Unary Operation Research Articles

Mercury determination in various environmental, food and material complex matrices using unified operating conditions for a cold vapor generation high-resolution continuum source quartz tube atomic absorption spectrometry method.

An analytical method with broad applicability based on cold vapor generation high-resolution continuum source quartz tube atomic absorption spectrometry was developed and evaluated for the determination of total mercury in matrices with various complexities and compositions. Sample preparation for different matrices of food, environmental samples and (bio)polymeric materials and unified operating conditions for derivatization and measurement were evaluated. The method was validated according to established requirements (Eurachem Guide 2014, EC Decisions 657/2002; 333/2007; 836/2011 and Association of Official Analytical Chemists Guide - AOAC). Analytical versatility was checked on various samples of fish fillets, mushrooms, soil, water and water sediment, sludge from a wastewater treatment unit, and (bio)polymeric materials from waste recycled from food packaging, computers and garden tools. Under optimal conditions for cold vapor generation in a batch system, namely 3% (v/v) HCl as reaction medium for 5 mL aliquot samples and a volume of 3.5 mL 0.3% (m/v) NaBH4 stabilized in 0.2% (m/v) NaOH as derivatization reagent, the detection limit for Hg in terms of peak height measurement (n = 7 days) was in the range 0.064 ± 0.004 μg L-1 in water, 0.014 ± 0.001 mg kg-1 in environmental samples and 0.009 ± 0.001 mg kg-1 in (bio)polymeric materials. Overall recovery of Hg by analysis of certified reference materials was 102 ± 20% (k = 2) in food, soil, wastewater and water sediment, and polyethylene. Precision for the measurement of various real samples ranged between 4.2 and 15.0%. A performance study highlighted that the method was sensitive, free of non-spectral interference coming from the multielemental matrix and that it complied with the requirements for Hg determination set in EC Decisions and AOAC Guidelines at least for the more common matrices analyzed for social impact.

EXAMINATION OF HOLIDAY HABITS IN HUNGARY, WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO RURAL TOURISM

The paper aims to examine the demand for rural tourism, targeting the design of offers following the period of the pandemic. The topic of the present study, is the examination of the holiday habits of the Hungarian population focusing on rural tourism. Following the theoretical background regarding rural tourism, rural tourism destination and tourism motivation, the primary research investigates the holiday habits of various age groups and the differences between these, the frequency of traveling and planned overstays, and the optional programs as recreational and gastronomic activities, their willingness to spend for the offers that form an integral part of the rural tourism. The survey method was chosen and the respondents were assigned via a random sample. The collected data was processed via IBM SPSS 25 program, in which unary and binary operations, correlation analysis was done. The study highlights that there is a high demand for rural tourism in the countryside in the post-pandemic period, is a general need for recreation irrespective of age, educational background, or residence. The respondents would participate in a genuine rural program irrespective of age, educational background, or residence. It was also proven that there is a significant difference between the travelling frequency of the various groups, according to which, the middle-aged respondents travel most frequently to the countryside, followed by the seniors and the youth.

A Non-Uniform Offset Algorithm for Milling Toolpath Generation Based on Boolean Operations

In milling, the advancement of CAM strategies has increased the need for tailored algorithms for semi-finished phase computation. In some cases (e.g., thin-wall milling), variable radial engagement of the tool during the toolpath is desired, leading to the need of non-uniform machining allowance on the component that could be achieved only with a non-uniform offset algorithm, i.e., offset where the distance to the initial contour varies along that input. This work presents a general algorithm for non-uniform offset of polyline curves. The approach is based on 2D polygons and Boolean union operation, following these steps: (i) projection segments are generated, (ii) polygons (trapezoids and circular sectors) are created, (iii) Boolean union of all the polygons is performed, (iv) boundary of interest is extracted. The proposed algorithm is able to handle both internal and external offset and is robust for complexity of both the polyline and variable offset magnitude along that line, as proven by several examples and two applications to thin-wall milling provided.

