Unambiguous Signal Research Articles

Visualizing the Choriocapillaris Under Drusen: Comparing 1050-nm Swept-Source Versus 840-nm Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

PurposeTo investigate the appearance of choriocapillaris (CC) flow under drusen by comparing long-wavelength (1050 nm) swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) angiography with shorter-wavelength (840 nm) spectral-domain (SD) OCT angiography.MethodsPatients with drusen imaged on both devices on the same day were selected and graded. Ambiguous OCT angiography (OCTA) signal loss was defined as low OCTA signal on the en face OCTA CC image that also had low OCT signal in the corresponding area on the en face OCT CC image and OCT B-scans. Unambiguous OCTA signal loss was defined as low OCTA signal on the en face OCTA CC image that did not have low OCT signal in the corresponding area on the en face OCT CC image and OCT B-scans. False-positive flow impairment on SS-OCTA was defined as ambiguous OCTA signal loss on SS-OCTA but no OCTA signal loss on SD-OCTA. False-positive flow impairment on SD-OCTA was defined as ambiguous OCTA signal loss on SD-OCTA but no OCTA signal loss on SS-OCTA.ResultsNine eyes from seven patients were enrolled, 23 drusen were analyzed. On 840-nm SD-OCTA, 17 drusen (73.9%) exhibited OCTA signal loss. Fourteen (82.4%) were classified as ambiguous, and three (17.6%) were classified as unambiguous; 10 (58.8%) were classified as having false-positive flow impairment. On 1050-nm SS-OCTA, seven drusen (30.4%) exhibited OCTA signal loss and were classified as unambiguous; none were classified as having false-positive flow impairment.ConclusionsResults showed that 1050-nm SS-OCTA appears less prone to producing areas of false-positive flow impairment under drusen.

Status and Trends of the Anthropomorphic Robotics

The paper considers a number of current developments in the field of anthropomorphic robotics, namely robotic exoskeletons, android platform with copying control systems, android platform with autonomous control systems, avatars, and androids. Highlights the key subsystems of the robotic platform such as sensitization tools, tools of self-diagnostics, security and prioritization, a power subsystem, and computer system. Identifies the most important subsystem of a “future soldier” to represent an equipage as a multifunctional active exoskeleton, completed with the necessary equipment. The paper shows the main problems the developers of anthropomorphic robotics face. For example, many degrees of the human body freedom curb a creation of the actuating mechanisms of robots, which fit the human anatomy as much as possible. For the human sizes the specific characteristics of traditional types of actuators, such as electromechanical, electro-hydraulic and electro-pneumatic are worse than those of the human muscles. Clearly, the greatest prospects in this area are associated with artificial muscles. There is also no so far a solution for the problem of creating the feedbacks in all kinds of senses to ensure that an operator has a feeling that he is in the place of the robot. There is much tension around the issue of creating a perfect remote control system that allows the operator to obtain unambiguous signals to control the robot. There is currently no completely autonomous control system with elements of artificial intelligence. Particular attention is paid to the problems of creating power sources that can provide affordable autonomy for mobile robotic systems. The most, presently, promising power sources are mentioned. The paper considers some development aspects of the control system, which is capable to run in a copier, supervisory, combined and offline modes. Presents the most important functions of the robot sensory system. Shows some aspects of building control systems for advanced facility of anthropomorphic robotics, including systems with elements of artificial intelligence. Taken as a whole, the analysis conducted shows that a revolutionary development of a number of key areas of the anthropomorphic robotics is possible.

Searching for intermediate-mass black holes in globular clusters with gravitational microlensing

We discuss the potential of the gravitational microlensing method as a unique tool to detect unambiguous signals caused by intermediate-mass black holes in globular clusters. We select clusters near the line of sight to the Galactic Bulge and the Small Magellanic Cloud, estimate the density of background stars for each of them, and carry out simulations in order to estimate the probabilities of detecting the astrometric signatures caused by black hole lensing. We find that for several clusters, the probability of detecting such an event is significant with available archival data from the Hubble Space Telescope. Specifically, we find that M 22 is the cluster with the best chances of yielding an IMBH detection via astrometric microlensing. If M 22 hosts an IMBH of mass $10^5M_\odot$, then the probability that at least one star will yield a detectable signal over an observational baseline of 20 years is $\sim 86\%$, while the probability of a null result is around $14\%$. For an IMBH of mass $10^6M_\odot$, the detection probability rises to $>99\%$. Future observing facilities will also extend the available time baseline, improving the chance of detections for the clusters we consider.

