Unacceptable Risk Research Articles

A Bleed From the Distal Anastomosis Site of a Bypass Graft From the Left Common Iliac Artery to the Celiac Trunk Treated With a Surgeon-Modified Fenestrated Endograft.

The use of surgeon-modified fenestrated endograft to treat a bleeding complication in the common iliac artery. An Endurant limb graft was modified on back table in theater after planning the fenestration using a semi-automated centerline. The Endurant stent was planned to land flush at the aortic bifurcation. The Endurant limb was partially deployed until the fenestration opened facing the anastomosis to enable rotation and axial movement of the stent graft, if needed. By obtaining access from the contralateral common femoral artery, the fenestration was cannulated using up-and-over technique and bypass graft cannulated. The Endurant stent graft was then fully deployed. Through a separate puncture in the ipsilateral sheath, the fenestration was re-cannulated using a hydrophilic wire, and a balloon-expandable covered stent was introduced through a 7F sheath and then flared in a kissing fashion along with the Endurant stent. The distal part of the Endurant limb was extended with a bare metal stent into the external iliac artery. Control angiography was satisfactory, and bleeding was controlled. Surgeon-modified stent graft in the iliac arteries can be used even in the context of non-aneurysmal disease to treat patients in high-risk emergency situations and could be part of the armamentarium of the vascular surgeon. Physician-modified endografts are increasingly being used by vascular surgeons and interventional radiologists to treat patients with complex aorto-iliac aneurysms in whom custom-made endograft provided by the manufacturer is too expensive to produce and/or patient requires urgent surgery. Data on the use of physician-modified endografts to treat non-aneurysmal disease is lacking. This technical note highlights the use of physician-modified endograft to treat a patient with bleeding complication from the distal anastomosis of an iliac artery to coeliac trunk bypass graft in whom open surgery posed unacceptable high morbidity and mortality risks. This technical note continues to add more information and knowledge to the vascular surgery / interventional radiology communities on the use of physician-modified endografts and also adds another tool in the armamentarium of teams involved.

High-risk percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction deemed not suitable for surgical revascularisation. A clinical consensus statement from the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) in collaboration with the ESC Working Group on Cardiovascular Surgery.

This clinical consensus statement of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions was developed in association with the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiovascular Surgery. It aims to define procedural and contemporary technical requirements that may improve the efficacy and safety of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), both in the acute phase and at long-term follow-up, in a high-risk cohort of patients on optimal medical therapy when clinical and anatomical high-risk criteria are present that entail unacceptable surgical risks, precluding the feasibility of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This document pertains to patients with surgical contraindication according to the Heart Team, in whom medical therapy has failed (e.g., residual symptoms), and for whom the Heart Team estimates that revascularisation may have a prognostic benefit (e.g., left main, last remaining vessel, multivessel disease with large areas of ischaemia); however, there is a lack of data regarding the size of this patient population. This document aims to guide interventional cardiologists on how to proceed with PCI in such high-risk patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction after the decision of the Heart Team is made that CABG - which overall is the guideline-recommended option for revascularisation in these patients - is not an option and that PCI may be beneficial for the patient. Importantly, when a high-risk PCI is planned, a multidisciplinary decision by interventional cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, anaesthetists and non-invasive physicians with expertise in heart failure management and intensive care should be agreed upon after careful consideration of the possible undesirable consequences of PCI, including futility, similar to the approach for structural interventions.

