Unanimous Vote Research Articles

The Role of Field Cancerization in Selecting Therapies for Actinic Keratosis: An Expert Consensus Panel

Background: Actinic keratosis is a very common disease that affects over 40 million people in the United States. In addition to the clinically visible lesion, patients may present with surrounding field cancerization based on their history of ultraviolet exposure. While lesion-directed therapy such as cryosurgery can effectively treat individual actinic keratoses it does not treat subclinical lesions or field cancerization. Objective: To create consensus recommendations on the role of field cancerization in selecting appropriate therapy for actinic keratoses. Methods: A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase was conducted using the keywords “actinic keratos*,” “treatment,” and “field cancerization” for English-language original research articles without date restrictions. Articles were included that either discussed the role of FC in treating AKs or compared various AK field therapies. The relevant articles were then distributed to a panel of nine dermatologists with significant expertise in managing AKs. Each panelist reviewed the articles and assigned them a level of evidence based on Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) criteria. The panel then convened on to discuss the studies and develop consensus statements on the role of FC in selecting AK therapy. The panel utilized a modified Delphi process to approve the adoption of each statement and gave each one a strength of recommendation based on SORT criteria. Results: The initial literature search produced 243 articles that met search criteria. After a thorough screening of these articles for relevance to the research question, 21 articles were chosen to be reviewed by the panel and assigned a level of evidence. Of the 21 articles that were reviewed, the panel assigned level 1 evidence to three articles, level 2 evidence to six articles, and level 3 evidence to twelve articles. The panel created seven consensus statements related to AK management and FC. All seven statements received a unanimous (9/9) vote for adoption. Each of the statements was given a strength of recommendation according to sort criteria Conclusion: Field cancerization due to chronic ultraviolet exposure leads to subclinical AK lesions in addition to lesions that are clinically apparent. In order to address these lesions, field therapy is an important component of an adequate regimen and can be used in conjunction with lesion-directed therapy for optimal results.

Voting to persuade

We consider a model of collective persuasion, in which members of an advisory committee with private continuous signals vote on a policy change. A decision maker then decides whether to adopt the change upon observing each vote. Information transmission between the committee and the decision maker is possible if and only if there exists an informative equilibrium in which the decision maker only adopts the policy change after a unanimous vote. Similarly, full information aggregation is achievable if and only if such an equilibrium exists when the size of the committee is large enough. We further discuss why our continuous-signal model produces results different from discrete-signal models.

False-name-proof and strategy-proof voting rules under separable preferences

We consider the problem of a society that uses a voting rule to choose a subset from a given set of objects (candidates, binary issues, or alike). We assume that voters’ preferences over subsets of objects are separable: adding an object to a set leads to a better set if and only if the object is good (as a singleton set, the object is better than the empty set). A voting rule is strategy-proof if no voter benefits by not revealing its preferences truthfully and it is false-name-proof if no voter benefits by submitting several votes under other identities. We characterize all voting rules that satisfy false-name-proofness, strategy-proofness, and ontoness as the class of voting rules in which an object is chosen if it has either at least one vote in every society or a unanimous vote in every society. To do this, we first prove that if a voting rule is false-name-proof, strategy-proof, and onto, then the identities of the voters are not important.

The Importance of Medication Adherence in the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis: An Expert Consensus Panel

Background: Actinic keratosis (AK) is one of the most common dermatologic diagnoses. While there are several treatment options, many topical therapies have poor adherence due to duration of treatment and local skin reactions (LSRs).
 Objective: To review the available literature on the most commonly used patient-administered field-directed therapies for AK and create consensus statements on the role of medication adherence in improving AK outcomes.
 Methods: A literature search of PubMed was completed for English-language original research articles reporting efficacy, safety, and tolerability data for 5-FU, diclofenac gel, imiquimod cream, and tirbanibulin. Once the articles were selected, they were distributed to a panel consisting of seven dermatologists with extensive expertise in managing AKs. Each panelist reviewed the articles and assigned them a level of evidence based on Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) criteria. The panelists then met to review and discuss the studies and created consensus statements on the management of AKs and the importance of medication compliance. A modified Delphi process was used to approve the adoption of each statement.
 Results: The literature search produced 1,326 articles that met search criteria. After screening these articles for relevance and applying the inclusion criteria, 17 articles were chosen to be reviewed by the panel and assigned a level of evidence based on SORT criteria. The panel then created six consensus statements that received a unanimous vote for adoption.
 Conclusion: While there are several options for the treatment of AK, there is little consensus on a standard of care. Clearance rates for the most common topical field therapies vary significantly but are also difficult to directly compare due to differences in methodology for measuring and assessing outcomes. Overall, it is clear that an efficacious, tolerable, and convenient treatment for AKs is critical to optimal adherence and management and, given the results of recent studies, tirbanibulin may be the best topical option for meeting these criteria.

