UN General Research Articles

The Role of the European Union in Palestinian State-Building

This paper examines the role of the European Union (EU) in creating a Palestinian state and whether there is a coherent unity among EU Member States regarding its recognition. The research hypothesis is that EU Member States do not unanimously recognize the legitimacy of a Palestinian state, despite the EU's collective belief in creating a two-state solution. The methodology combines qualitative and quantitative research. The qualitative research involves understanding political processes and analyzing relevant scientific studies and documents. The quantitative research involves statistical analysis of voting outcomes of EU Member States in the UN General Assembly (UNGA). The analysis of UNGA resolutions between 2012 and 2022 found that there is no coherent unity among EU Member States regarding the recognition of a Palestinian state. Although the EU collectively supports a two-state solution, the foreign policy used has been insufficient to overcome the deep-rooted conflicts. In conclusion, the research suggests that a more effective approach is required to overcome the deep-rooted conflicts and achieve a common ground concerning the recognition of a Palestinian state. There is a need for a shift in the political and legal framework, which may be influenced by potential geopolitical reorganization in the Middle East.

Відносини «лікар - пацієнт - рідні пацієнта»: проблеми правового регулювання

The abstracts are stated as a consequence of the conclusions approved by the decision of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine «On the Recommendations of the Parliamentary Hearings on the topic: «Organization of the anti-cancer fight in Ukraine. Problems and the ways to solve them» from 02.09.2020 № 862-IX, and the World Health Assembly Resolution «Cancer prevention and control in the context of an integrated approach» (WHA70.12) dated by 2017. In particular, the Resolution calls on governments and the World Health Organization to accelerate actions aimed at achieving the goals mentioned in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by UN General Assembly Resolution A/70/L.1 on 25 September 2015, in order to reduce premature deaths from cancer. One of the key points of this Resolution is to call on countries to develop standards and tools for management of planning and implementation of activities in the field of prevention, early diagnosis, screening, cancer treatment, as well as palliative care and assistance to people after treatment, including children with cancer. The difficult situation with the provision of palliative care to cancer patients in the terminal stage of the disease, the lack of sufficient material base and qualified staff requires additional involvement of the patient’s relatives and persons supervising them in the assistance. Improvement and clear legislative regulation of legal norms that in one way or another affect the effective construction of the relationships «doctor-patient-patient relative» should be the key to achievement of the maximum effect. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Quantitative Analysis of the Impact of Official Development Assistance of the United States and China on the Voting of Sub-Saharan Africa in the UN General Assembly

The subject of the study is the development assistance of the United States and China to Sub-Saharan states and its impact on the voting of recipient countries in the UN General Assembly.The object of the study is the relations of the United States and China with Sub-Saharan Africa. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as development assistance, as well as voting in the UN General Assembly. Particular attention is paid to the impact of development assistance from donor States represented by the United States and China on the voting in the UNGA of recipient states on key issues of interest to China and the United States. The main conclusions of this study are the following: the more African countries receive more aid from the United States, the more they tend to vote for the same opinion as the United States in the UN General Assembly. On the other hand, China's assistance did not have a significant impact on the similarity of foreign policy between China and the recipient African States. The novelty of the study lies in the regression analysis. In addition to the amount of aid to African countries in the United States and China, the work includes variables that may influence the UN General Assembly vote on African recipient States in the statistical model as control variables based on existing research.

From the right to a healthy planet to the planetary right to health

The rich potential of legal rights in advancing planetary health is no longer untapped.1 In July, 2022, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution A/76/L.75, which recognised “the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment as a human right”, by a landslide of 161 votes. This historic resolution stands on the shoulders of a long line of UN initiatives, such as the Human Rights Council's Resolution 48/13, which was enacted in October, 2021, and recognised the right to a healthy environment as “important for the enjoyment of human rights”.

Is There a Role for the International Community in Palestinian State-building?