Multinuclear NMR Studies and Spin System Analyses on Dibenzo[c.e][1,2]Oxaphosphorine 2‐Oxides

ABSTRACT2H‐Dibenzo[c.e][1,2]oxaphosphorine 2‐oxide (HDOPO), 2‐(N,N‐diethylamino)‐dibenzo[c.e][1,2]oxaphosphorine 2‐oxide (DEADOPO), and 2‐ethoxy‐dibenzo[c.e][1,2]oxaphosphorine 2‐oxide (EtODOPO) are fully characterized in CDCl3 by 1H, 13C, 31P, and 15N NMR spectroscopy on 800‐ and 500‐MHz instruments. A strategy enabling their unambiguous signal assignment is presented, with special emphasis on 2D 1H,13C HMBC spectra. Additional line‐shape iterations of the aromatic 1H multiplets (ABCDX and ABCDEX spin systems) provided all long‐range nJH,H and nJP,H coupling constants with utmost precision. The experimental results augmented with those of the model compound phenylphosphonous acid clearly demonstrate that nJH,H couplings of the PH proton as well as the nJP,C values do not decrease in a monotonic manner with the number of intervening bonds from the phosphorus atom. This fact may potentially lead signal misassignments, if the analysis starts out from the coupling constants, as it occurred for HDOPO in the recent publication by Wagner et al. (Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon, 187, 2012, 781–798). The corrected assignment will be given in the present paper. Finally, the A2M3X or ABM3X type 1H spectral patterns of ethyl groups are also analyzed and explicit equations are derived to evaluate the strongly coupled ABM3X multiplets in EtODOPO.

Clear signals or mixed messages: inter-individual emotion congruency modulates brain activity underlying affective body perception.

The neural basis of emotion perception has mostly been investigated with single face or body stimuli. However, in daily life one may also encounter affective expressions by groups, e.g. an angry mob or an exhilarated concert crowd. In what way is brain activity modulated when several individuals express similar rather than different emotions? We investigated this question using an experimental design in which we presented two stimuli simultaneously, with same or different emotional expressions. We hypothesized that, in the case of two same-emotion stimuli, brain activity would be enhanced, while in the case of two different emotions, one emotion would interfere with the effect of the other. The results showed that the simultaneous perception of different affective body expressions leads to a deactivation of the amygdala and a reduction of cortical activity. It was revealed that the processing of fearful bodies, compared with different-emotion bodies, relied more strongly on saliency and action triggering regions in inferior parietal lobe and insula, while happy bodies drove the occipito-temporal cortex more strongly. We showed that this design could be used to uncover important differences between brain networks underlying fearful and happy emotions. The enhancement of brain activity for unambiguous affective signals expressed by several people simultaneously supports adaptive behaviour in critical situations.

Multiple-input multiple-output synthetic aperture ladar system for wide-range swath with high azimuth resolution.

For the trade-off between the high azimuth resolution and the wide-range swath in the single-input single-output synthetic aperture ladar (SAL) system, the range swath of the SAL system is restricted to a narrow range, this paper proposes a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) synthetic aperture ladar system. The MIMO system adopts a low pulse repetition frequency (PRF) to avoid a range ambiguity for the wide-range swath and in azimuth adopts the multi-channel method to achieve azimuth high resolution from the unambiguous azimuth wide-spectrum signal, processed through adaptive digital beam-forming technology. Simulations and analytical results are presented.

On Valid Signals in Joint Schemes for the Process Mean and Variance

Abstract Joint schemes for the process mean and the variance are essential to determine if unusual variation in the location and spread of a quality characteristic occurred. This paper comprises a systematic study on the phenomena of misleading, unambiguous and simultaneous signals while dealing with Shewhart and EWMA joint schemes for the process mean and the variance of a normally distributed quality characteristic. Examples have been added to illustrate how the R statistical software can be used to assess the performance of joint schemes in practice, namely when it comes to the occurrence of those valid signals.