Integrating Precision Medicine into Medical Dermatology Clinical Practice: An Expert Consensus Panel.

Precision medicine utilizes an individual’s genomics to improve diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. The joint American Academy of Dermatology and National Psoriasis Foundation 2019 guidelines recognized the need to identify biomarkers that can predict the optimal biologic agent for an individual patient. This paper examines the current state of precision medicine in dermatology and how its use can improve outcomes in psoriasis. A search of PubMed/MEDLINE using the terms precision medicine, personalized medicine, biomarkers, genomics, and dermatology was performed to identify relevant publications. An expert consensus panel was then convened to assign levels of evidence to each article using strength of recommendation taxonomy and create consensus statements requiring a two-thirds supermajority for agreement utilizing a modified Delphi approach. Thirteen articles met inclusion and exclusion criteria and were assigned levels of evidence. The panel created 10 consensus statements on how precision medicine can improve patient outcomes, all of which received a unanimous (6/6) vote. Choosing a biologic medication for psoriasis often relies on patient preference, provider preference, and a trial-and-error approach. Utilizing precision medicine tests such as Mind.Px can help providers identify biomarkers unique to a patient’s pathophysiology and choose the optimal medication through a targeted and evidence-based approach. Zakria D, Brownstone N, Armstrong AW, et al. Integrating precision medicine into medical dermatology clinical practice: an expert consensus panel. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023;22(6):588-593. doi:10.36849/JDD.7432.

New on the Polish American Publications Scene: PAHA Books

The PAHA Publications Subcommittee was formed and charged with considering the creation of a PAHA Imprints Series that would evaluate for publication works of merit in the area of Polish Diaspora Studies, broadly defined, which were deemed not commercially viable for a university press or commercial publisher; such works might include but not necessarily be limited to unpublished M.A. theses and other works of historical, literary, or other scholarly interest; non-fiction, fiction, poetry; and documents of scholarly or cultural merit and interest but limited market potential. Such an imprint series would be meant to compliment and not compete with existing Polish-content publishing projects. Also, given all of the tasks associated with this project and its vast potential, it was envisioned that this publication program would not need to exceed one or two books per year.With Board authorization, the PAHA Publications Sub-Committee (Anna Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann, Anna Muller, Dorota Praszalowicz, John Bukowczyk (chair), Jim Pula, and Neal Pease) met online several times through 2022.After extensive discussion, the sub-committee, by unanimous vote, prepared a motion to establish a PAHA Imprints Series which was approved by a vote of the Board at its midyear meeting. The Publications Sub-Committee subsequently was charged with the task of implementing the motion. After further discussion with various PAHA members and internal conversation, the Sub-Committee approved two motions by unanimous vote and these, in turn, were approved by the PAHA Board: Motion One:That the PAHA Board approve the appointment of the following individuals to a three-year term on the PAHA Imprints Series Board (ISB): Neal Pease as editor-in-chief, with the following additional members: Josh Blank, John Bukowczyk, Anna Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann, Grażyna Kozaczka, Anna Mazurkiewicz, and James Pula;That their terms are to begin upon the conclusion of the PAHA annual meeting of 2023 (or January 8, 2023)—with subsequent ISB terms to begin triennially, also upon conclusion of the given annual meeting; andThat the original proposal as approved by the Board in September be amended to read (p. 3, line 6) “an additional 3–6 unpaid members” in place of “3–5.”Motion Two:That the PAHA Imprint Series be named PAHA Books.Look for further news about this publication project in the pages of the PAHA Newsletter and Polish American Studies and on the PAHA blog and the PAHA Facebook page. For further information, contact Neal Pease, Editor-in-Chief, PAHA Books, at pease@uwm.edu.