Matrix representation of operations on graphs

This article considers the possibility of matrix execution of both unary and binary operations on graphs. Graphs, as an abstract mathematical construction, have a very wide range of practical applications. First of all, it is algorithmization and computer processing of information, electrical engineering, etc. Therefore, it is important to have a mathematical apparatus that allows you to transform the graphical presentation of information about objects into algebraic models for their further research using purely mathematical methods. If necessary, it is always possible to return from such an algebraic model to a graphical representation of the object (for example, to a graphical representation of a circuit diagram in electronics). For each of the considered operations on graphs, either a combination of algebraic operations or an easily programmable matrix processing algorithm is proposed, which can be used to represent any graph. Attention is also paid to the differences in such processing depending on the type of graphs involved in the considered operations. Some operations are more convenient to perform with adjacency matrices, and some - with incidence matrices. This article also considers these features of matrix execution of operations on graphs. All the proposed algorithms are illustrated with specific detailed examples. Thus, it is shown that for all operations on graphically presented objects, their matrix interpretation is possible. This result greatly facilitates the possibility of software implementation of work with such graphic objects.

A Notable Bully: Colonel Billy Wilson, Masculinity, and the Pursuit of Violence in the Civil War Era by Robert E. Cray

Reviewed by: A Notable Bully: Colonel Billy Wilson, Masculinity, and the Pursuit of Violence in the Civil War Era by Robert E. Cray Kanisorn Wongsrichanalai (bio) A Notable Bully: Colonel Billy Wilson, Masculinity, and the Pursuit of Violence in the Civil War Era. Robert E. Cray. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2021. ISBN 978-1-60635-424-7. 320 pp., cloth, $55.00. Billy Wilson may very well be the most infamous Union officer whom no one remembers. Years after the war, aggrieved white Southerners still cursed the names of the Union officers they hated the most: William Tecumseh Sherman, Benjamin [End Page 431] Butler, and Billy Wilson (and his Zouaves)! Historian Robert E. Cray has successfully resurrected the notorious and larger-than-life Billy Wilson by piecing together his biography from what glimpses newspaper accounts can offer. A Notable Bully tells the always engaging, oftentimes appalling, occasionally humorous, and sometimes unbelievable story of an immigrant who cut his teeth on the battlefields of New York City’s gang-ruled streets, rose to elected office, fell from power, and reinvented himself when the Civil War began. Having arrived in New York City as an immigrant, Billy Wilson learned to survive by using his fists and by intimidating and exploiting others. Despite his own background, he bullied, swindled, and took advantage of individuals just arriving on American shores. When Mayor Fernando Wood needed to run a candidate in the First Ward’s alderman race, Wilson “stood out” as “a staunchly loyal Democrat, pugilist, and ticket agent familiar to First Ward voters” (54). Wilson won public office on a violence-filled election day in which the candidate himself engaged in street brawls. He eventually lost his seat, when Albany reformers seized control of the New York City police force, weakening Wood’s ability to control the vote. Political defeat might have ended Wilson’s career, had the Civil War not provided the man with an opportunity to reinvent himself. Helping to establish the Sixth New York Volunteers, known as the “Wilson Zouaves,” Wilson played up the stereotypes New Yorkers had for the men who made up the regiment, proclaiming that he was taking the city’s criminal element to war and “allegedly offer[ing] $500 for any pickpocket discovered in Manhattan after the regiment[’s] departure” (132). The Union high command dispatched the unit to Fort Pick-ens, overlooking Rebel-held Pensacola, Florida. Disciplinary problems plagued the unit, and in an embarrassing moment, a nighttime rebel attack caught the regiment by surprise. Sent to support Union operations in Louisiana, the men looted plantations, outwardly displayed their hatred of African Americans, and assaulted their brigade commander. The Sixth returned to New York just in time to defend Staten Island during the July 1863 Draft Riots, coming full circle from street thugs to the proud defenders of the city. The unit’s colonel, Billy Wilson, embodied this transformation. Once viewed as a brute who punched and bullied his way into Manhattan’s corrupt political world, Wilson had his reputation enhanced and his image rehabilitated by the war. This brief listing of exploits cannot do justice to the rich and sometimes absurd incidents in Wilson’s career. For example, there was the matter of Andrew Jackson’s gold snuff box and the personal loyalty oath Wilson demanded of his men. Cray faced a difficult challenge in writing about an individual who crafted his own image in the popular press. Indeed, these snippets might cause the reader to feel like a contemporary who flips through the pages to see what shenanigans [End Page 432] Billy Wilson is up to this time. In general, Cray effectively deploys the sources he has, grounding his conclusions in the secondary literature to help fill out the world that men like Billy Wilson made. Indeed, readers will think of Elliott Gorn’s The Manly Art (1986) and Amy S. Greenberg’s Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire (2005) in the first part of this book and Lorien Foote’s The Gentlemen and the Roughs (2013) in the second (with the exception that the “roughs” both command and fill the ranks of the unit!). Billy Wilson thus embodies several key...

