Unabridged Dictionary Research Articles

From Great Britain to the Spanish Philippines via British India… and back

Abstract This research uncovers lexical contact between English and other languages in texts about the part of the Spanish Philippines under the control of the British East India Company from September 1762 to April 1764. Better known as the Manilha Consultations, the texts in English sent to, and received from, British India are scrutinised in search of the British East India Company’s vocabulary. That vocabulary partly consists of lexemes found in the English/British East India Company’s consultations worldwide but unrecorded in monolingual dictionaries and glossaries of major and/or minor varieties of English. The Manilha Consultations contain lexemes unrecorded in the Oxford English Dictionary, the Hobson-Jobson Glossary, and/or the Merriam-Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary. The 38 lexemes here considered instances of the British East India Company’s vocabulary might be included in those, and/or other, dictionaries and glossaries of British English, Indian English, and/or Philippine English if expansive criteria for lexeme inclusion were applied.

Проблема лексикографування фольклорних власних назв на матеріалі українського обрядового фольклору

The article is a continuation of a number of author’s publications dedicated to lexicographical studies of folklore onyms. It is proved that the question of compiling a dictionary of folk proper names, which would systematically cover folk proper names, based on particular descriptive principles according to their specific features, is a current issue today. The paper dwells on the key moments of designing such lexicographical project and concrete samples of the dictionary entries are provided. The entries are based on different genres of the material found in collected works ‘Ukrainian ritual folklore of western lands: Musical anthology (Besarabia, Boikivshchyna, Bukovyna, Volyn, Halychyna, Hutsulshchyna, Zakarpattia, Lemkivshchyna, Pidliashshia, Podillia, Polissia, Pokuttia, Holmshchyna)’ compiled by A. Ivanytskyi. The main principles of compilation of similar lexicographic project were put into practice: polyaspect character; genre principle of compiling a lexicographic publication; denotative and nominative principles of collecting the material to place folklore onyms within a separate dictionary; alphabetical principle of compiling dictionary entries within the same class of onyms. The conducted analysis revealed that the implementation of the principle of polyaspectivity sets the conditions for the collection of factual material. Compiled onymy will have a complete description of the register, and regional and genre diversity. The statistical data is provided for each proper name including its variants that will enable to describe the structure of Ukrainian folklore onym space, trace its kernel and peripheral structure. The illustrations will demonstrate textual use of folklore proper names and their cultural senses. Definitions and information parts (provided if necessary) will specify the status of proper names and peculiarities of their use, will provide inherent to some folklore onyms textual and extra textual connotations, symbolism, ability to be used in semiotic oppositions, etc. Application of the principle of genre and denotative and nominative principles of classification of the material will facilitate scientists to form an objective picture of the national folk books. The compilation of an unabridged dictionary of folk proper names will provide scholars with the relevant material for comprehensive and in-depth studies of this component of national onymy and create optimal conditions for onomast’s studies of the material and types of its analysis. Key words: a folklore onym, а folklore onomastics, а dictionary of folklore onyms, a dictionary entry, lexicography.

Mark Twain’s Ambivalent Encounter with the Western Landscape

Abstract When Mark Twain sets out on his journey west in chapter 1 of Roughing It, he is looking forward to seeing Indians and such creatures as buffalo, prairie dogs, and antelopes; traveling through (or near) magnificent plains, deserts, and mountains; and at the end of the journey, gathering bucketfuls of easily obtainable gold and silver nuggets. What he carries with him, however—aside from some clothing, his Smith & Wesson seven-shooter, Orion’s Colt revolver, and an unabridged dictionary (belonging to Orion)—are some pretty standard preconceptions about the West and its inhabitants. Though such themes reinforce our generic expectations, Twain manages to check crucial elements of expansionist desire through the novel’s various iterations of failure. In this article, I explore ways in which the rhetoric of individualist “lordship” never fully manifests, even as the landscape itself largely offers up its promissory grandeur and tabula rasa potentiality.