An Invitation to Discomfort in Pursuit of Diversity, Inclusion, and Excellence

An Invitation to Discomfort in Pursuit of Diversity, Inclusion, and Excellence

What Makes a Quality Health App? Developing a Global Research-based Health App Quality Assessment Framework for CEN-ISO/TS 82304-2: A Delphi Study.

The lack of an international standard for assessing and communicating health app quality and even of consensus about what makes a high-quality health app negatively affects uptake of such apps. At the request of the European Commission, international Standard Development Organizations (SDOs) CEN-CENELEC, ISO, and IEC have joined forces to develop a Technical Specification (TS) for assessing the quality and reliability of health and wellness apps. This study aimed to create a useful, globally applicable, trustworthy, and usable framework to assess health app quality. A two-round Delphi technique with 83 experts from 6 continents (predominantly Europe) participating in one (n=42) or both (n=41) rounds was used to achieve consensus on a framework for assessing health app quality. Aims included identifying the at most 100 requirement questions for uptake of health apps that do or do not qualify as medical devices. The draft assessment framework was built on 26 existing frameworks, the principles of stringent legislation, and input from 20 core experts. A follow-up survey with 28 respondents informed a scoring mechanism for the questions. After subsequent alignment with related standards, the quality assessment framework was tested and fine-tuned with manufacturers of 11 COVID-19 symptom apps. National mirror committees from the 52 countries spanning 6 continents who participated in the SDO technical committees, were invited to comment on 4 working drafts and afterwards vote on the TS. The final quality assessment framework includes 81 questions, 67 of which impact the scores of 4 overarching quality aspects. After testing with people with low health literacy, these aspects were phrased as 'Healthy and safe', 'Easy to use', 'Secure data', and 'Robust build'. The scoring mechanism enables communication of the quality assessment results in a health app quality score and label, alongside a detailed report. Unstructured interviews with stakeholders revealed that evidence and third-party assessment are needed for health app uptake. The manufacturers considered the time needed to complete the assessment and gather evidence (2 to 4 days) acceptable. Publication of CEN-ISO/TS 82304-2:2021 Health software - Part 2: Health and wellness apps - Quality and reliability was approved in May 2021 in a nearly unanimous vote by 34 national SDOs from 6 continents. These included 6 of the 10 most populous countries worldwide (China, India, the US, Pakistan, Brazil, and Russian Federation). A useful and usable international standard for health app quality assessment was developed. Its quality, approval rate, and early use provide proof of its potential to become the trusted, commonly used global framework. The framework will help manufacturers to enhance and efficiently demonstrate the quality of health apps, consumers and healthcare professionals to make informed decisions on health apps, and insurers to make reimbursement decisions on health apps.

WITHDRAWAL FROM THE ISTANBUL CONVENTION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION ASPIRATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TÜRKIYE

The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence opened for signature in 2011 in Istanbul, Türkiye, and has been known as the most comprehensive international agreement advocating the prevention, prosecution, and elimination of violence against women and domestic violence. As of September 2022, 44 CoE member states, including all the EU countries, as well as the European Union itself as an international organization, are signatories to the Convention. The 2017 official signing of the Convention by the EU as a whole testified to the acceptance by Brussels of the former’s role as of an authoritative international legal instrument establishing all-European norms in this area. The degree of Türkiye’s involvement in its instrumentalization naturally derives from the international agreement’s unofficial name – the Istanbul Convention. The Republic of Türkiye was the first country to sign the Convention in 2011 with a unanimous vote of the parliament, and later in 2012 expressed its consent to be bound hereby. The decision of President Erdoğan to denounce the international agreement bearing the name of Türkiye’s largest city, adopted in 2021, has caused surprise and concern amid the international political and human rights community. The European Union was no exception; the move has been interpreted as a negative signal in terms of the state’s commitment to its obligations to ensuring the rights of women and girls, as well as guaranteeing basic human rights, democracy, and the rule of law at large, given Türkiye’s status of EU membership candidate. Meanwhile, the so-called Istanbul Convention has not yet passed the ratification procedure in individual EU countries, as well as within the European Union per se. Likewise, the Convention’s international legal stance remains volatile since most participating states have granted it the status as part of national legislation with a number of reservations. This article addresses the following question: whether Türkiye’s withdrawal from the Istanbul Convention may be considered a demonstrative political message of official Ankara impeding the country’s European integration aspirations.

