the plantation sub-sector which includes green growth is gambier (Uncaria Gambier Roxb). This study aimed to analyze the gambier production process by applying green growth analysis in Bukik Barisan District using quantitative descriptive analysis through questionnaires and interviews distributed in Bukik Barisan District, Lima Puluh Kota Regency. The results of this study indicated that by using two production processes, such as the planting process starts from the land clearing process, seeding, planting, maintenance, picking gambier leaves and processing. The post-harvest gambier production process is carried out from boiling gambier leaves, pressing, precipitation, draining, printing and drying which shows that gambier plants are green growth plants or eco-friendly plants.

The effect of betel habits on blood glucose levels in the Karo ethnic community, Karo district

Background:Betel is a hereditary tradition from the ancestors of the Batak-Karo tribe, Indonesia. Karo people believe that betel is their unifier. The betel process begins with concocting a mixture of ingredients such as betel leaf, lime, gambier, areca nut, and with/without tobacco addition, then chewed slowly. Our previous study showed that gambier extracts (Uncaria gambier Roxb), can reduce blood glucose levels (BGL) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This study aimed to analyze whether the habit of chewing betel can affect BGL in the Karo ethnic community in the Karo district.Methods:In total, 48 participants from the Karo community were divided into 4 groups (n=12 per group), namely: I. non-T2DM participants without betel habits; II. non-T2DM participants with betel habit; III. T2DM participants without betel habit and IV. T2DM participants with betel habit. The sampling technique was consecutive sampling. Data were collected by interviews and blood sampling (fasted and 2 hours postprandial (2hPP)). The collected data were analyzed by ANOVA thenpost hocBonferroni with a significance level of p-value &lt;0.05.Results:This study showed that fasting BGL had no difference in non-T2DM participants without betel habit (group-I) compared to non-T2DM participants with betel habit (group-II) (84.33±12.32 vs 81.00± 4,84), and T2DM participants without betel habit (group-III) compared to T2DM participants with betel habit (group-IV) (196.25± 104.81 vs 150.00 ± 42.45), p&gt;0.05. On the other hand, there was a significant difference in BGL 2hPP in group T2DM participants with betel habit compared to all groups (p&lt;0.05). T2DM participants without betel habit group had the highest BGL levels compared to other groups.Conclusions:This study concluded that the habit of chewing betel containing gambier is effective in restraining the rate of increase in blood glucose levels. Further research is needed to see the mechanism.

Utilization of gambier leaf extract (Uncaria gambier roxb) as antibacterial and natural dyes in making liquid bath soap with natrium lauryl ether sulfate

Research has been carried out on the liquid soap formulation of Gambier leaf extract (Uncaria gambier Roxb) from the by-product of the Gambier Industry with natrium lauryl ether sulfate as raw material. Gambier extract contains catechins and catechu tannic acids which have antibacterial, pharmacological, and other toxic properties. In addition, it contains tannins for natural dyes. The purpose of this research is to develop a liquid bath soap formulation with Gambier extract, which has high antibacterial properties using stable, safe, and comfortable natural dyes according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). This research went through several stages using 6 (six) variations of gambier extract waste as follows: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10%. The quality testing of liquid soap used chemical and physical properties tests, including pH, viscosity, foam stability, total plate number, specific gravity, free alkaline, texture, color, and aroma, then compared to SNI 4085-2017 about the quality requirements for liquid bath soap. The results showed that the usage of by-products of the gambier production process, not only used as natural dyes, would also strengthen bacterial inhibition which was indicated by a decrease in the value of the Total Bacterial Plate Number. The more the gambier waste concentration, the more the red color and antiseptic indicated by decreasing of the total plate number. The best treatment in this study was A4 treatment (addition of 6% gambier waste) with pH value 8.8, viscosity 170.98 cP foam stability (t0=95.6mm, t5=77.1mm), total bacterial plate number 1.05 x 102 colonies/g, specific gravity 1.0404 mg/L, free alkaline <0.008%, preferable hedonic (texture, color, and aroma).

Catechin Extracted from Uncaria gambier Roxb for Nanocatechin Production: Physical and Chemical Properties

This research reports nanoparticles or nanocatechin produced from catechin extracted from gambier and the differences between the properties of the extracted catechin and nanocatechin. The study began with the preparation of &gt;95% pure catechin through successive extraction. The catechin obtained was converted to nanocatechin with a high-speed homogenizer on a 1% suspension of catechin in water at 12,000 rpm for 30, 45, 60, 75 or 90 minutes. Results showed average diameters of the nanocatechin 90-minute homogenized colloids were then dried with a spray dryer so physical and chemical properties could be compared with those of the raw extracted catechin. Catechin content, water content, pH, refractive index, density, molecular weight and rotational angle were unaltered. Appearance, solubility, thermal properties, highest absorbance wavelength and antioxidant activity were measured. Initial degradation temperature and antioxidant activity of nanocatechin were higher than those in the originally extracted catechin.