Integral World Economic Structure and Global Security — Key Problems of Modern Science

Aim. To identify the key problems of the formation of the Integral world economic order in the context of mastering the achievements of the sixth technological order and regulating global security.Tasks. To identify the theoretical status of the Integral world economic order, the prospects for Russia to enter its rhythm of development and its inherent architectonics of global security.Methods. Based on the calculated data of economic statistics, their theoretical understanding, a conceptual apparatus for studying the relationship between technological and world economic processes with the monitoring of global risks has been formed.Results. The main characteristics of states corresponding to the Integral world economic order have been identified. An assessment of the dynamics of its development and the strategy of advanced development has been given. The need to include in the new scientific and technological picture of the world the ideas about the fundamental belonging of any complex systems of functions and structures that ensure not only their self-development, stability and reliability, but also ideas about the security of their existence, development and functioning has been substantiated.Conclusions. The system of global and Eurasian security should be considered as an integral part of the international architecture of the Integral WES and its basis. Global — because it involves the creation of mechanisms that prevent the widespread spread of the “octopus” of hybrid war, and Eurasian — because the core of the Integral WES is being formed in the space of Greater Eurasia, or more precisely, in its eastern part. The Integral WES should be considered not only as a prototype of the polycentric world order, which was discussed above, but also as the created architectonics of its global security. In the new scientific and technological picture of the world, ideas are being formed about the fundamental belonging of any complexly organized systems of functions and structures that ensure not only their self-development, stability and reliability, but also ideas about the security of their existence, development and functioning. Thus, we inevitably approach the need to develop asfatronics as a theory of global security. The object of asfatronics is safety, defined in the ultimate sense as the absence of danger, unacceptable risk, and the subject is energy-information processes of safety, covering all levels of organization of biological, social and technical control systems (from nano- to macrolevel). The field of research of asfatronics is ecological, military, geopolitical, technogenic, economic, social, information-psychological, cognitive and other types of safety. Global safety should be considered not limited to environmental issues and international relations. It covers the whole variety of functions and structures of self-development, sustainability, reliability, safety of existence of bio-, socio-, cogno- and technosphere. In the context of the problems considered above, the structural sections of asfatronics should be global safety, ensuring the prevention of geopolitical, ecological, economic, social and technological risks arising in the process of formation of the Integral world economic structure based on nano-, bio-, info-, cogno- and social technologies.

South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS) position statement regarding paediatric and adolescent diving.

This paediatric diving position statement was developed from a targeted workshop at the 51st Annual Scientific Meeting of the South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS) on 8 June 2023. It highlights the factors that SPUMS regards as important when undertaking health risk assessments for diving by children and adolescents (defined as aged 10 to 15 years). Health risk assessments for diving should be performed by doctors who are trained in diving medicine and who are familiar with the specific risks which result from breathing compressed gas in the aquatic environment. Undertaking a diver health risk assessment of children and adolescents requires a detailed history (including medical, mental health, psychological maturity), a comprehensive diver medical physical examination and evaluation of all relevant investigations to exclude unacceptable risks. In addition, assessment of the individual's motivation to dive and reported in-water capability should occur, whilst engaging with their parent /guardian and instructor, where appropriate, to ensure that safety for the child is optimised. The guideline applies to all compressed air diving including scuba and surface supply diving provided in open and contained bodies of water.

IDENTIFIKASI DAN ANALISIS RISIKO PERENCANAAN PEMBANGUNAN MALL GRAND OUTLET BALI DI KAWASAN SERANGAN (STUDI KASUS: MALL GRAND OUTLET BALI DI KAWASAN SERANGAN)

In planning the construction of the Bali Grand Outlet Mall in the Serangan Area, of course it will not be separated from the risks that may occur. To know the risks that will arise, risk management is needed. Risk management is carried out to identify risks, analyze risks, so that you can know what risks are considered high risks. In this research stage, quantitative and qualitative methods are used, which present ideal and actual data with the aim of understanding the conditions and situation of the location studied. The data processing process was carried out by making direct observations at the research location, conducting interviews and distributing questionnaires to related parties totaling 39 respondents. The results of the research found that there were 42 (fortytwo) risks identified from 12 predetermined risk sources. The risk identification, research and acceptance stages consist of 25 unacceptable risks, 13 undesirable risks and 4 acceptable risks.

The next generation of AI tools are coming, do we need to better regulate them?

