UN Declaration Research Articles

The principle of prohibition of violence in the family: implementation of European and international standards in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine

The article carries out a systematic analysis of the principle of prohibition of family violence in terms of the implementation of European and international standards in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine. The essence of the principle of prohibition of violence in the family is analyzed, taking into account the provisions of the UN Declaration on the Eradication of Violence against Women, the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Elimination of Violence against Women, the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, adopted in Maputo ( Mozambique) on July 11, 2003 and the Istanbul Convention. The provisions of the EU Strategy on gender equality for 2020-2025 have been studied. Attention was drawn to the need to implement comprehensive measures to prevent and combat gender-based violence. Particular attention is paid to the Directive on combating violence against women and domestic violence, proposed for adoption in 2022.
 The consequences of last year's ratification by Ukraine of the Convention of the Council of Europe on the prevention of violence against women and domestic violence and the fight against these phenomena have been established with significant caveats.
 The practice of implementing obligations to implement the mechanism for the prevention of domestic violence has been clarified, including through the analysis of the activities of various services in Ukraine, as well as national and regional statistics on domestic violence.
 It is substantiated that Ukraine is not responsible for the perpetration of domestic violence in the occupied and non-controlled territories. At the same time, it is responsible for the effectiveness of the principle of combating domestic violence in conditions of war in controlled territories. In view of the statistical data, the deterioration of the situation, taking into account the need to implement European approaches, it is proposed to make changes to the Law "On Prevention and Combating Domestic Violence" and to provide for such a form of modern violence as cyber violence and establish responsibility for it.

The Gambia and the Right to Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Health Care: A Legal Commentary

Health rights are important fundamental human rights. But unfortunately missing in the Gambian 1997 Constitution. Besides, the right to health does not only pertain to the mainstream sector but extends to the practice of medical pluralism. In promoting medical pluralism in a country such as the Gambia, rights to health should also extend to access to traditional and alternative remedies. The provision of the attainable highest standard in the profession should be the hallmark of the Nation.
 Article 24 of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples states: Indigenous peoples have the right to their traditional medicines and to maintain their health practices, including the conservation of their vital medicinal plants, animals, and minerals.
 The question is what is being done for the Indigenous Peoples in the Gambia to have access to their traditional and alternative medicines without any hindrances? In this legal commentary, I explore the constitutional provisions of the right to health in the Gambia and access to traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines.

Access to Justice for Victims of Crime in India: An Analysis of Section 372 CrPC

This article focuses on the right of victims to invoke Section 372 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. In India, over the past decade or so, concerns about victims of crime have increased significantly and the need for victims to participate in criminal proceedings has practically been built into the legal framework. Perhaps, the judicial process lacks in assisting the victims in a trial. This article focuses on cases where the victim appeals against an acquittal or for lesser offences or imposes inadequate compensation. Notwithstanding an appeal, this proceeding can also be dismissed for several reasons. While this paper builds the rationality behind invoking this section, it also looks into the extent to which this section could provide justice to the victims. This goes in line with the UN Declaration of basic principles such as access to justice and fair treatment, restitution, compensation and victim assistance. The absence of a definition of appeal in the statutory law and provisions for victims’ right to appeal delimits the scope of enhancement of sentence for the accused which is a right reserved only to the State. Moreover, this article helps researchers deepen their research on the perspective of victimology and the need for victim service providers to uphold victim justice.

International Legal Standards in Crime Prevention

A qualitatively new stage in the development of international and national criminal law was marked by the international standards created to combat crime and the treatment of offenders by the global community, which deepens their interaction and establishes conditions for crime prevention and the protection of human rights. The purpose of the academic paper is to identify the primary crime prevention standards, their initiators and disseminators, the principal standardization areas, and approaches to address the issue. The research aims to show modern international norms and standards based on investigating the UN declarations and other normative documents formed by international organizations considering their development prospects. The need for more scientific, legal literature on modern standardization in crime prevention determines the research relevance. Therefore, this research is based on the last three UN Congresses in world crime prevention. The results show systematized information and the standardization of crime prevention. The study reviews the primary standards in the criminal treatment and detainee juvenile offenders and methods of combating modern problems in the information space, human trafficking, and terrorism. Emphasis is also placed on gender policy, corruption, and other contemporary issues. The research shows that the UN holds the Congresses according to the social development and crimes variety once in five years. The relevant problems of the modern world are computer technology crimes, crime in COVID-19, and corruption.