Features of the Functioning of Derivatives with the Suffix -Onok in Russian Jargon

The present paper deals with the study of derivational features of noun derivatives with the suffix –онок/-ёнок (-onok). The choice of the formant is determined by the fact that the indicated suffix does not produce a large number of word-formation types and, therefore, rarely becomes an object of special studies. However, its colloquial productivity suggests that this formant deserves a closer look. In the literary language, the suffix–онок/-ёнок (–onok) forms the nouns that name cubs, children as representatives of a nationality, social stratum or profession called the motivating word, and a group of derivatives with the suffix -онок/-ёнок(–onok) that has a diminutive-hypocoristic or only affectionate meaning. The material for the study was the data from Unabridged Dictionary of Russian Jargons by V.M. Mokienko, T.G. Nikitina. As a result of application of the method of continuous sampling, we have revealed 42 derivatives with the suffix –онок/-ёнок (–onok) which were subjected to word-formation and morphemic analysis. It is established that the suffix -онок/-ёнок (–onok) is not very often used in jargon word formation. Two ways of the formation of jargonisms by means of this formant have been revealed: the suffixation proper and semantic derivation. The inclusion of foreign words in the process of formation of derivatives with the formants -онок/-ёнок (-onok) is observed. It has been established that the suffix –онок/-ёнок (–onok) in jargon word formation performs the following functions: nominative, evaluative-expressive, and style-forming. The results can be used, firstly, in lexicography (inclusion of the units with the suffix –онок (–onok) into explanatory dictionaries of word-formation), and secondly, in linguodidactics (as the subject matter for courses in word formation, Russian as a foreign language).

A Study of Images and Patterns of the Characteristic Materials on the Sijo Texts (2) - focused on the Jiang Shang, Tao Yan Ming, Liu Ling contained in Unabridged Dictionary of Gosijo -

A Study of Images and Patterns of the Characteristic Materials on the Sijo Texts (2) - focused on the Jiang Shang, Tao Yan Ming, Liu Ling contained in Unabridged Dictionary of Gosijo -

사전과 말뭉치를 이용한 한국어 단어 중의성 해소

사전과 말뭉치를 이용한 한국어 단어 중의성 해소

The Gospel on Book Theft

The Gospel on Book Theft John Maxwell Hamilton (bio) Twenty-five years ago I wrote a tongue-in-cheek essay for the Sunday New York Times Book Review that showed the power of the printed word. The essay argued that nearly everyone is a book thief and that might not be so bad. We learn something about people from the books they buy. We learn much more from the books they want so desperately that they slip them under their clothes and walk out, as one woman did at the New York Public Library. (She was foiled when the six-inch thick Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary, clutched between her legs, fell to the ground in front of the library guard.) Many responses to the Times essay were gratifying. Agitated librarians said I was inciting theft. A reader, distressed to learn that Abbie Hoffman’s Steal This Book was missing from the Library of Congress, renewed the library’s stock with his own copy, which gave members of Congress and their staffs new material to pilfer. But one common reaction to my list of “the ten most stolen books” was disturbing. Friends hailed me on the street in Washington, D.C., where I lived at the time. “I didn’t know Practice for the Armed Services Test was the third most stolen book,” one said. “Wow,” said another, “that’s really interesting about The Joy of Sex. Who would have guessed it is stolen almost as often as the Bible?” Right, but none of it was true. Except for the Bible. It is the most stolen book—everywhere on the planet. A maid at a Singapore hotel once told me that it was lifted much more often than The Teaching of Buddha, which is written in English and Japanese and includes a note explicitly inviting people to steal it. The Nashville-based Gideon Society, which puts Bibles in hotel rooms all over the world, does not give written permission to steal them, thereby providing lodgers an eternal two-for-one value—salvation [End Page 265] and damnation all in one easy act of putting the book in their suitcases next to their dirty underwear. A better road to salvation than the one offered by the Gideon Society can be found in Brazil’s federal prison system. It recently decided that inmates could earn early release by reading. For each book they finish, prisoners receive a four-day reduction in their sentences. The program is called “Redemption through Reading.” Anyway, after the Bible, who can say for sure which books are stolen most often? Couldn’t absolutely everyone see that I had made this list up, using titles to create categories of theft that I could then discuss at length? The most resounding evidence that the answer was “no!” came later. I was killing time in a bookstore, waiting for a dinner companion. My eye fell on a copy of Abbie Hoffman: American Rebel, a biography by Marty Jezer. Authors, like dogs, are always hunting for their scent, so I naturally opened the book to see what Jezer said about Steal This Book, whether by any chance he mentioned my offbeat comments. Here is what the deadpan footnote on page 229 said: “On November 18, 1990, the New York Times Book Review listed Steal This Book as among the ten book titles most stolen from libraries and bookstores.” After pondering the response to my essay for many years, I have arrived at an explanation. We have nearly limitless credulity for words set in type. We take words on a page as the gospel, even when the book is not a Bible. Readers rail against newspapers as biased or irresponsible, as the outraged librarians did with my essay, but then readers clip what is presented in the newspaper, put it on the refrigerator, and tell their friends about it. When it comes to books, they are even more likely to suspend judgment altogether. Although a book has a price on the outside just like a box of cereal, people treat what is inside as if it were manna. No one understands this suspension of judgment better than consultants. “I was amazed at how...