The European Union is known to be in favour of a two-state solution, but the question arises whether the two-state solution is a pan-European position, or there are Member States that have a "separate" policy, either in support of their national interests or because of historical and religious traditions and might have a different vision of the Middle East peace process. In my research, I am looking for answers to the question about the existing role of the international community in the creation of a Palestinian state. As a precondition for the emergence of an independent state, I hypothesize that EU member states do not recognize unanimously the legitimacy of a Palestinian State, despite the European Union's collective belief in the creation of a two-state solution. The research also highlights that the parties involved in state-building and peacebuilding do not necessarily shape their relations and policies in the interests of the international community. The Israeli-Palestinian peace process can partly facilitate the creation of a Palestinian State. Individual interpretations of the agreements and inflexibility on both sides have meant that neither the peace process nor state-building has made much progress in recent decades. In the research methodology, I conducted theoretical and empirical research and examined the resolutions of the UN General Assembly between 2012 and 2022. For each resolution, I examined the voting mechanism of the EU Member States in terms of whether they support the creation of Palestine or whether they support Israel. The evaluation of these results and the drawing of independent conclusions are the individually added values of the research. I draw conclusions from the voting mechanisms I have evaluated and from the involvement of the international community as to whether the involvement of the international community in state-building has been effective.

Speech Act In Joe Biden Speech “Build Back Better World” At UN General Assembly

This research discussed about President Joe Biden Speech Act at UN General Assembly on September 21, 2021 which aimed to find out the kinds of communication function in illocutionary act and to identify the perlocutionary act effect contained in the speech. This research use John Searle theory about classification of illocutionary act and John L. Austin theory about perlocutionary act. Then, the data were analyzed using descriptive-qualitative method. The writer used speech transcript as the instrument to find out the valid data. There were five of kinds communication function in illocutionary act that President Joe Biden used in his speech which were, assertives (giving information, remaining, assure, and statement), directives (suggesting, and requesting), commissives (promising, offering, and pledge), expressives (express his feelings), and declaratives (declare that United State has stop with war). The writer also found 4 perlocutionary act effects and responses from the audience, which were; pandemic Covid-19 donation, American government ended conflict in Afghanistan, the responses of United State government to the climate crisis, and American government will continue to be the largest contributor to humanitarian assistance.

РАЗРЕШЕНИЕ РОССИЙСКИМИ СУДАМИ ЧАСТНОПРАВОВЫХ СПОРОВ, ОСЛОЖНЕННЫХ ИНОСТРАННЫМ ЭЛЕМЕНТОМ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ИНОСТРАННОГО ПРАВА

Human rights education as a form of promoting universal respect and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms has been one of the priorities of the UN since its inception. In 2011, the UN General Assembly adopted the Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training, which sets out the basic principles and approaches of such education. The author reveals the meaning of the Declaration, paying a special attention to the unity and interconnection in its context of freedom of information and the right to education. The problems of the development of ideas about human rights at the present time are noted, and the issue of educational activities in the field of human rights in the Russian Federation is also touched upon. It is concluded that such activity is vital for modern society and requires the development of an active state policy in this direction.

Olympic Truce during the Nagano Olympics: Between Diplomacy and Public Diplomacy of the International Olympic Committee

The activities undertaken by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to realize the Olympic Truce initiative during the Olympic Winter Games in Nagano in 1998 offer a great opportunity to analyze how the IOC leadership communicated with the UN officials and political leaders of states. These endeavors included an attempt to secure vast support for the Olympic Truce resolution during the Nagano Olympics in the UN General Assembly (GA) and an attempt to secure the observance of the Olympic Truce in the light of the situation in Iraq and its conflict with the UN over the weapon of mass destruction inspections. In reference to both goals, specific patterns included communication through the intermediation of Olympic officials and communication directly by the IOC leadership. The Olympic Truce exemplifies how an international non-governmental organization, in pursuit of realizing its public diplomacy goals, engages in activities typical for traditional diplomacy.