Communities Setting the Direction for Their Right to Nutritious, Affordable Food: Co-Design of the Remote Food Security Project in Australian Indigenous Communities

Despite long histories of traditional food security, Indigenous peoples globally are disproportionately exposed to food insecurity. Addressing this imbalance must be a partnership led by Indigenous peoples in accordance with the UN Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. We report the co-design process and resulting design of a food security research project in remote Australia and examine how the co-design process considered Indigenous peoples' ways of knowing, being, and doing using the CREATE Tool. Informed by the Research for Impact Tool, together Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation staff, Indigenous and non-Indigenous public health researchers designed the project from 2018-2019, over a series of workshops and through the establishment of research advisory groups. The resulting Remote Food Security Project includes two phases. Phase 1 determines the impact of a healthy food price discount strategy on the diet quality of women and children, and the experience of food (in)security in remote communities in Australia. In Phase 2, community members propose solutions to improve food security and develop a translation plan. Examination with the CREATE Tool showed that employing a co-design process guided by a best practice tool has resulted in a research design that responds to calls for food security in remote Indigenous communities in Australia. The design takes a strengths-based approach consistent with a human rights, social justice, and broader empowerment agenda. Trial registration: The trial included in Phase 1 of this project has been registered with Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12621000640808.

Testing habitat suitability for shellfish restoration with small‐scale pilot experiments

AbstractThe global loss in ecosystem engineers has initiated calls for restoration, which includes the UN declaration of 2021–2030 as the decade of ecosystem restoration. As researchers dive into this decade it is important to consider the current state of an ecosystem to ensure restoration success. Pilot‐scale restoration has been recommended by global guidelines and standards as an effective starting point for restoration to provide valuable initial information to increase efficiency and success of subsequent larger‐scale restoration. To test habitat suitability, 4 t of green‐lipped mussels were placed onto three 2.25 m2plots at five locations with differing benthic environments and assessed over 2 years. This study had a mean of 85% mussel survival at four of the five locations, while the restored shellfish in one location were completely extirpated, most likely by sea star predation. This pilot‐scale restoration revealed location‐specific differences that have implications for ensuring larger‐scale restoration success, including mussel survival, density, and health, and recommends a timeframe of at least 18 months to properly assess habitat suitability. Overall, the results validated the efficacy of using small‐scale pilot experiments to test habitat suitability and optimize location selection to maximize success and efficiency of larger‐scale restoration efforts.

Philosophy Concept of Restorative Justice in Handling Juvenile Delinquent

Restorative justice in handling juvenile delinquent occurs because of the juvenile justice system growth. The increasing number of institutions that guarantee the rights of children in juvenile delinquent at the courts has led more implementation of the criminal justice system that applies restorative justice. Alignment between the 2000 UN declaration as the main principles regarding the use of restorative justice programs in criminal matters, the Vienna Declaration on crime and justice, the XI UN congress in 2005 on crime and criminal justice as a basis for researchers who passionate to examine how philosophical concept of restorative justice in juvenile delinquent and how the mechanism for applying restorative justice in juvenile delinquent uses normative juridical research. After conducting research, the philosophical concept of restorative justice in handling juvenile delinquent can be seen from before the rise of Law Number 3 of 1997 concerning Juvenile Court which refers to the provisions of the Criminal Code Articles 45, 46, and 47 which contain the authority of judges in making decisions regarding types of crimes, types of punishment and the length of punishment for children, Law Number 3 of 1997 concerning Juvenile Court and Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. In line with the philosophy of the mechanism for the application of restorative justice in handling juvenile delinquent, there are several regulations in Indonesia such as the Supreme Court Regulation Number 4 of 2014 concerning Guidelines for Implementing Diversion in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, Government Regulation Number 65 of 2015 concerning Guidelines for Implementing Diversion and Handling of Children who have not 12 years old and a certificate from the Director General of Badilum Number 1691/DJU/SK/PS.00/12/2020 dated 22 December 2020 concerning Guidelines for the Implementation of Restorative Justice in the General Courts.