Contextual word embeddings for tabular data search and integration

This paper presents a new approach to retrieve and further integrate tabular datasets (collections of rows and columns) using union and join operations. In this work, both processes were carried out using a similarity measure based on contextual word embeddings, which allows finding semantically similar tables and overcome the recall problem of lexical approaches based on string similarity. This work is the first attempt to use contextual word embeddings in the whole pipeline of table search and integration, including for the first time their use in the join operation. A comprehensive analysis of their performance was carried out on both retrieving and integrating tabular datasets, comparing them with context-free models. Column headings and cell values were used as contextual information and their impact on each task was evaluated. The results revealed that contextual models significantly outperform context-free models and a traditional weighting schema in ad hoc table retrieval. In the data integration task, contextual models also improved the results on union operation compared to context-free approaches.

Legal Reconstruction of the Credit Union Operation in Indonesia for Community Welfare Based on the Pancasila Justice Value

This research takes the formulation of the problem of why is the regulation of the implementation of Credit Union activities not based on the value of justice and how is the reconstruction of regulations for implementing Credit Union activities in Indonesia based on the value of justice. This research uses normative legal research methods and empirical legal research where the research specification used in this research is descriptive-analytical. The Primary data sources are based on data or facts and legal cases obtained directly through research in the field and Secondary data is done through literature study. The result of the research shows that the regulation on the implementation of Credit Union activities in Indonesia has not been based on the value of justice, because Credit Unions, which in their implementation are based on the Model Law for Credit Unions, are still analogous to the Savings and Loans Cooperative which in its implementation is based on Government Regulation Number 9 of 1995 concerning Implementation Savings and Loans Business Activities by Cooperatives. There are differences in the recruitment of members, forms of education, and indicators of loan requirements and institutional health, it is necessary to reconstruct the regulations for implementing Credit Union activities in Indonesia based on the value of justice. Reconstruction of Law Number 25 of 1992 concerning Cooperatives can be done by adding new paragraphs in Article 44, namely; (4) The implementation of savings and loan business activities by the Credit Union is regulated based on the Model Law for Credit Union.

An Optimized Architecture for CGA Operations and Its Application to a Simulated Robotic Arm

Conformal geometric algebra (CGA) is a new geometric computation tool that is attracting growing attention in many research fields, such as computer graphics, robotics, and computer vision. Regarding the robotic applications, new approaches based on CGA have been proposed to efficiently solve problems as the inverse kinematics and grasping of a robotic arm. The hardware acceleration of CGA operations is required to meet real-time performance requirements in embedded robotic platforms. In this paper, we present a novel embedded coprocessor for accelerating CGA operations in robotic tasks. Two robotic algorithms, namely, inverse kinematics and grasping of a human-arm-like kinematics chain, are used to prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The coprocessor natively supports the entire set of CGA operations including both basic operations (products, sums/differences, and unary operations) and complex operations as rigid body motion operations (reflections, rotations, translations, and dilations). The coprocessor prototype is implemented on the Xilinx ML510 development platform as a complete system-on-chip (SoC), integrating both a PowerPC processing core and a CGA coprocessing core on the same Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA chip. Experimental results show speedups of 78× and 246× for inverse kinematics and grasping algorithms, respectively, with respect to the execution on the PowerPC processor.