Abstract 5110: Initial characterization of an optical reporter myoblast cell line for non-invasive imaging in a cancer cachexia model in mice

Abstract Cancer associated cachexia affects a majority of patients during cancer progression, compromising therapeutic interventions and contributing to decreased survival rates. Identifying factors involved in the onset of cachexia will provide a better understanding of early treatment strategies. To this end, we developed a mouse model system that allows for real time longitudinal monitoring of cancer induced wasting and has the potential of identifying early cachectic events. Several attributes of our system are new. 1) The construction of a dual optical reporter vector with green fluorescence protein (GFP) expression constitutively driven from an EF1α promoter and red fluorescence protein (tdTomato) expression driven by an engineered skeletal muscle specific inducible promoter. The latter is a synthetic sequence of a triple-tandem repeat of the glucocorticoid-FOXO1 response element region from the proximal promoter of the human MuRF1 gene. 2) Generation of a rat L6 myoblast optical reporter cell line (To3B cells) with stable integration of the dual reporter vector construct, which provides living reporter grafts within mouse muscle. 3) A human pancreatic cancer cell line (Pa04C) that as an orthotopic or subcutaneous xenograft causes weight loss in male SCID mice. In preliminary studies, we tested several human pancreatic cancer cell lines as orthotopic xenografts in male SCID mice. We found that red fluorescence signals were reproducibly detected in live mice only from To3B grafts in mice undergoing weight loss, while graft size and viability were readily monitored by imaging GFP fluorescence in all animals. In addition, mice bearing Pa04C tumors lost the most weight while mice bearing Panc1 tumors gained weight. Therefore, Pa04C and Panc1 cells were used for subcutaneous xenografts in male SCID mice and weight loss was followed with optical monitoring of To3B grafts. Importantly, in weight losing mice, we found that red fluorescence could be detected and quantified at a nascent stage of the syndrome; e.g., unambiguous red fluorescent signals were quantified at weight losses of only 1.2 to 2.7% at very low tumor burdens of only ∼0.079 to ∼0.170 cm3. Red fluorescence remained very low to undetectable in mice that gained weight. Tumor sizes were comparable between groups, which was an indication that factors independent of tumor growth were involved in switching on red fluorescence. Ex vivo fluorescence microscopy confirmed a robust presence of red fluorescence only in To3B grafts in skeletal muscle from Pa04C tumor bearing mice. The evidence from this initial development of a unique optical reporter myoblast cell line indicates the potential to detect the onset of cancer cachexia. These studies set the ground work for future research aimed at identifying initiating systemic as well as local molecular events in the muscle of cachectic mice. Supported by NIH P50CA103175 Citation Format: Paul T. Winnard, Marie-France Penet, Yelena Mironchik, Flonne Wildes, Anirban Maitra, Zaver M. Bhujwalla. Initial characterization of an optical reporter myoblast cell line for non-invasive imaging in a cancer cachexia model in mice. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5110. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5110

A Side-Peak Cancellation Scheme for Unambiguous BOC Signal Tracking

In this paper, we propose a side-peak cancellation scheme for unambiguous BOC signal tracking. We obtain partial correlations using a pulse model of a BOC signal, and then, we finally obtain an unambiguous correlation function based on the partial correlations. The proposed correlation function is confirmed from numerical results to provide an improved tracking performance over the conventional correlation functions.

Unambiguous Composite BOC Signal Tracking Based on Partitioned Sub-Carriers

In this paper, we propose an unambiguous signal tracking scheme for composite binary offset carrier (CBOC) signal tracking. First, we obtain partitioned sub-carriers and partial correlations. Based on a recombination of the partial correlations, we propose a novel correlation function without side-peaks. From numerical results, the proposed correlation function is found to offer a better tracking performance than that of the conventional correlation function in terms of the tracking error standard deviation.