Design and Implementation of English Electronic Dictionary System for Android

In this paper, based on the Android operating system, an electronic dictionary system on mobile devices is designed. Local word searching is achieved by SQLite database storing and managing data, local word library being built on the res\raw directory in the Android project, and then the Input Stream data being written to corresponding files in other directories; By using the interface of Unabridged Dictionary, calling utf8 encoding scheme to implement the web-based word search.

Consistency among the Glossary for a Textbook, the Glossary of Physics Terminology and the Pyojun Korean Unabridged Dictionary on the Basis of the Words used in Middle-school science Textbooks

Consistency among the Glossary for a Textbook, the Glossary of Physics Terminology and the Pyojun Korean Unabridged Dictionary on the Basis of the Words used in Middle-school science Textbooks

The Object and Meaning of ‘아해’ in Ancient Korean Sijo－Focused on Korea Sijo Unabridged Dictionary－

The Object and Meaning of ‘아해’ in Ancient Korean Sijo－Focused on Korea Sijo Unabridged Dictionary－

The AMA dictionary of business and management

Now students, instructors, and professionals everywhere can find clear, authoritative, explanations of more than 6,000 key business terms. Prepared by a noted encyclopedist, The AMA Dictionary of Business and Management covers a vast range of terminology from all areas of business including management, strategy, finance, human resources, economics, marketing, sales, insurance, and international business. The book explains accounting rules, legal terminology, slang and buzzwords, acronyms, management theories, historical figures, economic concepts, performance metrics, and more—all the crucial ideas that have transformed business practices and management science in the past 25 years. In addition to concise definitions, this indispensable reference includes longer entries for ideas needing more elaborate explanations, as well as a pronunciation guide for difficult words, special sections on usage, and a thesaurus of related words. While quick definitions abound online, The AMA Dictionary of Business and Management supplies the depth and clarity lacking in most “webinitions.” And it includes thousands of technical terms omitted from even premier unabridged dictionaries. From Abilene paradox to zero-based budgeting, this is an essential resource for anyone serious about business.

Encyclopedia of management theory

In discussing a management topic, scholars, educators, practitioners, and the media often toss out the name of a theorist (Taylor, Simon, Weber) or make a sideways reference to a particular theory (Bureaucracy, Total Quality Management, Groupthink, etc.) and move on, as if assuming their audience possesses the necessary background to appreciate and integrate the reference. This is often far from the case. Individuals are frequently forced to seek out a hodgepodge of sources varying in quality and presentation to provide an overview of a particular idea. And reference librarians often find it difficult to guide readers to an informed, one-stop resource with just the basics-the who, what, where, how, when, and why. In response, SAGE Reference plans to publish the two-volume Encyclopedia of Management Theory, available in both print and electronic formats. This work is designed to serve as a core reference for anyone interested in the essentials of contemporary management theory. Drawing together a team of international scholars, it examines the global landscape of the key theories and the theorists behind them, presenting them in the context needed to understand their strengths and weaknesses to thoughtfully apply them. In addition to interpretations of long-established theories, it also offers essays on cutting-edge research as one might find in a handbook. And, like an unabridged dictionary, it provides concise, to-the-point definitions of key concepts, ideas, schools, and figures. Features and Benefits: * Two volumes containing 335-350 signed entries provide users with the most authoritative and thorough reference resources available on management theory, both in terms of breadth and depth of coverage. * To ease navigation between and among related entries, a Reader's Guide groups entries thematically and each entry is followed by Cross-References. * In the electronic version, the Reader's Guide combines with the Cross-References and a detailed Index to provide robust search-and-browse capabilities. * An appendix with a Chronology of Management Theory allows students to easily chart directions and trends in thought and theory from early times to the present. * Suggestions for Further Reading at the end of each entry guide readers to sources for more detailed research and discussion.