The discussion of the “Hungarian Question” in the UN and the problem of Hungary’s Exit from the political isolation, 1957–1963

The most powerful uprising in Budapest on October 23, 1956, which immediately threatened the existence of the communist regime in Hungary, and the entry of Soviet troops in order to suppress it caused a wide international resonance, which on October 28 led to the discussions on the Hungarian question at the UN Security Council, and later, in November, at the UN General Assembly. In November, as tensions in the Middle East following the British, French, and Israeli attacks on Egypt, which had nationalized the Suez Canal, eased, discussions of the situation in Hungary came to the fore at the UN. Facing the opposition from the USSR, the adoption by the UN General Assembly in November-December 1956 of numerous resolutions on Hungary did not bring any real effect, with the exception of those that made it possible to improve the situation of 200,000 Hungarian refugees who rushed to Austria and Yugoslavia after the suppression of the revolution. In 1957, the General Assembly discussed the report of the special UN committee on Hungary, formed to study the situation in the country that had developed as a result of the Soviet military intervention. In the subsequent years, the United States and their allies used the discussion of the “Hungarian question” in the UN for propaganda purposes, in an effort to weaken the Soviet influence on the countries of the awakening “Third World”. At the same time, it occupied an increasingly peripheral position every year. Its subsequent fate was directly dependent on the further evolution of the János Kádár regime. The removal of this issue from the UN agenda in 1963 was a response to the announced general amnesty for the convicted participants of the 1956’s uprising. It finally brought Kádár’s Hungary out of the diplomatic isolation, in which the country found itself after the illegal change of power with the direct Soviet military support in November 1956.

Current State And Future Prospects For Russian-North Korea Relations In The New Geopolitical Conditions

North Korea openly expressed support to Russia in connection with the special operation of the Russian Armed Forces in Ukraine that began on February 24, 2022. Pyongyang confirmed its commitment to the Treaty obligations with Moscow when it voted against the anti-Russian resolution of the UN General Assembly adopted on March 2, 2022. Today, after a long period of reduced contact activity against the backdrop of tougher anti-North Korean sanctions since 2016, Russian-North Korean relations are noticeably strengthening, firstly, in the foreign policy sphere – both countries in the World space need support and solidarity in maintaining state sovereignty and the integrity of their territories , secondly, in the economic field - both sides are striving to restore trade and economic contacts by exiting the unjustified regime of sanctions pressure from Western countries. The article discusses the main areas, problems and prospects for interaction between Russia and North Korea. The main attention is paid to joint projects, such as the Khasan-Rajin logistics project, the construction of a road bridge across the Tumangan (Tumannaya) river, and the resumption of railway communication. The interest shown by the North Korean side in cooperation with the DNR and LNR through the mediation of Russia was noted. The author concludes that the mutual positive attitude towards maintaining the relations of friendship and cooperation between the Russian Federation and the DPRK formed over the past decades serves as a solid basis for resuming interrupted directions and establishing new forms of interaction in the context of the ongoing international sanctions regime.

Ecological and environmental policy of Uzbekistan: threats, problems and solutions

By the 21st century, the problem of environmental protection in the context of globalization, having gone beyond the framework of one country or one region, has an impact on the entire planet. On the path to sustainable development in the world, the United Nations calls on the countries of the world to agree on solving environmental problems and follows the path of uniting their strengths and capabilities for creative work. At the 63rd session of the UN General Assembly, held in 2009, it was especially emphasized that maintaining harmony on planet Earth in order to achieve fair proportionality between the economic, social and environmental demands of the present and future generations is relevant. Socio-political relations for the protection and improvement of the environment are studied in a number of higher educational institutions and research centers around the world. In particular, at the research center and university of Wageningen (Netherlands) (Wageningen Universit and Research), at the University of Bonn in Germany (University of Bonn), at the Center for Environmental History of the University of Elabuga (Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan), at Peking University (Chinese People’s Republic) scientific research is conducted in the following areas: imbalances between man and nature as a threat to the ecosystem, rational use of natural resources, practical implementation of eco-innovations to achieve sustainable development, improvement of organizational and legal mechanisms for the implementation of public environmental control, features of the development of world environmental historiography.