Origin of limestone–marlstone cycles: Astronomic forcing of organic-rich sedimentary rocks from the Cenomanian to early Coniacian of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, USA

We present an integrated multidisciplinary study of limestone–marlstone couplets from a continuously cored section including parts of the upper Buda Limestone, the entire Eagle Ford Group (Boquillas Formation) and lower Austin Chalk from the Shell Iona-1 research borehole (Texas, USA), which provides a >8 million year (myr) distal, clastic sediment-starved, intrashelf basin record of the early Cenomanian to the earliest Coniacian Stages. Results show that despite variable yet minimal diagenetic overprints, several unambiguous primary environmental signals are preserved and support greater water-mass ventilation and current activity promoting increased silica/carbonate productivity during the deposition of limestone beds compared to deposition of marlstone beds which reflect greater organic matter productivity and preservation. Furthermore, our astronomical analyses demonstrate that the limestone–marlstone couplets in the Iona-1 core reflect climatic forcing driven by solar insolation resulting from integrated Milankovitch periodicities. In particular, we propose that obliquity and precession forcing on the latitudinal distribution of solar insolation may have been responsible for the observed lithological and environmental variations through the Cenomanian, Turonian and Coniacian in this mid-latitude epicontinental sea setting. Our data also suggests that rhythmic lithological alternations deposited in Greenhouse periods, in general, may simply reflect climate-driven cycles related to Earth–Sun dynamics without the need to invoke significant sea-level variations.

Identification of anti-inflammatory fractions of Geranium wilfordii using tumor necrosis factor-alpha as a drug target on Herbochip® – an array-based high throughput screening platform

BackgroundGeranium wilfordii is one of the major species used as Herba Geranii (lao-guan-cao) in China, it is commonly used solely or in polyherbal formulations for treatment of joint pain resulted from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and gout. This herb is used to validate a target-based drug screening platform called Herbochip® and evaluate anti-inflammatory effects of Geranium wilfordii ethanolic extract (GWE) using tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) as a drug target together with subsequent in vitro and in vivo assays.MethodsA microarray-based drug screening platform was constructed by arraying HPLC fractions of herbal extracts onto a surface-activated polystyrene slide (Herbochip®). Using TNF-α as a molecular probe, fractions of 82 selected herbal extracts, including GWE, were then screened to identify plant extracts containing TNF-α-binding agents. Cytotoxicity of GWE and modulatory effects of GWE on TNF-α expression were evaluated by cell-based assays using TNF-α sensitive murine fibrosarcoma L929 cells as an in vitro model.ResultsThe in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of GWE were further assessed by animal models including carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats and xylene-induced ear edema in mice, in comparison with aspirin. The hybridization data obtained by Herbochip® analysis showed unambiguous signals which confirmed TNF-α binding activity in 46 herbal extracts including GWE. In L929 cells GWE showed significant inhibitory effect on TNF-α expression with negligible cytotoxicity. GWE also significantly inhibited formation of carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema in animal models, indicating that it indeed possessed anti-inflammatory activity.ConclusionWe have thus validated effectiveness of the Herbochip® drug screening platform using TNF-α as a molecular target. Subsequent experiments on GWE lead us to conclude that the anti-RA activity of GWE can be attributed to inhibitory effect of GWE on the key inflammatory factor, TNF-α. Our results contribute towards validation of the traditional use of GWE in the treatment of RA and other inflammatory joint disorders.

Using carbon dioxide emissions as a criterion to award road construction projects: a pilot case in Flanders

In the last decade, innovative technologies with regard to improved energy and material efficiency of asphalt pavement construction have been implemented by road industries. Two technologies are currently advocated: warm mix asphalt technologies and the increased use of reclaimed asphalt pavement. Unfortunately, these technologies were evaluated only by their technical and economic benefits and in most cases without an environmental impact study for the overall process. For encouraging the endeavour of the industry to implement newer – greener – technologies with focus to environmental benefit, the procuring authorities made an effort to enforce a sustainable approach for road works by the Project Carbon Free-ways. This pilot project included basic environmental parameters in the award criteria for public tenders on road works in Flanders. For this project two calculation tools, called Carbon Counter and Traffic Tool, were developed by the Flemish Agency for Roads and Traffic in order to estimate the carbon dioxide emissions of respectively the construction process and the traffic disturbance caused by the construction. The subject of this first public tender – with an evaluation of both tools – was the reconstruction of an asphalt road pavement in Kontich (Belgium). In this contribution the preliminary study on the methods of the tools and the main conclusions of the project are reported and discussed. The study illustrated that the current tendering process and the tools used, do have some limitations and drawbacks: the tools do not cover the total environmental impact as e.g. LCA do, the data concerning recycling or specific plant-related processes are outdated or missing and the data collection for back calculation of the total emission required too much manual efforts and shortcomings. Nevertheless, this pilot project proved to be a valued attempt to achieve more innovative and sustainable public procurement – as a first step, giving an unambiguous signal to the industry that this type of selection will be part of future tenders.