Encyclopedia of criminological theory

Consistently excellent...The level and coverage of the content make this an invaluable reference for students studying criminology or taking criminal psychology modules at degree level and beyond. (Adam Tocock, Reviews). In discussing a criminology topic, lecturers and course textbooks often toss out names of theorists or make a sideways reference to a particular theory and move on, as if assuming their student audience possesses the necessary background to appreciate and integrate the reference. However, university reference librarians can tell you this is often far from the case. Students often approach them seeking a source to provide a quick overview of a particular theory or theorist with just the basics - the who, what, where, how and why, if you will. And reference librarians often find it difficult to guide these students to a quick, one-stop source. In response, SAGE Reference is publishing the two-volume Encyclopedia of Criminological Theory, available in both print and electronic formats. This serves as a reference source for anyone interested in the roots of contemporary criminological theory. Drawing together a team of international scholars, it examines the global landscape of all the key theories and the theorists behind them, presenting them in the context needed to understand their strengths and weaknesses. In addition to interpretations of long-established theories, it also offers essays on cutting-edge research as one might find in a handbook. And, like an unabridged dictionary, it provides concise, to-the-point definitions of key concepts, ideas, schools, and figures. Coverage will include: contexts and concepts in criminological theory the social construction of crime policy implications of theory diversity and intercultural contexts conflict theory rational choice theories conservative criminology feminist theory.

Surrealism's Ghostly Automatic Body

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. The terms are interchangeable in English. Spiritism is defined as “the doctrine or practices of spiritualism” (Random House Unabridged Dictionary). In French they are not. 2. These were the Fox sisters, in Hydesville, New York. See Chéroux and Fischer. 3. What we think of as Bretonian surrealism actually grew out of Desnos’ performative automatism. See my Robert Desnos, Surrealism, and the Marvelous in Everyday Life. 4. Wylie Sypher explains how baroque space “arises from a contradiction: first, setting monumental limits and seeming to perform a heroic feat of liberation. Infinity is the boldest baroque illusion. Actually, however, baroque encloses its areas firmly” (214). 5. See my study of the portrayal of women's bodies as/in domestic spaces by Lee Miller, Remedios Varo, Dorothea Tanning, and Francesca Woodman in “Safe as Houses: Anamorphic Bodies in Ordinary Spaces: Miller, Varo, Tanning, and Woodman.”

국어대사전의 표제어에 나타나는 한자 정보

한글과 한자가 혼합되어 나타나는 분야의 언어정보처리를 수행하기 위해서는 한글 및 한자 정보를 동시에 지원할 수 있는 전자 사전이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 국어대사전의 표제어에 나타나는 한자 통계 정보에 대하여 고찰하였다. 대상 정보는 KSC-5601 코드에 기초하여 엔트리에 한자가 포함된 엔트리 수, 엔트리에 나타나는 한자의 음과 훈의 출현빈도 수, 품사별 한자 출현빈도수, 엔트리당 평균 출현 한자 수 등이다. 440,594개의 표제어 중 303,951개에서 한 글자 이상의 한자가 나타나 68.99%의 표제어에서 한자가 출현 하였다. 440,594개의 표제어에서 858,595글자의 한자를 포함하고 있어 표제어 당 평균 1.95개의 한자가 출현하였다. 표제어의 평균 음절길이 3.56이고 1.95개의 한자가 출현하므로 표제어를 구성하는 글자 중 54.78%가 한자임을 알 수 있다. 4,888개의 한자 코드 중 한번 이상 출현한 한자는 4,660개이며, 228개의 한자는 한 번도 출현하지 않았다. 4,000번 이상 출현하는 한자는 5개였다. 엔트리에 출현하는 858,595개의 한자에 대응하는 한글 음은 471개였다. For language information processing that includes both Hangul and Hanja, an electronic dictionary supporting Hangul and Hanja simultaneously is necessary. This paper examined statistical information on Hanja entries of Korean Unabridged Dictionary such as the number of entries that include Hanja based on the KSC-5601 character set, the frequency of the pronunciation and meaning of each character of Hanja included in the entries, the frequency per part of speech of Hanja in entries and the average number of Hanja characters per entry. At least one or more of Hanja characters appear in 303,951 entries out of 440,594, accounting for 68.99% of the total. 858,595 characters of Hanja are included in the 440,594 entries, which is 1.95 Hanja characters per entry. As the average syllable length of the entries is 3.56 and the average count of the Hanja characters per entry is 1.96, it can be said that 54.7% of all the characters of the entries are in Hanja. Among 4,888 Hanja character codes, 4,660 are used once or more, whereas 228 Hanja codes never appear in any entry. There were 5 characters which appear more than 4,000 times. A total of 858,595 Hanja characters used in all the entries correspond to 471 Hangeul codes.