This research investigates the importance for robust regulation and legislation to properly govern the development of ‘Frontier Artificial Intelligence Systems’. To do this a comparison of approaches of both existing and proposed legislation has been taken which includes from the US, UK and EU. This has involved reading both summations, assessments and opinions from both academic writers and the media and making comparisons with other industry regulations issues such as Social Media. The key findings of this research highlight the different approaches being taken to the same problem. Legislation that came into force on August the 1st 2024 from the EU takes a safety-first approach, identifying risk levels from ‘unacceptable risk’ that would be prohibited, down to ‘minimal risk’ which would remain unregulated. This is compared to the UK White Paper, which advocated an innovation first approach with a secondary focus on safety. With the potential risks associated with AI enhanced cyber-attacks and the spread of disinformation across different platforms, this research emphasises the importance of strong regulation in relation to safety and ensuring this happens from the outset in the development of ‘Frontier AI’ and is not an afterthought.

Spatio-temporal distribution, source apportionment, ecological and human health risks assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Sombreiro River Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria

ABSTRACT The spatio-temporal distribution, source apportionment, and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) were investigated in the Sombreiro River Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Water, sediment and oysters were obtained from the estuary and analyzed for 16 priority PAHs using gas chromatograph coupled with mass selective detector after extraction. The levels of the ∑16-PAHs in the water, sediment and oyster ranged from 25-10079 µg/L, 495-12811 µg/kg and 489-10823 µg/kg respectively for all locations and seasons. The results showed significant spatio-temporal variations in PAHs concentrations in all the matrices. The ecological risk assessment revealed high risk posed by the PAHs level to the estuarine ecosystem. The health risk indicated unacceptable carcinogenic risk to human via ingestion of oysters. Besides, for water and sediments, both ingestion and dermal pathways indicated unacceptable cancer risk. Source apportionment suggested that the PAHs in the estuary were from both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources.

Dietary risk assessment of children and adults consuming fruit and vegetables with multiple pesticide residues

Fruit and vegetables are a basic component of the human diet. European pesticide monitoring data indicated recently that in one sample multiple residues were detected which might be a public concern. Thus, the challenge of the present study was to assess the potential dietary exposure of the most critical EU children and adults subpopulations consuming fruit and vegetables. Overall, a total of 1,182 samples 333 fruit and 849 vegetable samples from Polish production were monitored for the presence of 550 active substances during 2021–2023. Multiple pesticide occurrence was as follows: 2021 – 8%; 2022 – 12%; 2023 – 10%. In individual sample up to 11 pesticides were simultaneously detected in the range of 0.0052 mg kg-1 (fenpyroximate) – 7.10 mg kg-1 (difenoconazole). The top detected active substance was acetamiprid (neonicotinoid insecticide) and boscalid (carboxamide fungicide). The risk assessment occurring during a single day/meal to 28 detected pesticides was calculated. Acute exposure was low for fruit samples, despite a high frequency of many pesticides, e.g. cherries containing 11 pesticides (i.e. cyantraniliprole 35.5% ARfD for children, lambda-cyhalothrin 73.4% ARfD for adults). In the vegetable group, one dill sample containing not-approved chlorpyrifos could pose a risk to children (120.0% ARfD). Unacceptable risk to children's health (% ARfD>100) was assessed for a lettuce sample with 9 pesticides, including endocrine disruptors pyrethroids i.e. cypermethrin and deltamethrin. The model based on the worst-case scenario provided a margin for consumer safety. The approach showed that fruit and vegetables with multiple residues could not be considered a serious public health problem.