Strategic Steps for Advanced Molecular Imaging with Magnetic Resonance-Based Diagnostic Modalities

With the rapidly-expanding sophistication in our understanding of cancer cell biology, molecular imaging offers a critical bridge to oncology. Molecular imaging through magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can provide information about many metabolites at the same time. Since MRS entails no ionizing radiation, repeated monitoring, including screening can be performed. However, MRS via the fast Fourier transform (FFT) has poor resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, subjective and non-unique (ambiguous) fittings of FFT spectra cannot provide reliable quantification of clinical usefulness. In sharp contrast, objective and unique (unambiguous) signal processing by the fast Padé transform (FPT) can increase resolution and retrieve the true quantitative metabolic information. To illustrate, we apply the FPT to in vitro MRS data as encoded from malignant ovarian cyst fluid and perform detailed analysis. This problem area is particularly in need of timely diagnostics by more advanced modalities, such as high-resolution MRS, since conventional methods usually detect ovarian cancers at late stages with poor prognosis, whereas at an early stage the prognosis is excellent. The reliability and robustness of the FPT is assessed for time signals contaminated with varying noise levels. In the presence of higher background noise, all physical metabolites were unequivocally identified and their concentrations precisely extracted, using small fractions of the total signal length. Via the "signal-noise separation" concept alongside the "stability test", all non-physical information was binned, such that fully denoised spectra were generated. These results imply that a reformulation of data acquisition is needed, as guided by the FPT in MRS, since a small number of short transient time signals can provide high resolution and good SNR. This would enhance the diagnostic accuracy of MRS and shorten examination times, thereby improving efficiency and cost-effectiveness of this high throughput cancer diagnostic modality. Such advantages could be particularly important for more effective ovarian cancer detection, as well as more broadly for improved diagnostics and treatment within oncology.

Analysis of Weak Affinity of β-D-Fructofuranosyl-(2↔1)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside for Yeast β-Fructofuranosidase Using NMR Spectroscopy

β-D-Fructofuranosyl-(2↔1)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside (N-acetylsucros-amine; SucNAc) is an enzymatic product from sucrose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (GlcNAc) and cannot be hydrolyzed by yeast β-fructofuranosidase. Although the distinct binding of SucNAc with the β-fructofuranosidase could not be identified by isothermal titration calorimetry or 1H NMR titration, unambiguous signals indicating their molecular interactions were observed by STD NMR experiments. An inhibitory activity of SucNAc in the hydrolysis of sucrose was also confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Because hydrolysis of sucrose was unaffected in the presence of GlcNAc, a disaccharide moiety including an acetamido group is considered to be crucial to show an inhibitory activity for the β-fructofuranosidase.

Detecting the Anomalous Quantum Hall phase under magnetic field

Abstract Detecting the charming topological phase has been an ongoing topic. In this work, we take the square lattice as an example and try to detect the anomalous quantum Hall (AQH) phase under magnetic field. We analyze the topological energy levels of the system, the quantum Hall effect and quantum valley Hall effect, and the number of scattered electrons after a laser pulse, from which the unambiguous signals to characterize the AQH phases can be obtained. Meanwhile the corresponding valley polarizations of electrons are investigated. Our study opens new perspectives for the applications of valleytronics in the future.

UPPER LIMITS TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD IN CENTRAL STARS OF PLANETARY NEBULAE

More than about twenty central stars of planetary nebulae (CSPN) have been observed spectropolarimetrically, yet no clear, unambiguous signal of the presence of a magnetic field in these objects has been found. We perform a statistical (Bayesian) analysis of all the available spectropolarimetric observations of CSPN to constrain the magnetic fields on these objects. Assuming that the stellar field is dipolar and that the dipole axis of the objects are oriented randomly (isotropically), we find that the dipole magnetic field strength is smaller than 400 G with 95% probability using all available observations. The analysis introduced allows integration of future observations to further constrain the parameters of the distribution, and it is general, so that it can be easily applied to other classes of magnetic objects. We propose several ways to improve the upper limits found here.