Discretion in Direct Practice: New Perspectives

The study of clinical decision making in social work has focused on various areas over years, such as diagnosis, treatment planning, crisis intervention, and evidence-based practice. Major concerns over accountability and legal liability have recently caused study of clinical decision making to focus almost solely on ethical situations. Although important, these developments have, unfortunately, led to neglect of study of more common kinds of clinical judgment, despite fact that authors have indicated that major ethical decision making occupies only a small percentage of most practitioners' time (Vinzant & Crothers, 1998). Therefore, it would seem important to reexamine aspects of typical everyday decision making in direct practice. This article examines one such aspect, that of practitioner discretion, which has lately drawn attention in social work for its importance in certain types of clinical decision making (Torczyner, 1991; Vinzant & Crothers, 1998). DISCRETION IN SOCIAL WORK Discretion has been described as art of making opportune, strategic decisions while seeking solutions to common practical problems (Simon, 1988). According to Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of English Language (1989), discretion can be defined as the power or right to decide or act according to one's own and also implies of judgment or choice. Such decision making has also been characterized as flexible experimental (Handler, 1986), intuitive, and responsive to client demands and needs (Stivers, 2001). For numerous examples of discretionary decision making, also featured in any number of social work texts, one easily available resource is work of Gibelman (2005). In making practical decisions, discretion (or prudence, to use traditional terminology) is often vitally important because it helps practitioners make decisions that are opportune, timely, and effective in often stressful social circumstances (Simon, 1988; Torczyner, 1991). The study of such decision making in social work practice originated in pioneering work of Mary Richmond (1917). Throughout 1920s and 1930s, other social work authors elaborated on her work and its implications (Follett, 1973). Although none of these authors specifically set out to analyze concept of discretion itself, their efforts contributed greatly to an improved understanding of ways in which this process is used in direct social work practice. In 1940s and 1950s, focus on insight-oriented approaches in social work helping relationship increased and deepened, and social work authors largely abandoned their efforts to better understand practitioner's use of discretion in practical decision-making efforts. The growing psychiatric emphasis of that time also reinforced such tendencies, which in turn led to a lack of attention to situational factors and practitioner's cognitive activity. However, starting in 1960s, following appearance of several works examining role and activities of community planner (Rabinovitz, 1970) and mental operations of practitioners (Schon, 1983), examination of practitioner involvement in everyday helping relationship issues gained renewed momentum in social work theory. Unfortunately, topic of practitioner discretion had by this time become viewed with suspicion and distaste by public administrators and some social scientists (Gummer, 1979), who viewed freedom of decision by professionals as lawless, unpredictable, and in need of rigorous control through accountability measures (Packer, 1968; Torczyner, 1991). Because of contentious legal climate engendered by such sentiments, topic of practitioner discretion again waned in clinical interest, and ethical aspects of practitioner decision making assumed dominant importance in practice theory (Reamer, 2001). REEXAMINING DISCRETION At present, growing influence on social work practice theory of other fields of practice enquiry, such as management, medicine, social sciences, and psychology, has once again helped to draw attention to direct practitioner's use of discretion in a wide variety of helping situations and problem-solving contexts (Keigher, 2001). …

국어사전에서의 -어/-아 계열 어미의 결합 정보 기술에 대하여

The aim of this paper is to examine inflections according to conditions of stems and syntagmatic environments of endings beginning with '-?/-α'. This papre would propose an alternative method which reflects these aspects on Korean unabridged dictionary. This paper examined the final vowel of stems and specifically presented syntagmatic environments of '-?' and'-α'. We also totally adjusted inflections of endings beginning with'-?/-α' according to patterns of the last syllable of stems. In many of former unabridged dictionaries, explanation about syntagmatic environments of ending beginning with '-?/-α' is provided as 'the method of complementary classification'. And various inflectional aspects of endings are given in appendix. To offer more obvious and accurate informations on endings beginning with'-?/-α', employing 'the method that describes syntagmatic environments' is better than employing 'the method of complementary classification', for there are difficulties in setting up a single and absolute criterion on choosing between '-?' and '-α'. We also suggest it is more efficient way that various inflections of endings are provided in additional informations of an entry, not in appendix.