Total Phenol and Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract and Water Extract from Claw Uncariaa gambir Roxb

Uncaria gambier Roxb is a plant from the Rubiaceae family, belongs to the Bajakah group and has been used empirically in the treatment of various types of diseases in the community. Besides being one of the industrial plants and export commodities produced in Sumatra and Kalimantan, gambier leaves is also used frequently in Indonesia, both for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. As a result, market demand both nationally and internationally have increased. The aim of this research are determination of antioxidant activity of ethanol extract and aqueous extract of gambir claw using 1,1-diphenil-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and determination of total phenol using Calcetau folin reagent. Gambier plant samples were taken in the forest area around the Tanjungpura University campus, the claws were separated and dried at room temperature, then powdered and extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol pa and aquadest, then the extract was concentrated until it was ready to be tested for antioxidant activity and determination of total phenol. The total phenolic ethanol extract and aqueous extract of gambir claw were 224.66 mg GAE/g extract (GEA : Gallic Acid Eqivalent) and 299.08 mg GAE/g extract, respectively, while the antioxidant potential (IC50) was 39.566 μg/mL and 65.140 μg/mL, and the IC50 for comparison of Vitamin C was 7.02 μg/mL.

The Extraction of Gambier by Using Ultrasonic Assisted at Various Temperature

Gambier is an extract from the leaves Uncaria gambier Roxb plant that contain polyphenolic compounds. One of polyphenol compounds in gambier is catechin, that can act as antioxidant and antimicrobial. This study aimed to determine the effect of heat on the catechin extraction from gambier by using ultrasonic assisted. The experimental design used a completely randomized design with four temperature treatments, i.e. 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C with 3 replications. The variables measured were IC50, polyphenol content and catechin content. This study showed that the heating process during the extraction with ultrasonic waves has an impact on the content of antioxidants, polyphenols and catechins of the extract produced. The extraction process using ultrasonic assisted at 50°C showed the best result for antioxidant activity, polyphenol content, and catechin content. The value of IC50 was 1.3538 mg/L, polyphenol content was 6.6724 mg/L, and catechin content was 957.01 μg/mg.

Gambier Extract (Uncaria gambier Roxb.) as Herbal Treatment for the Oral Cavity: A Systematic Review

Introduction: The disease of oral and dental that mostly affects Indonesians is dental caries, followed by periodontal tissue disease in the second place. One of the causes is the buildup of dental plaque. Dental plaque is a collection of various kinds of microorganisms on the surface of the teeth. Gambier extract is a product of the gambier plant containing polyphenol compounds that have the potential to be antioxidants and antibacterials. Aim: The purpose of writing this systematic review is to determine the effect of gambier extract as a herbal treatment in the oral cavity. Method: In this review systematics, article searches are carried out on google schoolar. Study published 2015-2020. 118 articles were rated. 28 articles were screened, 80 articles were excluded, 25 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 10 full-text articles according to inclusion criteria. Results: There were 10 articles about gambier extract as an oral herbal treatment. Conclusion: Based on a systematic review study, Gambier extract has potential as an herbal treatment for oral health.

Natural product of gambier (Uncaria gambier Roxb) extracts to counter against hepatotoxicity effects due to monosodium glutamate induction in male mice.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is often added in foods to enhance the flavor. It has adverse effect to body organs. Natural remedies, such as: gambier have been known for generations used to improve health. Substances contained in gambier, i.e.: catechins are believed to reduce the occurrence of hepatotoxicity. The study aims to analyze the effects of gambier in reducing the hepatotoxicity of MSG. This study with a posttest only control group design. Mice amount 25 (5 groups, n = 5/group). All interventions are given orally for 4 weeks. At the end of the study, it carried out euthanasia taken the liver of mice to made histopathology preparations then examine by light microscope, ×400, ×5 view field. Liver damage was found in each group with various levels of histological appearance:(I) 2 normal, 2 minimal, 1 moderate and none severe; (II) none normal, 1 minimal, 3 moderate and 1 severe; (III) 1 normal, 4 minimal, none moderate and severe;, (IV) 2 normal, 3 minimal, none moderate and severe; and (V) 4 normal, 1 minimal, none moderate, and severe. The data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test. The level of liver damage among all groups was significantly different (p = 0.017). The same on the Dunn test also showed the level of liver damage in Group-II to compare with other groups (p < 0.05). The present study proves that Gambier (Uncaria gambier Roxb) can reduce occurrence of hepatotoxicity caused by MSG.