УКРАЇНСЬКЕ ПИТАННЯ У ЗОВНІШНІЙ ПОЛІТИЦІ ВЕЛИКОЇ БРИТАНІЇ В УМОВАХ РОСІЙСЬКОЇ АГРЕСІЇ

The article analyses the impact of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the development of international relations in the context of the armed conflict in Ukraine. The determination of the political course of the UK is the starting point of the research, which determines the following analysis of its foreign policy on Ukraine. The UK's role and strategy in relations with Ukraine and other countries during the conflict are also explored. The article deals with UK contribution to the resolution of the crisis and its support for Ukrainian sovereignty and territorial integrity. The article also analyses the impact of the UK on the position of other major international actors such as the United States of America, the European Union in their relations with Ukraine. The United Kingdom's relations with Japan, Australia, Canada, and individual members of the European Union (Germany, France, Poland, Hungary) are analysed in the light of the armed conflict in Ukraine and joint initiatives to support and de-escalate the situation. The article analyses various aspects of the UK support for Ukraine, including diplomatic initiatives with both individual states and international organisations, military assistance, humanitarian aid, comprehensive sanctions, and political support at various levels. The possible consequences of the UK influence on the future development of international relations in the region and possible ways of further cooperation between the UK and Ukraine in resolving the armed conflict is also considered in the article. The article deals with the UK's policy in the UN (the Security Council and the UN General Assembly) and its efforts to reform the structure of the organisation in order to exclude the possibility of the RF's influence on it. The country's policy in the Council of Europe, UN organisations, the ICJ and the ICC is another key point in the article in the light of the Russian Federation's responsibility for the situation in Ukraine. Close cooperation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland with NATO and the European Union is also assessed in the article with the aim of determining the actual level of political agreements between the parties to overcome the current situation in Ukraine. Some peculiarities of the regional policy of the UK determine the level of support of separate states to the UK directly and to Ukraine indirectly. The key aspects of the UK’s influence on the development of international relations in the context of the armed conflict in Ukraine are substantiated and contribute to a better understanding of the UK's role in regional and global politics. Keywords: Great Britain, foreign policy, Russian-Ukrainian war, Russian aggression against Ukraine.

Current status of water objects in Russia

The issues of the current state of water bodies in the Russian Federation are considered and their comparative characteristic with other countries, mainly Western European ones, is given. By a resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2018, a system of global indicators for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and targets for the period up to 2030 was approved, and one of these targets is devoted to the state of water bodies. Despite large water resources, Russia already has serious problems with the quality of water in water bodies and the degree of financing of water protection measures. The water quality of such rivers as the Neva and the Volga was very high a few decades ago, but now it causes serious concerns. For some ingredients, the concentration of pollutants exceeds the maximum allowable concentrations hundreds of times. Since the 1990s and up to the present time, the relative financing of water protection measures (as a percentage of GDP) in the Russian Federation has been constantly decreasing. The efficiency of the use of financial resources is also decreasing.

China and The U.S.: Moving Towards Sustainable Development Goals

This article compares the two largest economies of the world and the leading global actors – the United States and China – from the point of view of progress towards the sustainable development goals (SDGs), adopted in 2015 by the UN General Assembly as a ‘plan for achieving a better and more sustainable future for all’. The comparison was based on data from SDG indices developed as part of a project led by Jeffrey Sachs. According to the integral index, China still lags behind the United States, but is rapidly improving its position. Based on the consideration of all 17 SDGs, it is shown that for 3 SDGs, China’s indicators are noticeably superior to the United States, for 5 SDGs, China lags behind the United States, and indicators for the remaining SDGs are close by. The analysis made it possible to conclude that progress towards the SDGs for the USA and China is interconnected. Despite all the differences between the countries under consideration, common areas of success (quality education, poverty eradication, industrialization, innovation and infrastructure) and areas of lag (reducing inequality, preserving marine ecosystems, preserving terrestrial ecosystems) are identified. It is shown that China has historically demonstrated centralized and hierarchical schemes, operating primarily on a top-down basis, which allows for the initial establishment of a holistic and balanced approach and ensuring consistency in the implementation of plans. The US is characterized by a bottom-up approach that allows for greater flexibility, initiative and responsibility at the corporate and local levels. At the same time, US policy in the area of SDGs largely depends on the political attitudes of the administration in power. The multidimensional nature of the mutual dependence of the economies of the United States and China, the direct or indirect influence of these largest economies in the world, necessitate increasing coordination of actions and correlation of policies. The complexity of the transition to sustainable development and the inability of one country to completely solve them on their own leads to the need for coordinated and complementary policies. Therefore, it is necessary to consider ways to achieve the SDGs in the broad context of cooperation between interested countries.

ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ВІДНОВЛЮВАЛЬНОЇ ЕНЕРГЕТИКИ: ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИЙ ТА УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ПІДХОДИ

Fossil fuel sources are the main source of energy in the energy sector, meanwhile dependence on natural gas and oil is the biggest cause of the environmental crisis. In the future, the demand for energy will grow, and this problem cannot be solved only through non-renewable sources. In recent decades, positive changes have been observed around the world towards expanding renewable energy capacities as an alternative way to meet the growing energy problems of humankind and prevent further consequences of climate change on our planet. It was noted that at the moment there has not been adopted a unified international document that would regulate the sphere of using alternative energy sources and would be mandatory for execution, despite the growing interest in alternative energy sources. The European vector of Ukraine’s development contributes to the interest in the legal regulation of renewable energy in the European Union. The development of renewable energy industry sources is an important element of the sustainable development strategy, in particular: at the global level – the Sustainable Development Goals for the period up to 2030, adopted in September 2015 by the UN General Assembly; at the regional level – the EU Sustainable Development Strategy; at the national level – Basic principles (strategy) of the state environmental policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030. There were considered the provisions of the EU directives, the EU Sustainable Development Strategy, the EU Strategy in the field of energy and the fight against climate change until 2030, which are related to renewable energy industry. It were drawing attention to the broad interpretation of alternative energy sources in the legislation of Ukraine in comparison with the European approach, as well as to the ambiguous understanding of this term. It has been proven that the introduction of renewable energy industry sources in Ukraine is going on rather slow, which is primarily due to the imperfection of domestic legislation in this area, as well as low investment indicators in this promising branch of the national economy. The harmonization of the national regulatory framework with European legislation on this issue is attributed as the positive features of the legal regulation in the sphere of development of renewable energy industry.

A Study on Nomenclature Debate on the ‘Use of Force,’ ‘Armed Attack’ and ‘Aggression’ as the Right to Self Defence

International Law on Armed Conflict lays down specific guidelines on the conduct of the States, the parties who are signatories and conform to the international comity. The paper highlights the implications of the preamble of the United Nations Charter, which was introduced by the comity of international players in the Second world war to mitigate any possibility of another war. The state signatories to the charter not only aspired to restore peace but also to bring about standard norms of the conduct of civilized states through this Charter. The present paper discusses the juxtaposition of specific terminologies, which are considered one of the most important provisions of the UN Charter. The paper attempts to study Article 2(4), which prohibits the use of force by the member states. However, the juxtaposition of Article 51 along with Chapter VIII of the Chapter is also discussed, giving regard to the peculiarity of the expression ‘armed attack and ‘aggression’ in light of states’ right to self-defence. The paper throws light upon the negotiating history of these Articles along with other important documents like UN General Assembly Resolution 3314 and the Statute of Rome of the International Criminal Court, which has defined and illustratively underlined the meaning and context of the term ‘aggression.’ The jurisprudential evolution is also brought astute by the pronouncement of the International Court of Justice. The paper deliberates upon the interpretational journey of the text and the context of the provisions of the Charter and other documents and attempts to read between the lines of these terminologies to understand the present-day relevance and meaning of these provisions akin to the ongoing international armed conflicts in the world.

Empirical verification of the regional leadership concept on the example of rising powers

In the domestic and foreign scientific literature, a consensus has appeared on the identification of the rising state’s status as a regional power. Most often, the BRICS countries are being identified as rising states. In recent years, publications identified the MIKTA countries as rising middle powers that already have the status of regional powers or tend to be such. The purpose of the article is to determine whether participation in the BRICS and MIKTA formats allows states to strengthen their regional leadership or claim regional leadership. As a part of the empirical study the regional leadership of the BRICS and MIKTA states, on the one hand, is being considered from the point of assessing the material power attributes throughout the use of the Composite Index of National Capability; оn the other hand, we proceed from a constructivist approach to the leadership concept. This approach allows us to consider leadership as a constructed category depending on the recognition by powers of a different order as belonging to the region, the legitimacy of the regional leader status for one or another state of the BRICS and MIKTA. Methodologically we proceed from the fact that the category of legitimacy can be operationalized by identifying the cohesion of voting in the UN General Assembly of the BRICS and MIKTA states with the states belonging to their regions. The top numbers of the similarity index average value indicate the recognition of the regional leadership of the BRICS and MIKTA member states by the follower states belonging to their regions. At the level of the hypothesis, it is expected that the average values of the similarity index, firstly, will be equal for the BRICS countries and the MIKTA countries, and secondly, they will be set to top values. Thus, this article is to determine the correlation between the resource endowment of the state’s regional leadership and the legitimacy of such leadership.