ELSA for the Smart City: Ethical, Legal, and Social Technologization of Homes, Cities, and Societies Through Standardized ELSA-Assessment—A Legal Point of View

Smart living environments such as the Smart Home or the Smart City are created by connecting various smart devices. The data-driven character of these IoT devices (IoT—Internet of Things) leads not only to an increase in comfort, but gives also rise to new legal, ethical, and social risks. Even though, IoT devices that are to be placed on the market in Europe shall undergo an approval process during which they are evaluated for their compliance with the entire legal system. Nevertheless, there is still a need to improve the analysis of the legal, ethical, and social impact on society prior to approving new technologies. Moreover, when different sets of data from individual devices are connected, more comprehensive information about residents can be accessed. Thus, legal, ethical, and social challenges also arise from the combination of several devices in a network in the context of Smart Homes or Smart Cities. We propose a standardized ELSA-assessment (ELSA—ethical, legal, social aspects) as a tool for the comprehensive analysis of IoT devices as well as networks. If the structure and composition of the IoT network is changed by adding a device or service, the assessment should be repeated. The standardized ELSA assessment could support responsible stakeholders in identifying and successfully mitigating unacceptable risks. Standardization of the assessment should enable repeatability and thus comparability of assessment results. In this way, legal, ethical, and social technologization of the Smart City can be ensured.

Integrating environmental, ecological and human health risk assessments for heavy metals in tropical ultramafic soils

Ultramafic soils are a natural source of metals such as Ni, Co and Cr that can pose ecosystem and human risks. Here, we assessed the environmental, ecological, and human health (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) risks from exposure to ultramafic soils through an integrated approach using petrographic and soil mineralogical assessments together with total, available, bioaccessible, and soil fractions analyses of Ni, Co and Cr in ultramafic soils from Brazil. The metal concentrations were similar or up to 5-fold higher for Ni than other studies worldwide in ultramafic soils. Soil sequential extraction showed Co and Ni predominantly bound to Fe and Mn oxides, while Cr was mostly in residual fractions. Medium environmental risks were found for Ni (RAC = 13.0), but no environmental risks were associated with Co and Cr in soils. Ecological risks were high (PERI = 522.8) and significantly high (PERI = 1759.9). Low metal bioaccessibility led to acceptable carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for all routes of human exposure to soil, but consuming vegetables grown in these soils posed unacceptable cancer risks (> 10−3). Our results reinforce the need to monitor ultramafic areas regarding the mobility and availability of metals in the soil to ensure food safety and human health.

Investigation of PAEs in some dairy products (yogurt and kashk) using method of MSPE-GC/MS: a health risk assessment study.

In this study, MSPE-GC/MS method (magnetic solid phase extraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) was applied to analyze six PAEs in yogurt and kashk samples. According to our findings, in all samples, the mean of Bis (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was 2.00 ± 0.87, and the mean total PAEs was 8.33 ± 2.26 µg/kg, which the mean of all phthalates was less than the existing standards (EFSA (The European Food Safety Authority) and US EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)). Also, the mean of DEHP and total PAEs in kashk samples were 2.43 ± 1.02 and 10.07 ± 1.06 µg/kg, respectively, and in yogurt samples were 1.57 ± 0.36 and 6.59 ± 1.26 µg/kg, respectively. Furthermore, the mean of total PAEs at the time of expiration date (9.09 ± 2.36 µg/kg) was higher than the production date (7.57 ± 1.92 µg/kg), and the samples with a higher volume of the container had a higher amount of total PAEs (8.88 ± 2.48 µg/kg) than the samples with a smaller volume of the container (7.78 ± 1.92 µg/kg). Various indices (CDI (chronic daily intake), THQ (target hazard quotient), and ILCR (incremental lifetime cancer risk)) were applied to estimate risks of human health. Likewise, the technique of Monte Carlo was employed for probabilistic non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessment via oral exposure in adults and children. The CDI of PAEs detected via yogurt and kashk consumption was less than the tolerable daily intake. Eventually, a probabilistic model with Monte Carlo simulation showed that the THQ and the ILCR were far less than the unacceptable risk (1 > THQ and 10-6 > ILCR). Finally, according to the results obtained, it can be concluded the consumption of yogurt and kashk does not pose any threat to Iranian consumers (children and adults).