The future of British English in the European Union

In the three years and seven months between the referendum on 23 June 2016 and 31 January 2020, when the UK officially left the European Union, there was much speculation over what status English would have in the EU after the withdrawal of the UK. It is now apparent that English has continued to flourish. This is supported by statistics for Member States which chart the extent to which English is a school subject. Well over 95% of the children in the EU are taught English as a mandatory subject. Official EU figures also show that 38% of the population is proficient in English as a second language, three times more than both French and German (Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and their Languages, 2012). Moreover, although some, such as Danuta Hübner, EMP, wanted to question whether or not English could maintain its status as an official language in the EU, it is now apparent that it will not be possible to remove English in this respect (with changes requiring a unanimous vote in the Council, which Ireland has said it will not support [European Commission, 2016]), (The Guardian 27 December 2019). English has also retained its position as one of the three ‘procedural’ or ‘working languages’ alongside French and German. This has taken place despite the fact that without the UK, no Member State has English as its official EU language, and only approximately one percent of EU citizens have English as a mother tongue.

Georgia advocates celebrate ‘historic’ passage of state mental health parity law

Mental health advocates and state leaders are applauding recently signed legislation that will enforce parity, support the workforce and provide equitable reimbursement and loan cancellation for behavioral health providers. For the first time, the state of Georgia will enforce parity in insurance coverage for behavioral health, courtesy of a unanimous vote during the 2022 state legislative session to pass the Mental Health Parity Act, effective July 1.

Unwanted Advice? Frequency, Characteristics, And Outcomes Of Negative Advisory Committee Votes For FDA-Approved Drugs.

Substantial controversy arose in 2021 when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the Alzheimer's disease drug aducanumab (Aduhelm) under its accelerated approval program despite a nearly unanimous negative advisory committee vote. Advisory committees are convened before some FDA decisions to provide insight for the agency's decision-making process. To understand the frequency, characteristics, and outcomes of cases in which the FDA authorizes a drug against the recommendations of an advisory committee, we reviewed all FDA advisory committee referrals for new drugs approved during the period 2010-21. The fraction of approved drugs that had been referred to an advisory committee decreased from 55percent to 6percent annually, with FDA approvals of negatively reviewed drugs occurring about once a year. Qualitative analysis of committee meetings revealed variability in the substance and wording of key voting questions. Reforms such as transparent criteria for when a drug should be subject to external scrutiny, consistent wording of voting questions, and clear regulatory responses to negative recommendations can better ensure public confidence in the FDA approval process.

Phase-In to Phase-Out-Targeted, Inclusive Strategies Are Needed to Enable Full Replacement of Animal Use in the European Union.

Simple SummaryIn the European Union (and elsewhere), the overall use of animals in laboratories has failed to undergo any significant decline, despite six decades of purported adherence to the “3Rs” principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement. In the EU, the 1986 adoption of a legal requirement to use scientific methods not entailing the use of live animals, rising public opinion against the use of animals and the almost exponential rise in development and application of non-animal new approach methodologies (NAMs) signals a readiness to end animal testing. Indeed, the European Parliament recently carried an almost unanimous vote to adopt an action plan to phase out the use of animals in research and testing. This article explores what is needed to make this action plan a success, considering all stakeholders and their needs.In September 2021, the European Parliament voted overwhelmingly in favour of a resolution to phase out animal use for research, testing, and education, through the adoption of an action plan. Here we explore the opportunity that the action plan could offer in developing a more holistic outlook for fundamental and biomedical research, which accounts for around 70% of all animal use for scientific purposes in the EU. We specifically focus on biomedical research to consider how mapping scientific advances to patient needs, taking into account the ambitious health policies of the EU, would facilitate the development of non-animal strategies to deliver safe and effective medicines, for example. We consider what is needed to help accelerate the move away from animal use, taking account of all stakeholders and setting ambitious but realistic targets for the total replacement of animals. Importantly, we envisage this as a ‘phase-in’ approach, encouraging the use of human-relevant NAMs, enabling their development and application across research (with applications for toxicology testing). We make recommendations for three pillars of activity, inspired by similar efforts for making the shift to renewable energy and reducing carbon emissions, and point out where investment—both financial and personnel—may be needed.