Unified operation optimization model of integrated coal mine energy systems and its solutions based on autonomous intelligence

An integrated coal mine energy system involves the production, transmission, conversion, storage, and consumption of multiple types of energy with complicated coupling relationships. The operation optimization problem of this system is characterized by multi-scenario, multi-variable, multi-objective, and strong constraints, making it difficult to be solved. Based on the structure of this system, a unified system operation optimization model suitable for various scenarios is established to minimize the economic and carbon transaction costs. To effectively solve optimization problems in various scenarios, we propose an autonomous intelligent optimization strategy based on a support vector machine to make full use of their characteristics in various scenarios to generate the most target intelligent optimization algorithms. To improve the performance of a population in convergence under strong constraints, we develop three strategies for repairing infeasible solutions according to specific preferences. Taking a mine in Shanxi Province as the object under test, a series of experiments are conducted under four typical scenarios, and the experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Synthesis of Dual-Output DC−DC Converters With Coupled Inductor From a Generalized Output Branch

A generalized output branch with coupled inductor is proposed in this article, with which a diversity of single-input dual-output (SIDO) configurations can be synthesized through substituting it for the original inductor in the conventional single-input single-output (SISO) converters. Furthermore, for each configuration, multiple SIDO converters will be generated after realizing the auxiliary voltage source in the generalized output branch with two different nodes. Because the number of magnetic components remains unchanged in comparison with the SISO converter, high power density can be achieved in the derived SIDO converters with coupled inductor. Moreover, the cross-regulation problem is effectively alleviated, and soft-switching operation is realized for switches. Hence, both optimized steady-state and dynamic performance can be obtained. In this article, three example SIDO configurations based on buck, boost, and buck−boost converters are derived, and an example family of 12 SIDO converters from buck converter is demonstrated in detail. Afterwards, a unified operation principle and performance analysis suitable for all these 12 converters are also introduced, which is helpful for the topology comparison. Finally, experimental verification of the theoretical analysis is also conducted.

SOME ROUGH HAUSDORFF LIMIT LAWS FOR SEQUENCES OF SETS

In this study, we observe the change of roughness degree for the rough Hausdorff convergence of a sequence consisting of the product of a sequence of sets and a sequence of real numbers. Then we prove that the rough Hausdorff convergence is preserved under the operators of addition, union, Cartesian product and convex hull.

On fuzzy Sheffer strokes: New results and the ordinal sums

Recently, Baczyński et al. introduced the axiomatic definition of fuzzy Sheffer strokes, which is the generalization of the Sheffer stroke operators in classical logic. On the basis of this work, we point out that fuzzy Sheffer strokes can be transformed into common fuzzy logical operators through a fuzzy negation and fuzzy Sheffer strokes can be obtained from two increasing unary operators acting on a given fuzzy Sheffer stroke. We further discuss the relationship between fuzzy Sheffer strokes and overlap functions as well as grouping functions. The main contribution is to present the concept of ordinal sums of fuzzy Sheffer strokes which provides constructing methods of fuzzy Sheffer strokes and analyze some related properties. We argue under which condition a fuzzy Sheffer stroke can be represented as the ordinal sum of a family of fuzzy Sheffer strokes. We relate ordinal sums of fuzzy Sheffer strokes with its induced fuzzy conjunctions and fuzzy disjunctions as well as overlap functions and grouping functions under certain conditions. In the end, we give real-life application examples of fuzzy Sheffer strokes.

Fuzzy Distribution Sets

We introduce a new type of fuzzy set called Fuzzy Distribution Set (FDS). Fuzzy distribution sets are fuzzy sets defined on a finite domain subject to a sum of membership values equal to 1. Such fuzzy sets can serve as models of subjective probability distributions and subjective weight distributions. Considering these distributions as fuzzy sets gives a possibility to extend on such distributions the operations of fuzzy sets and, more generally, the calculus of fuzzy restrictions developed during the last decades. Recently Yager introduced the concept of negation of probability distributions. In our works, we studied several classes of such negations. Here we consider an involutive negation of probability distributions as a complement of FDS. We introduce the operations of union and intersection of fuzzy distribution sets. These basic operations on FDS can serve as a basis for the application of fuzzy logic methods to subjective probability and weight distributions. These operations can be used for the development of reasoning models with subjective probability distributions and subjective weighting functions. Weight distributions can be used in multi-criteria, multi-person, and multi-attribute decision-making models.