Managing the risk of continued operation with out‐of‐service safety instrumented system devices

AbstractSafety instrumented systems (SIS) are used to reduce the frequency of hazardous events in the process industry. When SIS equipment has a detected failure or requires online maintenance, the processing facility must decide whether to continue operation or shut down. Continued operation can pose risks beyond what was deemed acceptable as per the company's risk criteria. Understanding the peak risk is important to ensure that all stakeholders are aware of the risk and have compensating measures that ensure continued safe operation until the SIS equipment is returned to service. The paper proposes using Peak Risk Analysis (PRA) to identify unacceptable risks and to document the compensating measures required to support continued safe operation with out‐of‐service SIS equipment.

Risk Assessment Of Gonggang Dam In Magetan District, East Java Province

This study aims to assess the safety risk of the Gonggang Dam located in Magetan Regency, East Java, using traditional methods and the event tree method (Event Tree Analysis). The risk assessment is conducted by identifying potential hazards and failure modes, estimating the probability of failure, and evaluating the level of risk based on the analysis results. The results of the analysis show that the event tree method provides acceptable risk results, while the traditional method shows unacceptable risks. The priority of risk management at Gonggang Dam is focused on monitoring the dam body and inundation area to maintain safety and maximize the life of the dam. Recommendations were given to improve structural safety and regular monitoring.

The EU's Artificial Intelligence Act and copyright

AbstractThe European Union's (EU's) Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act), published on 12 July 2024, seeks to establish a consistent legal framework for AI systems within the EU, promoting trustworthy and human‐centric AI while safeguarding various fundamental rights. The Act classifies AI applications into three risk categories: unacceptable risk, high risk, general purpose AI models with systemic risk and low or no risk, each with corresponding regulatory measures. Although initially not focused on copyright issues, the rise of generative AI led to specific provisions addressing general purpose AI models. These provisions include transparency obligations, particularly regarding the technical documentation and content used for training AI models, and policies to respect EU copyright laws. The Act aims to balance the interests of copyright holders and AI developers, ensuring compliance while fostering innovation and protecting rights.

Considering safe and sustainable by design alternatives–Environmental hazards of an agriculture nano-enabled pesticide to non-target species

Nanopesticides (Npes) offer improved efficacy compared to their conventional forms while reducing the usage/application rates, hence being more sustainable options. However, there is still a knowledge gap on the Npes environmental impacts. To support the safety of nano-enabled pesticides, the present study aimed at assessing the toxicity of the commercial Npe NUCOP-M and the active substance copper oxychloride, using the ecotoxicological soil model Enchytraeus crypticus and LUFA 2.2 soil. Bioassays were performed to assess various endpoints within short-to longer-term exposures: avoidance behaviour (2 d), hatching (13 d), survival, reproduction and organisms’ size (based on the standard OECD test (28 d), the OECD extension (56 d), and the Full Life Cycle test – FLCt (46 d)). Based on the standard OECD test and its extension, NUCOP-M had a similar level of toxicity as copper oxychloride without indications of increase in toxicity over time (28 versus 56 d). The shorter-term exposures (2 and 13 d) showed higher toxicity for copper oxychloride. The exposure from cocoon stage (FLCt) seemed to provide an adaptative advantage (reduced toxicity) to NUCOP-M. The differences might be related to a slower release of Cu2+ ions from NUCOP-M, which seems to account for the toxicity at longer-term. Based on the recommended application doses (ca. 1.72 mg NUCOP-M kg−1, i.e. 0.62 mg Cu kg−1 in the topsoil) there is no unacceptable risk of NUCOP-M on the enchytraeid population.

Response of soybean Cd to soil Cd and pH and its associated health risk in a high geological background area in Guizhou Province, Southwest China.