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM FOR THE PROTECTION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES' RIGHTS

The article analyzes the institutional mechanism for protecting the rights of indigenous peoples at the international universal and regional levels, in particular within the United Nations, the African Union, the Organization of American States etc. It was established that in order to comprehensively protect and promote the rights of indigenous peoples, a number of bodies and specially authorized officials function within the UN structure (the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, the Inter-Agency Support Group, the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples). It is emphasized that the activities of such bodies and special procedures are aimed at raising awareness of the rights of indigenous peoples, promoting integration and coordination of activities in this area, promoting the application of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, preparing and publishing studies on the situation of indigenous peoples' rights, assisting Member States and/or indigenous peoples in developing legislation and policies related to the rights of indigenous peoples, identifying best practices and sharing them, etc. It was determined that within the American and African regions, an organizational and legal framework in this area has also been created, including: the Working Group on Indigenous Populations/Communities and Minorities in Africa and the Office of the Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. It is emphasized that the mandate of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations/Communities and Minorities in Africa includes minority rights, given that the protection of the rights of non-dominant minorities is key to ensuring the exercise of rights on an equal footing as well as socio-economic development, national cohesion, peaceful coexistence and conflict prevention on the continent.

Intimate partner Violence and Psychological Attributes during Pandemic - Violation of Right to Live with Dignity

Human Rights are inalienable. As stated by the UN Charter, gender equality is the fundamental right of every human being. As stated by the Vienna Declaration, women’s and girls’ rights are inalienable, integral, and form an indivisible part of universal human rights. The entire world has raised its voice and has reached its peak in the 1990s. India, precariously being a male-dominated society, has always looked down on a woman as a vulnerable group, to be dependent, owing to certain sociological, political, and biological conditions. Gender-based violence, as stated by the UN declaration, includes violence against women. It brings within it the broader framework of gender-based discrimination. In every nook and corner, we see and hear about violence against a girl child/ women irrespective of their age, caste, creed, social and economic conditions, and the happenings that shackle all humanity with ignominy. These instances profligately eliminate their basic human rights. Intimate Partner Violence is such a kind of violence, which is distinct from domestic violence and is most common among couples. It is a behavior prevailing in an intimate relationship that leads to physical, psychological, or sexual harm. It is restricted to marital status and extends to non-marital, extramarital relationships, dating couples, live-in relationships, and non-discriminatory. There are instances where women also abuse men in intimate relations. In cases of self-defense, women can be more violent against men. However, overwhelming instances illustrate women as victims in the hands of their male partners, existing or ex-partners. Though attached a social stigma to these relationships, the abuse meted in the hands of their perpetrators affects the physical and psychological traits. This paper mainly emphasizes the nature of Intimate Partner Violence, its instincts, the psychological disorders, and its effects on their right to live with dignity during covid-19 and concludes with possible suggestions and recommendations.

Attempts to introduce a system of national, racial and/or ethnocultural discrimination in codes of biological nomenclature should not be tolerated: Comments on some recent proposals (Wright & Gillman, 2022, etc.)

AbstractWith their article “Restoring indigenous names in taxonomy”, Gillman & Wright (2020) initiated a discussion that culminated in a set of proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) by allowing the retroactive replacement of scientific names and/or epithets of plants and other organisms in favor of “indigenous names” (vernacular names used by Indigenous Peoples). Here I emphasize several main topics and questions critically important for the suggested implementation of the proposals by Wright and Gillman. My conclusions regarding the proposals by Wright and Gillman are as follows. The “definition” of Indigenous People proposed by Wright and Gillman for the ICN is dramatically different from the working definitions and identification/self‐identification criteria of Indigenous Peoples provided in the UN Declaration on the rights of Indigenous Peoples (United Nations, 2007) and other relevant international documents. That “definition” is vague, potentially discriminatory, may bring unnecessary conflicts, and cannot be used in practice. Nomenclatural committees and the taxonomic community as a whole should not be involved in political debates about which peoples are indigenous and which are not, which bodies represent those peoples and which do not have that right. Giving special privileges in nomenclature to some groups of Indigenous Peoples but not to other peoples with comparable levels of traditional knowledge would be an act of unexplainable and unjustified discrimination. The argument of “demonstrable chronological priority” of vernacular “indigenous” names over scientific names used by Wright and Gillman is irrelevant in biological nomenclature and taxonomy and cannot be used in practice. The proposal to allow the use of “indigenous” diacritics in biological nomenclature would result in allowance of dozens diacritic signs actually used by various Indigenous ethnic groups, and should not be accepted. The replacement procedure proposed by Wright and Gillman will not work as they intended because they failed to outline workable rules for it. Science (the scientific nomenclature of organisms included) should not be biased or distorted politically, racially, ethnically, socially, genderly, religiously or otherwise. Any attempts or proposals aimed at granting preferences in biological nomenclature to any political, racial, ethnic, social, gender, religious or other group or groups should be rejected as discriminatory acts. Consequently, the “proposals” by Wright and Gillman should be rejected by the international community of taxonomists of plants, fungi, and algae.