Natural Liquid Dyestuff from Wastewater of Gambier Processing (Uncaria gambir Roxb) as Textile Dye

Wastewater of Gambier (Uncaria gambier Roxb) is a byproduct of pressing gambier leaves used for textile dyes. This wastewater cannot be stored for a long time to ease the moldy and rot process. The use of textile dye directly requires several long process steps. The study's purpose was to make a natural liquid dyestuff from gambier wastewater using varying mordant concentrations and test the quality of the dyestuff on cotton fabrics. The gambier wastewater was reacted with the FeSO4 mordant to form a concentrated liquid used directly to dye textiles in a rapid and straightforward process. The study investigated varying the concentration of the FeSO4 mordant from 1 to 5% (by weight). The reaction between wastewater and mordant was conducted while being stirred at 300 rpm and 70oC for 30 minutes. It was generated a dark green liquid dyestuff. The concentration of FeSO4 influenced the color strength (K/S) of the dyestuff and resulted in K/S values from 2.49-3.70. This dyestuff-colored cotton cloth a greenish-grey color. The resulting color depth depended on diluting the dyestuff with K/S values ranging from 6.34 to 12.64. The color fastness against washing, sunlight, and rubbing varied from reasonably good (2-3), good (4), and very good (4-5). It was observed that after a year of storage, the dyestuff retained its color, was stable and showed no visible sign of mold contamination, and was still able to dye the fabric effectively.

Anti-mycobacterial activity of two natural Bisanthraquinones: (+)-1,1′-Bislunatin and (+)-2,2′-Epicytoskyrin A

Tuberculosis is considered one of the leading death causes in the world by a single infectious agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The search for a new biologically active compound for the treatment of Tuberculosis is an urgent need due to the rise of multidrug-resistant phenomena. Endophytic fungi were known for a vast reservoir for bioactive secondary metabolites. Endophytic fungi, Diaporthe sp. GNBP-10 associated with gambier plant Uncaria gambier Roxb was able to produce two natural bisantharaquinone, (+)-1,1’-Bislunatin (Bis) and (+)-2,2’-Epicytoskyrin A (Epi), possessing strong antibacterial activities against the various pathogen. In this study, the biological activity screening of (Bis) and (Epi) will be extended by evaluating their activity against Mtb H37Rv. The in-vitro assay was conducted via determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), nutrient-starvation Mtb, Biofilm Mtb formation, and Mtb-infected macrophage assay. Meanwhile, the in-silico screening was done by docking and Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Exertion (ADME) studies. Bis and Epi showed promising anti-tubercular activity, as shown by the MIC value of Bis, which is the same as rifampicin (standard drug) at 0.422 μM. Meanwhile, Epi carried out the same MIC value as isoniazid (standard drug) at 0.844 μM. Further investigation on in-vitro assay resulted in Epi and Bis, which were observed for having the ability to combat nutrient-starvation and biofilm of the Mtb model with relatively moderate activity in bacterial reduction with log reduction between 1-2 folds. The cytotoxicity study revealed that Bis possessed high toxicity at all tested concentrations, while the toxicity of Epi decreased as the tested concentrations decreased. Both compounds could reduce the number of Mtb infected into macrophages in 2 folds log reduction. The in-silico result via docking study shows that both compounds have good affinity with pantothenate kinase (PanK) enzyme with a glide score of -8.427 kcal/mol and -7.481 kcal/mol for Epi and Bis, respectively. This study suggests that Epi displayed a potency to be developed further as an anti-mycobacterial compound as it is shown by in-vitro assay, cytotoxicity, and in-silico study. Despite possessing good anti-mycobacterial activity, further studies such as QSAR (Quantitative-Structure Activity Relationship) is needed to improve the physicochemical properties of Epi while maintaining its biological properties.