Approximation operators via TD-matroids on two sets.

Rough set theory is an extension of set theory with two additional unary set-theoretic operators known as approximation in order to extract information and knowledge. It needs the basic, or say definable, knowledge to approximate the undefinable knowledge in a knowledge space using the pair of approximation operators. Many existed approximation operators are expressed with unary form. How to mine the knowledge which is asked by binary form with rough set has received less research attention, though there are strong needs to reveal the answer for this challenging problem. There exist many information with matroid constraints since matroid provides a platform for combinatorial algorithms especially greedy algorithm. Hence, it is necessary to consider a matroidal structure on two sets no matter the two sets are the same or not. In this paper, we investigate the construction of approximation operators expressed by binary form with matroid theory, and the constructions of matroidal structure aided by a pair of approximation operators expressed by binary form.First, we provide a kind of matroidal structure—TD-matroid defined on two sets as a generalization of Whitney classical matroid.Second, we introduce this new matroidal construction to rough set and construct a pair of approximation operators expressed with binary form.Third, using the existed pair of approximation operators expressed with binary form, we build up two concrete TD-matroids.Fourth, for TD-matroid and the approximation operators expressed by binary form on two sets, we seek out their properties with aspect of posets, respectively.Through the paper, we use some biological examples to explain and test the correct of obtained results. In summary, this paper provides a new approach to research rough set theory and matroid theory on two sets, and to study on their applications each other.

論理和型および信頼区間型の探索領域拡張による複数関心パタンの順序探索

論理和型および信頼区間型の探索領域拡張による複数関心パタンの順序探索

Operasi Cross-Union pada Koleksi Himpunan Koteri Majority

Coterie is a collection of sets called quorum which satisfies that any two sets have a non-empty intersection and are not property contained in one another. Based on topology, there are many types of coterie, for example, majority coterie. The majority coterie is a type of coterie with more availability than others to solve the problem of a distributed system. There are two types of majority coterie, dominated and non-dominated. The coterie join algorithm is an easy way to construct a new coterie with sizes larger quorum. In this study, we define a union operation for a majority coterie, called a cross-union operation. Then we prove that by using this algorithm, a new coterie is non-dominated if and only if the initial coteries are non-dominated.

Environmentally sound short-term hydrothermal generation scheduling using intensified water cycle approach

This paper proposes an intensified water cycle approach (IWCA) to realize an environmentally sound optimal generation schedule for short-term hydrothermal systems over a day’s time horizon considering the conflicting economic and environmental aspects of thermal units. The equality constraints of the active power balance and full utilization of the available amount of water are handled independently using proportional sharing heuristics. The global solution accuracy and convergence rate of stochastic algorithms are significantly affected by parameter-tuning, exploration, and exploitation strategies. For intensifying the algorithm, opposition-based learning and local search are integrated with a chaotically tuned water cycle algorithm based on the natural flow of water toward the sea to balance exploration and exploitation. The numerical results show an improvement in the unified operating cost obtained from the price penalty factor to include the impact of gaseous pollutants and in the convergence performance metrics over the existing methods. The competence of the proposed approach is confirmed through illustrations of standard benchmark problems (unimodal, multimodal, and fixed dimension multimodal) and standard hydrothermal test systems. The performance of the proposed algorithm is substantiated through statistical significance tests, which include convergence curves, whisker box plots, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Development and evaluation of the Aerosol Forecast Member in the National Center for Environment Prediction (NCEP)'s Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS-Aerosols v1)