This study comprehensively examined the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in soybeans grown in low- and high-Cd soils around the high geological background areas in Guizhou province. The aim was to analyze the relationship between soybean Cd and soil pH and soil Cd, alongside assessing the potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks associated with Cd in soybeans. Cd content of soybeans cultivated in the high-Cd area (0.430 mg/kg) was significantly higher than that in low-Cd areas (0.156 mg/kg) (P < 0.05). Biological concentration factors (BCFs) of soybean for Cd in low- and high-Cd areas were 0.282 and 0.314, respectively, with no significant differences (P > 0.05). Multiple linear regression results indicated that soil pH was a determining factor for Cd accumulation in soybeans in both areas. Furthermore, soil pH and soil Cd could accurately predict Cd accumulation in soybeans according to the neural network model. These findings suggest that regulating soil pH could reduce Cd accumulation in soybeans in areas with high geological background. In both areas, there was no significant non-carcinogenic risk for the adult population (HQ value < 1) through soybean consumption. However, according to the Monte Carlo model, the percentage of Cd in soybeans exceeding the acceptable range (CR value > 1.00 × 10 -04) in areas was 99.18%, indicating an unacceptable carcinogenic risk for the adult population. Our discussion revealed that reducing the soybean intake and increasing soil pH did not effectively lower the carcinogenic risk of Cd in soybeans to an acceptable range (CR value ≤ 1.00 × 10 -04). These findings necessitate further exploration of alternative remediation strategies to ensure the safe production of soybeans, such as screening for low-Cd accumulation soybean varieties and implementing the combined remediation strategies.

Combustion efficiency analysis and thermal radiation risk quantification for spill fire in sealed ship cabin

In this study, the authors conducted a series of one-dimensional spill fire experiments in a sealed model-scale ship cabin with different leakage rates to reveal the combustion characteristics. The results showed that a stable combustion stage with a consistent combustion area and flame height appears around the cut-off of the fuel, where the consumption of oxygen increases when the leakage rate increases. And the CO2 concentration increases more rapidly and the upward trend is found to appear earlier. Compared with the film thickness in the open space, that of the spill fire in the sealed ship cabin is slightly thinner because of the ventilation control effect. Using the “oxygen-consumption” method, the η of this stage was calculated and verified with the “mass loss rate” method. With these two methods, the HRR of spill fie when burning steadily is calculated. This work also improved the predicting model for the flame height of rectangular pool fire and developed a predicting model for the flame height of a steadily burning spill fire. The error is 14.35 %. Additionally, a predictive model of thermal radiation risk in ship spill fire is developed, and the death risk and unacceptable risk areas are delimited.

PROHIBITED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PRACTICES IN THE LEGISLATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The article is devoted to the study of the norms of the European Union law on Artificial Intelligence in terms of unacceptable risks of artificial intelligence. Attention is drawn to the fact that the main idea of the European approach is to support the development of trustworthy artificial intelligence, in connection with which the emphasis is placed on a risk-based approach. It is indicated that unacceptable risk is one of the levels of such an approach, which also includes artificial intelligence systems with minimal, limited and high risk. The use of unacceptable risk artificial intelligence systems refers to actions prohibited by the legislation of the European Union, except for their use in a number of circumstances specified in the law. Methods affecting the subconscious mind are considered; manipulative and misleading methods; methods using the vulnerability of a person or group of persons; methods of biometric identification; predictive methods based on profiling; methods for determining emotions. The exceptions allowed by law in relation to artificial intelligence systems of unacceptable risk are analyzed. It is concluded that the lack of broad regulatory regulation of artificial intelligence in Russia cannot be unequivocally recognized as a negative factor, since the legislator has the opportunity to analyze the results of legal approaches to regulation in foreign countries. It is concluded that in the Russian Federation there is no need to adopt a law specifically devoted to artificial intelligence. The relevant norms may well be implemented in the current industry legislation.