The Mechanically Extraction Process of Gambier (Uncaria gambier Roxb.) from Limapuluh Kota, West Sumatera and Its Antioxidant activity

The extraction process from leaves and twigs of gambier (Uncaria gambier Roxb)plant was conducted mechanically by using traditional hydraulic press, conventional screw press, and modified twin-screw press. The leaves and twigs of gambier plant was obtained from traditional farmer in Limapuluh Kota, West Sumatera, Indonesia. The water, ash and catechin contents of the gambier extracts were analyzed based on SNI 01-3391-2000 using spectrophotometry and thermogravimetry method. Antioxidant activity analysis of the extracts was also performed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) method and compared tovitamin C as a standard antioxidant. The analysis results showed that the extracts contain no ash. Meanwhile, the catechin and water contents of the extracts were approximately 50 and 13% thus the extracts were classified as quality gambier 2. Other than that, analysis result of catechin and epicatechin contents of the extracts using HPLC and compared to the reference materials showed that catechins contents of the extracts using traditional hydraulic press, conventionalscrew press, and modified twin-screw press give catechin content in about 94.296-95.030%. However, epicatechin was detected in a trace amount. The antioxidant activity of the extracts were 2.5 times stronger than reference. The IC50 value of 4.37-4.52 µg/mL and was categorized as active antioxidant.

The Mechanically Extraction Process of Gambier (Uncaria gambier Roxb.) from Limapuluh Kota, West Sumatera and Its Antioxidant activity

The extraction process from leaves and twigs of gambier ( Uncaria gambier Roxb ) plant was conducted mechanically by using traditional hydraulic press, conventiona l screw press, and modified twin- screw press. The leaves and twigs of gambier plant was obtained from traditional farmer in Limapuluh Kota, West Sumatera , Indonesia . The water, ash and catechin contents of the gambier extracts were analyzed based on SNI 01-3391-2000 using spectrophotometry and thermogravimetry method. A ntioxidant activity analysis of the extracts was also perform ed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-pi c r y lhidrazyl (DPPH) me t hod and compared to vitamin C as a standard a n tioxidant. The analy sis results showed that the extracts contain no ash. Meanwhile, the catechin and water contents of the extracts were approximately 50 and 1 3% thus the extracts were classified as quality gambier 2 . Other than that, analysis result of catechin and epicatechin contents of the extracts using HPLC and compared to the reference materials showed that catechins contents of the extracts using traditional hydraulic press, conventional screw press, and modified twin- screw press give catechin content in about 94.296-95.030%. However, epicatechin was detected in a trace amount. The antioxidant activity of the extract s were 2 .5 times stronger than reference. The IC 50 value of 4.37- 4 . 52 µg /mL and was categorized as active antioxidant.

Green synthesis of Ag/TiO2 Nanocomposite Assisted by Gambier Leaf (Uncaria gambir Roxb) Extract

Studies of green synthesis of nanoparticles mediated by plants extract is extensively explored and studied in recent time due to eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and use a minimum amount of toxic chemicals in the process of inorganic material synthesis. In this study, the immobilization of silver nanoparticles on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) was carried out using Uncaria gambier Roxb. leaf extract as a silver ion (Ag+) reducing agent. The synthesized Ag/TiO2 nanocomposite was characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS). The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed through UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis, which showed a silver surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 426 nm. The X-ray diffraction pattern shows that Ag can inhibit the transition of the anatase into rutile phase. The presence of Ag particles in TiO2 can increase the absorption ability from an initial wavelength of 407 nm to 438 nm. Based on the results of Rhodamin B degradation, it can be seen that Ag/TiO2 has a higher photocatalytic activity than bare TiO2 with 99% percent degradation at 120 minutes of irradiation time.

Review: Hepatoprotector Compounds in Plant Extracts

Many plants have been reported to possess hepatoprotective activity. The mechanism has not yet been revealed, but it was predicted due to the antioxidants that could prevent the formation of free radicals produced by hepatotoxins. Of the 30 plants studied, Crocus sativus gave the largest hepatoprotector activity at a dose of 20 mg / kg, followed by Uncaria gambier Roxb. with a dose of 30 mg / kg and Melastoma malabathricum Leaf at a dose of 50 mg / kg. Keywords: Liver, CYP450, antioxidant, free radicals

Modification of Gambier extracs as green inhibitor of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) scale formation

The addition of the Gambier extract (Uncaria gambier Roxb leaves) modification (Gambier:benzoic acid:citric acid/2:1:2) as a green inhibitor on the formation of CaCO3 scale at various concentrations was carried out using a seeded experiment method. The experiments were performed with observing the precipitation change of the CaCO3 crystals growth obtained. In order to prove the efficiency of the inhibitor in inhibiting the formation of the CaCO3 crystals, the changes of the crystal morphology were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the changes of the crystal size distribution were analyzed by particle size analyzer (PSA). The research results showed that the Gambier extract modification was able to inhibit the formation of the CaCO3 scale indicated with the morphology change of the CaCO3 crytals and smaller crystal size distribution after the addition of this inhibitor.