Understanding and managing CEO celebrity

Chances are that most Business Horizons readers recognize the names Mary Kay Ash, Jeff Bezos, Richard Branson, Carly Fiorina, Steve Jobs, Herb Kelleher, and Sam Walton. What these women and men have in common is that they are, or were, celebrities, and their celebrity status is primarily the result of their roles in leading companies. Celebrity CEOs are not a new phenomenon. In the early 20 century, industrial barons such as Ford, Rockefeller, and Vanderbilt were household names. However, in our era of mass and instant media, celebrity CEOs have become more prevalent and visible. What exactly is CEO celebrity? Hayward, Rindova, and Pollock (2004, p. 639) define CEO celebrity as a circumstance arising ‘‘when journalists broadcast the attributions that a firm’s positive performance has been caused by its CEO’s actions.’’ In considering the broader concept of celebrity, the Random House Unabridged Dictionary (2006) offers a definition of ‘‘fame; renown.’’ The synonyms listed include ‘‘distinction,’’ ‘‘note,’’ ‘‘eminence,’’ and ‘‘stardom.’’ Absent from these dictionary definitions are any normative overtones implying celebrity is purely

Australian Aboriginal Words in Dictionaries: A History

Over 400 words have been borrowed from the Aboriginal languages of Australia into Australian English, some into other varieties of English and thence into other languages. A chronological account is provided of how English dictionaries have dealt with the commonest loans — kangaroo, boomerang, koala, dingo, wombat and a few more. There is comparison with the way in which loans from American and African languages were treated. Although there were ca 250 distinct indigenous languages in Australia, words taken from them were marked just as ‘Aboriginal’ or ‘native Australian’ until the publication of the second edition of the unabridged Random House Dictionary in 1987, of The Australian National Dictionary in 1988 and of Australian Words in English, their Origin and Meaning in 1990. The paper concludes with a survey of the ways in which other dictionaries have dealt with the newly-made-available etymologies.

A Multidimensional Scaling of College Students' Perceptions of Academic Dishonesty

Academic integrity is one of fundamental values of higher education. And yet cheating on tests and other forms of academic dishonesty are rampant, with McCabe (1993) concluding that student cheating is pervasive (p. 648) and others claiming that it is reaching epidemic proportions (Desruisseaux, 1999, p. A45). At first glance, it appears that percentage of students who report engaging in some type of cheating behavior varies extensively across studies. For example, in review by Whitley (1998), prevalence rates of academic dishonesty range from 9% to 95%. And Jendrek (1992) summarized that percentage of students who have self-reported engaging in some form of academic dishonesty has ranged from 40% to 90%. A closer look, however, reveals consistent estimates of cheating of well over 50% at both school and college level. Most of research on prevalence has been conducted at college level, with moderate amount also done with school students and much less so with elementary school students. Cizek (1999) summarizes research by concluding that approximately one third of elementary-school-aged students report cheating personally and ... [they] believe cheating by others is even more frequent (p. 15). At school level, a percentage of admitted cheating is consistent finding (p. 16) and at college level it is remarkably and uniformly high (p. 21). Moreover, not only has percentage of students who report engaging in some form of cheating behavior remained consistently over past fifty years, it has also been suggested that it is an underestimate of actual cheating rates (Allen, Fuller, & Luckett, 1998; Scheers & Dayton, 1987) since majority of data has been gathered through surveys, in particular self-report surveys. In addition to prevalence, which has been most widely studied aspect of academic dishonesty, much research has examined reasons students give for cheating (e.g., grades, competition, difficulty of task, time commitment). The correlates of cheating have also received attention, with research focusing on such issues as demographic differences (e.g., gender, achievement, age, fraternity/sorority membership), personality and other psychological constructs (e.g., moral reasoning, attitudes toward cheating), and environmental/situational factors (e.g., class size, proctoring concerns, opportunity to cheat). Reviews of much of this research can be found in Cizek (1999) and Whitley (1998). Institutional and faculty response has also been subject of research. For example, although faculty members report that they do not tolerate academic dishonesty, research reveals that they do little or nothing in response to such behavior. This is particularly alarming when it is clear that faculty have unique opportunity to affect student's understanding of academic standards and integrity (Gehring & Pavela, 1994), and student's perception of faculty member's response may affect his or her decision whether or not to cheat (Fass, 1986). Definitions of Academic Dishonesty Perhaps these issues are neglected, in part, because there is no commonly accepted, standard definition of what constitutes academic dishonesty. It appears deceptively easy to provide definition of cheating. For example, according to Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary (1983), cheating is defined as the act of defrauding by deceitful means (p. 308). However, it is far more difficult to arrive at agreement as to particular behaviors that could be classified as cheating, not to mention examining dimensions that people use in arriving at that classification (e.g., seriousness of offense, justification). Previous research has made implicit assumptions regarding academic integrity, definitions of academic dishonesty, and perceived seriousness of various cheating behaviors. …