Derivation of ecological safety thresholds and risk assessment of new SDHI fungicides in farmland system

Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides have become some of the top-selling fungicides in recent years. As the utilization of these fungicides intensifies, the corresponding potential risks to the environment proportionately increase. However, there is still limited knowledge about their toxic effects on ecosystems. In this study, acute toxicity data from laboratory assessments of the springtail Folsomia candida, alongside collected data from terrestrial and aquatic non-target species, were utilized to construct a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) model for both terrestrial and aquatic non-target organisms. Subsequently, we derived ecological baseline values for diverse scenarios within ecosystems. The results indicated that benzovindiflupyr exhibited the highest 7-day median lethal concentration (7d-LC50) to Folsomia candida at 2.0 μg cm−2, while the toxicity levels of other SDHI fungicides varied, ranging from 99 to 304 μg cm−2. In agricultural environments, the Hazard Concentration for 5 % of species (HC5) values for fluxapyroxad, boscalid, sedaxane, and isopyrazam were determined to be 8.0, 1240, 12.97, and 25.37 g ha−1, respectively. In aquatic environments, the HC5 values for benzovindiflupyr, fluxapyroxad, boscalid, sedaxane, isopyrazam, and carboxin were 0.0013, 0.022, 1.76, 0.372, 0.013, and 0.161 mg L−1, respectively. In an evaluation of typical agricultural scenarios within China, SDHI fungicides were found to exert substantial ecological risks to terrestrial non-target fauna and aquatic ecosystems around agricultural fields. Specifically, isopyrazam and fluxapyroxad were identified as posing heightened ecological risks to Typhlodromus pyri and Aphidius rhopalosiphi. Moreover, the application of benzovindiflupyr, carboxin, isopyrazam, and fluxapyroxad in paddy field environments is associated with unacceptable risks to groundwater. The findings of this study contribute significantly to the environmental risk evaluation of SDHI fungicides within farmland system, thereby informing the development of policy frameworks for their scientifically grounded application.

Microsurgical Treatment of Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: A Collaborative Investigation From the Multicenter Consortium for Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Outcomes Research.

First-line therapy for most intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) is endovascular embolization, but some require microsurgical ligation due to limited endovascular accessibility, anticipated lower cure rates, or unacceptable risk profiles. We investigated the most common surgically treated dAVF locations and the approaches and outcomes of each. The Consortium for Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Outcomes Research database was retrospectively reviewed. Patients who underwent dAVF microsurgical ligation were included. Patient demographics, angiographic information, surgical details, and postoperative outcomes were collected. The 5 most common surgically treated dAVF locations were analyzed about used surgical approaches and postoperative outcomes. Univariate analyses were performed with statistical significance set at a threshold of P < .05. In total, 248 patients in the Consortium for Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Outcomes Research database met inclusion criteria. The 5 most common surgically treated dAVF locations were tentorial, anterior cranial fossa (ACF), transverse-sigmoid sinus (TSS), convexity/superior sagittal sinus (SSS), and torcular. Most tentorial dAVFs were approached using a suboccipital, lateral supracerebellar infratentorial approach (39.3%); extended retrosigmoid approach (ERS) (25%); or posterior subtemporal approach (19.6%). All ACF dAVFs used a subfrontal approach; 5.3% also included an anterior interhemispheric approach. Most TSS dAVFs were ligated via ERS (31.3%) or subtemporal (31.3%) approaches. All convexity/SSS dAVFs used an interhemispheric approach. All torcular dAVFs used the suboccipital, lateral supracerebellar infratentorial approach, with 10.5% undergoing simultaneous ERS craniotomy. Angiographic occlusion rates after microsurgery were 85.5%, 100%, 75.8%, 79.2%, and 73.7% for tentorial, ACF, TSS, convexity/SSS, and torcular dAVFs, respectively (P = .02); the permanent neurological complication rates were 1.8%, 2.6%, 9.1%, 0%, and 0% (P = .31). There were no statistically significant differences in development of complications (P = .08) or Modified Rankin Scale at the last follow-up (P = .11) by fistula location. Although endovascular embolization is the first-line treatment for most intracranial dAVFs, surgical ligation is an important alternative. ACF and tentorial fistulas particularly demonstrate high rates of postoperative obliteration.