The Right to a Healthy Environment: Beyond Twentieth Century Conceptions of Rights

The lengthy process culminating in the UN General Assembly's recognition of the right to a healthy environment provides important insights into the nature of today's international human rights regime. In particular, it shows that human rights have moved well beyond the impoverished conceptions of rights that dominated the second part of the last century, that new norms develop in ways that are more complex and flexible than traditional doctrinal accounts would suggest, and that today's process of norm generation involves a wide and diverse array of actors, with states sometimes struggling to keep up.

EXPLORING THE PLETHORA OF HIDDEN POTENTIAL IN THE QUEST FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: IMPACT OF ECOLOGICAL NICHE ON THE ENZYMES FROM EXTREMOPHILES

It is well known that microorganisms are omnipresent. It would be fascinating for scientists to encounter organisms that not only grow in normal conditions but are able to thrive in extreme conditions. Such organisms are suitably termed extremophiles including thermophiles, psychrophiles, alkaliphiles, piezophiles, and marine extremophiles, to name a few. The UN General Assembly has proposed 17 goals with 169 targets to attain sustainable development by 2030 with a motto of health for all. Microorganisms play a vital role in the well-being of not just humans but animals as well as plants. Of the 17 goals, goals 14 and 15 address life in water and life on land and the need for protecting our Biodiversity, both on land and sea. The soil on land is a hub for various microbes, likewise, microorganisms show equal presence in marine habitats, able to survive the extremes of conditions. The ability of these microbes to cope with such extremes of conditions makes them an ideal candidate in search of metabolites that would be suitable candidates for various industrial and pharmaceutical applications. It thus becomes significant to analyze and study extremophiles for their properties that include primary and secondary metabolites obtained from them. Enzymes from these extremophiles, known as extremozymes, could potentially be more stable which is an important aspect for various industrial aspects including pharmaceutical purposes. The present article dwells on extremophiles and the extremozymes obtained from them and how these could play a role towards achieving goals 14 and 15 that ultimately would also cater to goal 3, that being the health and wellbeing of all.

О некоторых подходах к исследованию международного порядка в области информации и коммуникации

The article analyzes new trends and features of development of the World Information and Communication Order (WICO). Particular attention is focused on scientific approaches of Russian and Western authors to modern problems of international communication. The role and place of WICO in the world order are shown. While in the 1970–1980s, the disputes around the establishment of the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) used to be a popular object of investigation in political, social and legal sciences, this interest died away as soon as NWICO ceased to be a factor in global political debates. However, the authors reject the attitude towards NWICO as being merely a historic phenomenon, because it has been referred to in the UN General Assembly acts until recently. As soon as the world order incorporates the urge for an ideal and objective reality, NWICO is considered as an indispensable part of WICO. In the article, WICO is regarded as a sub-system of the world political order and world economic order, which is greatly influenced by the developments experienced by the latter. In the meantime, WICO itself contains at least four sectoral sub-systems which have reached different levels of evolution: the technical cooperation sub-system, the economic sub-system, the content sub-system and the security sub-system. As far as approximately 55 regional organizations have established their cooperation frameworks in the information and communication field, WICO contains a highly developed regional sub-system which in many cases has reached much more advanced levels than the global WICO. The authors analyze the influence on WICO exerted by such trends in the world order system as non-state actors’ strengthening and the expansion of the order’s comprehensive rules on national policies’ spheres. The WICO evolution is shown as a continuous process throughout which its rules have emerged in the growing number of segments of the information and communication sphere, fueled, on the one hand, by the progress in information receiving, transfer, storage and processing and, on the other hand, by developments in the world political order and world economic order. According to the article, from the middle of the 19th century until early 21st century, this evolution had passed seven stages. The authors expect the upcoming switch to the realistic approach in the further development of WICO, which presupposes a restriction of its rules to those issues, which can be a subject to broad international consensus.