A Leisure Professional Association Creating an Action Plan for Change: Part 2

Abstract In 2016 North Carolina Recreation and Parks Association (NCRPA), a leisure and recreation professional association, implemented an organizational change with the hopes of becoming more relevant and vital to recreation professionals. James and Weddell documented the initial process leading to organizational change. The NCRPA Board president tasked an Ad Hoc committee to read the book, “Race for Relevance” (2011) and make recommendations to revitalize the organization. For more details on the beginning process, see James and Weddell’s case study “A Leisure Professional Association’s Structural Change, to Remain Relevant to its Members as well as in its Support of the Profession – Part 1”. Organizational change includes more than making recommendations to a board and having a unanimous board vote to implement the recommendations. Once the vote passed, the real work began. This case study continues the investigation by describing the implementation process of the recommendations leading to NCRPA organizational revitalization for 2017. The main players of innovation included the NCRPA Executive Director, its Board President, and the Executive Board as well as several committees appointed by the President. NCRPA continued to use the book “Race for Relevance” (2011) as a primer to change, requiring each committee member to read the book to understand the impact of the changes and future decisions. VIU logo WLCE logo Information Vancouver Island University World Leisure Centre of Excellence © Melissa Weddell and Jana Joy James 2018

Two Projects and Some Reflection

In the September guest-edited issue , some may have noticed that while some authors cited in accordance with the C&RL’s Author Guidelines’ Chicago citation style, 16th edition, others cited using the American Psychological Association’s (APA) citation style. Last spring in an Editorial Board meeting, the Board voted to change C&RL ’s citation style to APA. After the nearly unanimous vote of a resounding “yes,” guest editor and Board member Nicole Pagowsky volunteered her guest issue to be an instance where authors had a choice between the two citation styles. A few months have elapsed since this decision and like many projects, this one will take time and planning. In the coming months, there will be a subgroup formed from the Editorial Board to plan and organize the sequence of steps needed to communicate about and implement APA as C&RL’s citation style. This may lead to other conversation concerning the Author Guidelines, if there are other needed changes or updates. In future issues, more information will be shared.

Tennessee Academy of Science Executive Committee Meeting Minutes, November 2021

Tennessee Academy of Science Executive Committee Meeting Minutes, November 2021

By-Laws of the Bibliographical Society of America

By-Laws of the Bibliographical Society of America

Closing the climb: refusal or reconciliation in Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park?

ABSTRACT The Uluru Climb, located within Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, Australia, was permanently closed to tourists on the 26 October 2019 after decades of controversy. Determined by a unanimous vote of the Anangu majority Board of Management, news of the Climb’s closure quickly captured popular, political and media attention, not all of which was positive. Drawing on two periods of fieldwork – the first in November 2012 (n = 68 interviewees) and the second in May 2019 (n = 62 interviewees) – this paper discusses visitor responses to the Climb both in terms of the ongoing coloniality evident in discourses of nationalism and individual rights and the possibility of the transformation of such views via a range of emotional and affective engagements. We highlight the prevalence of feelings of ownership, empathy and shame in the deployment of a range of views on the Climb and other cultural restrictions, as well as their political implications in the context of contemporary Australian settler-colonialism. In so doing, we position an ethic of relationality as key to the mobilisation of feelings, emotions and affects necessary to transform the outlook of visitors in the context of ongoing reconciliation debates between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians.