DNA‐Templated Assembly of a Heterobivalent Quantum Dot Nanoprobe For Extra‐ and Intracellular Dual‐Targeting and Imaging of Live Cancer Cells

AbstractQuantum dots (QDs) hold great promise for the molecular imaging of cancer because of their superior optical properties. Although cell‐surface biomarkers can be readily imaged with QDs, non‐invasive live‐cell imaging of critical intracellular cancer markers with QDs is a great challenge because of the difficulties in the automatic delivery of QD probes to the cytosol and the ambiguity of intracellular targeting signals. Herein, we report a new type of DNA‐templated heterobivalent QD nanoprobes with the ability to target and image two spatially isolated cancer markers (nucleolin and mRNA) present on the cell surface and in the cell cytosol. Bypassing endolysosomal sequestration, this type of QD nanoprobes undergo macropinocytosis following the nucleolin targeting and then translocate to the cytosol for mRNA targeting. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based confocal microscopy enables unambiguous signal deconvolution of mRNA‐targeted QD nanoprobes inside cancer cells.

DNA-templated assembly of a heterobivalent quantum dot nanoprobe for extra- and intracellular dual-targeting and imaging of live cancer cells.

Quantum dots (QDs) hold great promise for the molecular imaging of cancer because of their superior optical properties. Although cell-surface biomarkers can be readily imaged with QDs, non-invasive live-cell imaging of critical intracellular cancer markers with QDs is a great challenge because of the difficulties in the automatic delivery of QD probes to the cytosol and the ambiguity of intracellular targeting signals. Herein, we report a new type of DNA-templated heterobivalent QD nanoprobes with the ability to target and image two spatially isolated cancer markers (nucleolin and mRNA) present on the cell surface and in the cell cytosol. Bypassing endolysosomal sequestration, this type of QD nanoprobes undergo macropinocytosis following the nucleolin targeting and then translocate to the cytosol for mRNA targeting. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based confocal microscopy enables unambiguous signal deconvolution of mRNA-targeted QD nanoprobes inside cancer cells.

Monitoring CO2: The quest for a clean signal (examples from UT Austin BEG research)

The approach to CO2 monitoring is maturing as a result of knowledge gained from U.S. DOE NETL-funded, research-level CO2 injection demonstration projects, especially the Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships. These project have demonstrated successful storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) over the test durations. Here we present results from remediated and active oil and gas sites to get a better understanding of potential leakage signals, and to provide partial analogues for CO2 monitoring best practices. Geochemical sampling of the surface and shallow subsurface is attractive for monitoring CO2 storage for three reasons. First it is less expensive to sample the shallow subsurface (<1 m to 10s or 100s of meters) than it is to access the deep subsurface (100s of meters or kilometers). Second, protection of groundwater for drinking water supply is a key requirement of U.S. and international regulations and geochemical sampling is a well-known approach to documenting this protection. Third, the air/land surface interface is the horizon used for accounting for leakage from the subsurface to atmosphere in several reporting systems. Case studies show that natural processes create dynamic conditions that can mimic impacts from deep CO2 injection or obscure a subtle leakage response. Examples include biogenic degradation of methane (CH4) that produces CO2 and consumes oxygen (O2), water-rock interactions, and climate change. Additional complexity introduced by spatial and temporal changes at oilfield and other developed sites further complicate interpretation of shallow subsurface monitoring data. Other examples of induced change, which might suggest CO2 leakage, include seasonal variations in chemical analytes due to agricultural activities or increased chloride (Cl-) concentration in shallow groundwater that do not appear to be a result of CO2 injection operations. Experience with diverse types of monitoring in near surface environments provides a substantive but previously underutilized resource that can help guide effective monitoring for CO2 storage. Key lessons are to prepare and budget for the expected spatial and temporal complexity that will undoubtedly be encountered during shallow subsurface monitoring in order to extract an accurate and unambiguous (i.e. clean) signal for reporting to stakeholders.