Abstract. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s National Weather Service (NWS) is on its way to deploying various operational prediction applications using the Unified Forecast System (https://ufscommunity.org/, last access: 18 June 2022), a community-based coupled, comprehensive Earth modeling system. An aerosol model component developed in collaboration between the Global Systems Laboratory, Chemical Science Laboratory, Air Resources Laboratory, and Environmental Modeling Center (GSL, CSL, ARL, EMC) was coupled online with the FV3 Global Forecast System (FV3GFS) using the National Unified Operational Prediction Capability (NUOPC)-based NOAA Environmental Modeling System (NEMS) software framework. This aerosol prediction system replaced the NEMS GFS Aerosol Component version 2 (NGACv2) system in the National Center for Environment Prediction (NCEP) production suite in September 2020 as one of the ensemble members of the Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS), dubbed GEFS-Aerosols v1. The aerosol component of atmospheric composition in the GEFS is based on the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). GEFS-Aerosols includes bulk modules from the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport model (GOCART). Additionally, the biomass burning plume rise module from High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR)-Smoke based on WRF-Chem was implemented. The GOCART dust scheme was replaced by the FENGSHA dust scheme (developed by ARL). The Blended Global Biomass Burning Emissions Product (GBBEPx version 3) provides biomass burning emission and fire radiative power (FRP) data. The global anthropogenic emission inventories are derived from the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS). All sub-grid-scale transport and deposition are handled inside the atmospheric physics routines, which required consistent implementation of positive definite tracer transport and wet scavenging in the physics parameterizations used by the NCEP's operational FV3GFS. This paper describes the details of GEFS-Aerosols model development and evaluation of real-time and retrospective runs using different observations from in situ measurement and satellite and aircraft data. GEFS-Aerosols predictions demonstrate substantial improvements for both composition and variability of aerosol distributions over those from the former operational NGACv2 system with the fundamental updates (e.g., dust and fire emission) in the atmospheric and chemical transport model.

Integrated COVID-19 Predictor: Differential expression analysis to reveal potential biomarkers and prediction of coronavirus using RNA-Seq profile data

BackgroundThe world has been battling the continuous COVID-19 pandemic spread by the SARS-CoV-2 virus for last two years. The issue of viral disease prediction is constantly a matter of interest in virology and the study of disease transmission over the long years. ObjectiveIn this study, we aimed to implement genome association studies using RNA-Seq of COVID-19 and reveal highly expressed gene biomarkers and prediction based on the machine learning model of COVID-19 analysis to combat this pandemic. MethodWe collected RNA-Seq gene count data for both healthy (Control) and non-healthy (Treated) COVID-19 cases. In this experiment, a sequence of bioinformatics strategies and statistical techniques, such as fold-change and adjusted p-value, were processed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We filtered biomarker sets of high DEGs, moderate DEGs, and low DEGs using DESeq2, Limma Trend, and Limma Voom methods based on intersection and union operations and applied machine learning techniques to predict COVID-19. ResultThrough experimental analysis, 67 potential biomarkers were extracted, comprising 49 up-regulated and 18 down-regulated genes, using statistical techniques and a set-theory consensus strategy. We trained the machine learning models on 12 different biomarker sets and found that the SVM model performed better than the other classifiers with 99.07% classification accuracy for moderate DEGs. ConclusionOur study revealed that identified differentially expressed genes of the moderate DEGs biomarker set, |log2FC| ≥ 2 with adjusted p-value < 0.05, work significantly as input features to implement a machine learning model using a kernel-based SVM technique to predict COVID-19.

Options for Ensuring Command and Control Arrangements for European Union Operations – The Dimension of Cooperation with NATO –

"The operational dynamics associated with the development of European security and defence cooperation has undergone significant developments in recent years, reflected in the European Union’s numerous operational commitments. In this context, the issue of developing command and control arrangements to support an ever-expanding operational agenda has been a constant concern. We can talk about structuring a model used by the European Union in which there are a number of options that this organisation can use in structuring its own operations. In this inventory, the conduct of EU operations using NATO means and capabilities was the approach initially addressed, which continues to be used in the context of the two organisations’ commitments in the Balkans. In addition to the operational aspects, the use of this cooperation framework has allowed the deepening of the NATO-EU Strategic Partnership, with a positive impact on strengthening European and Euro-Atlantic security."