Introduction to LIM from the Series Chair

The London Imaging Meeting is a yearly topics-based conference organized by the Society of Imaging Science and technology (IS&T), in collaboration with the Institute of Physics (IOP) and the Royal Photographic Society. This year's topic was "Imaging for Deep Learning". At the heart of our conference were five focal talks given by worldrenowned experts in the field (who then also organised the related sessions). Focal speakers were Dr. Seyed Ali Amirshahi, NTNU, Norway (Image Quality); Prof. Jonas Unger, Linköping University, Sweden (Datasets for Deep Learning); Prof. Simone Bianco, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Italy (Color Constancy); Dr. Valentina Donzella, University of Warwick, UK (Imaging Performance); and Dr. Ray Ptucha, Apple Inc. US (Characterization and Optimization). We also had two superb keynote speakers. Thanks to Dr. Robin Jenkin, Nvidia, for his talk on "Camera Metrics for Autonomous Vision" and to Dr. Joyce Farrell, Stanford University, for her talk on "Soft Prototyping Camera Designs for Autonomous Driving". As a new innovation this year—and to support the remit of LIM to reach out to students in the field—we included an invited tutorial research lecture. Given by Prof. Stephen Westland, University of Leeds, the presentation titled "Using Imaging Data for Efficient Colour Design" looked at deep learning techniques in the field of design and demonstrated that simple applications of deep learning can deliver excellent results. There were many strong contenders for the LIM Best Paper Award. Noteworthy, honourable mentions include "Portrait Quality Assessment using Multi-scale CNN", N. Chahine and S. Belkarfa, DXOMARK' "HDR4CV: High dynamic range dataset with adversarial illumination for testing computer vision methods", P. Hanjil et al., University of Cambridge; "Natural Scene Derived Camera Edge Spatial Frequency Response for Autonomous Vision Systems", O. van Zwanenberg et al., University of Westminster; and "Towards a Generic Neural Network Architecture for Approximating Tone Mapping Algorithms", J. McVey and G. Finlayson, University of East Anglia. But, by a unanimous vote, this year's Best Paper was awarded to "Impact of the Windshield's Optical Aberrations on Visual Range Camera-based Classification Tasks Performed by CNNs", C. Krebs, P. Müller, and A. Braun, (Hochschule Düsseldorf) (University of Applied Sciences Düsseldorf), Germany. We thank everyone who helped make LIM a success including the IS&T office, and the LIM presenters, reviewers, focal speakers, and keynotes, as well as the audience, who participated in making the event engaging and vibrant. This year, the conference was run by the IOP and we are extremely grateful for their help in hosting the event. A final special thanks go to the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) who provided funding through the grant EP/S028730/1. Finally, we are pleased to announce that next year's LIM conference will be in the area of "Displays"; the conference chair is Dr. Rafal Mantiuk, University of Cambridge. —Prof. Graham Finlayson, LIM series chair, and Prof. Sophie Triantaphillidou, LIM2021 conference chair

Pioneer Legislation on Second Order of Sexual Harassment: Sociolegal Innovation in Addressing Sexual Harassment

BackgroudCountless efforts to combat sexual harassment have been proposed, and for the first time in history, the second order of sexual harassment (SOSH) has been legislated under the term second-order violence (SOV) by a unanimous vote of the Catalan Parliament. Advances in preventing and responding to sexual harassment contribute to highlighting the intervention as being crucial to supporting survivors against retaliation. A lack of support provides a general explanation on why bystanders tend not to intervene and highlights the reality that reprisals are suffered by those who support victims.MethodsFrom the existing knowledge about sexual harassment prevention and response mechanisms, this paper analyzes scientific evidence through a review of the literature published in databases, as well as legislation, reports, and other materials.ResultsThe context that enables SOV legislation is grounded in three realms: (1) bystander intervention and protection, (2) the role of support networks in protecting survivors, and (3) awareness and legislation of SOSH. An active bystander refers to the involvement of someone who is aware of potential sexual harassment situations.ConclusionsThe lack of legislation against SOSH limits bystander intervention and support; therefore, legislating protection for supporters has become urgent and necessary. Legislating SOSH has great social implications because gender equality cannot be fully achieved if bystander protection is not legally considered. Policy Implications: As no legal system has previously contemplated SOSH, its pioneering parliamentarian approval and establishment by Catalan law constitute a legal key innovation for the field of gender and women’s studies. In fact, evidence reported here are important in developing further regulations and policy.Policy ImplicationsAs no legal system has previously contemplated SOSH, its pioneering parliamentarian approval and establishment by Catalan law constitute a legal key innovation for the field of gender and women’s studies. In fact, evidence reported here are important in developing further regulations and policy.