World Children's Day 2022: power, policy, and children's rights to nutrition

World Children's Day on Nov 20, 2022, marks the adoption of the 1959 UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child. As countries reckon with multiple economic, health, social, and political crises, it is timely to address the rights of all children with respect to food. Governments can do more to protect children's rights to good quality diets, nutrition, and health. Globally, about a third of children younger than 5 years experience some form of malnutrition.1 Of further concern, healthy diets have become increasingly unaffordable for millions of children and their families or carers, with food insecurity increasing since 2019, particularly in South Asia, Africa, and other low-income and middle-income economies (LMICs).

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENSURING GENDER EQUALITY AND ANTI–DISCRIMINATION REGULATIONS: GENERAL ISSUES

The purpose of the article is to show and analyze the vector of the latest approach to the internationallegal regulation of the institution of women’s rights. The authors note constructive attempts to strengthenthe legal status of women in modern society at the level of UN conventions and declarations. The authors come to the conclusion that in modern international human rights law, as well as in thelaw-making and human rights activities of the UN, there is a tendency towards a more detailed regulationof certain social, economic, cultural, political and other rights of women on a democratic basis, whichcontributes to combating discrimination in regarding women.The article shows that the negative external factors caused by pandemics and cataclysms weaken thespeed of decision-making in the development of the legal policy of gender equality. Today we have to observea situation that is characterized by an abundance of international standards in the field of gender equality,but at the same time the achievement of gender equality remains a very slow process.

Shrinking Civil Space? Exploring State and Civil Society Perspectives on the Contemporary Situation of Human Rights Defenders in South Asia

This study analyses state and civil society organizations’ (CSOs) perspectives on the contemporary situation of human rights defenders (HRD) in South Asia using submissions to the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), the United Nations five-yearly monitoring process. The governments’ UPR discourse shows how their engagement is characterized by performativity and legitimation. They appear to embrace the promotion of HRDs’ rights in a way that advances governments’ political legitimacy on the international stage. Instead, analysis of CSOs’ UPR discourse reveals that HRDs face a raft of rights violations, including threats, violence and murder. Their work is being curtailed by increasing state restrictions on freedom of association and expression. The malaise is compounded by impunity for offenders, corrupt practices and governments’ failure to respond to earlier UPR recommendations. The analysis shows a strong gendered dimension to HRD oppression with women HRDs particularly vulnerable to all types of violation. These findings underline the extension to South Asia of what international analysis elsewhere has dubbed a ‘counter-associational revolution’, or the rise, spread and contagion of restrictive legislation. This threat to democracy in the region shows that key reforms are urgently required, including measures to ensure the justiciability of the UN Declaration on HRD.

Drowning in the Eastern Mediterranean region: a systematic literature review of the epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention

IntroductionGlobally, drowning is a significant cause of preventable mortality and morbidity. The Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR) comprises 22 countries of extreme disparity in income and is a region impacted by conflict and migration. We systematically review literature published on drowning in the EMR.MethodsPeer-reviewed literature (limited to original research) was identified using Embase, PubMed, Scopus, SportsDiscus, and Web of Science databases. Literature was independently dual screened at title/abstract and full text stages with dual data extraction (20% of included studies). Studies were included if they reported epidemiology, risk/protective factors and/or prevention strategies for drowning (unintentional and intentional; fatal and non-fatal) of residents, tourists or migrants in the EMR. Literature was assessed against the [Australian] National Health and Medical Research Council’s Levels of Evidence.ResultsSeventy-two studies were included in this review (epidemiology 68 studies; risk/protective factor 13 studies; prevention strategies 19 studies). Iran (n = 27), Saudia Arabia (n = 11) and Pakistan (n = 10) recorded the largest number of dedicated studies. Studies predominately focused on unintentional drowning. Ninety-two percent of included studies (n = 66) were ranked as being low evidence (level IV). The majority of studies explored drowning among children and adolescents (0–19 years). All-age fatal drowning rates varied from a low of 0.48 per 100,000 (United Arab Emirates; 2002; Ministry of Health death registry data) to a high of 18.5 per 100,000 (Egypt; 2014–15; WHO mortality database). Commonly identified risk factors included being male, young age, submersion time and resident status. Common prevention strategies public education, lifeguard supervision, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.DiscussionGaps in understanding of drowning burden in some countries within the region, as well as region-wide risk factor identification for adult drowning, intentional and migration-related drowning, impair the ability of nations to advance drowning prevention. There is a need for investment in implementation and evaluation of drowning prevention interventions in the EMR.ConclusionDrowning is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in the EMR. The recent UN declaration on global drowning prevention may provide the impetus to invest in drowning prevention research, policy, and advocacy with the aim of reducing drowning-related harms in the EMR.Trial registrationRegistration number: #CRD42021271215.

Indigenous People and Communities: The Role of Social Workers as Human Rights Workers

Indigenous people are the members of a group of people whose ancestors have lived in the same land since the time immemorial. While there is no universally recognized definition of indigenous people, but according to the United Nations Indigenous people are inheritors and practitioners of unique culture and the ways of relating to people and environment. They consist of a non-dominant group of people that share a common pre-colonial history with a culture, language, and belief system that is separate and distinct from the dominant social group within the larger society. The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples demonstrates the general consensus of the international community of support for the rights of indigenous people. Following points are mentioned in this article such as characteristics of indigenous people and, how social workers can move towards more empowering, rights based practice that develops individual and community capacity. Social Work curriculums across the nation all devote a significant amount of time and focus to looking at skills for working with Indigenous people and communities in the context of historical, social, economic and cultural considerations, so that the social workers of tomorrow are well acquainted in issues that impact on their Indigenous clients.

Racism and International Human Rights Law

Racism is as old as human history. It gives rise to different shapes such as race, caste, color, creed, nationality and origin. Ancient philosophers, namely, Aristotle, Rousseau, Hobbes and Locke have been against racism and supported humanity. Discrimination against humanity is a dark chapter for human rights. Art 1(3) of UN declaration presents to accomplish global collaboration by promoting and encouraging reverence for all human freedoms and rights devoid of difference as to race, sex, language or religion. Art 2 of UDHR speaks that “every person is entitled for all the rights and liberties mentioned in this declaration, without any sorts of distinction.’ 20th Century witnessed the abolition of slavery and trafficking of men in all forms. All the constitutions of the world have provisions of fundamental human rights without any discrimination and distinction, more than that, the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as well as his Last Sermon are the sources of fundamental rights, equality of all races with reference to ancient and modern laws of the world.

Ensuring Human Rights in Land Relations: Socio-Economic and Legal Principles

The opening of the free land market and the expansion of its purchase and sale in the current conditions of development of Ukrainian society and the state is an extremely relevant topic and requires appropriate scientific study from the standpoint of human rights. Therefore, the authors aimed to analyse international legal documents in the field of regulation of protection of peasants' rights to land and proposed scientifically sound proposals to improve the relevant processes in Ukraine. The work with the use of general and special methods of scientific knowledge (dialectical, formal-logical, systematic, historical-legal and comparative analysis) considers the legal framework and international approaches to protect the rights of peasants to land in the context of clarifying and summarizing the basic provisions of human rights documents. especially the UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other Persons Working in Rural Areas, adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 2018. The analysis showed that a number of other rights enshrined in the Declaration are mutually reinforcing and necessary for the protection of land rights, including the right to participate, the right to information and access to justice. As a result of the study, proposals were developed for Ukraine to fulfill its obligations as a member of the UN and a member state of the UN Human Rights Council in the field of protection of land rights of peasants. All branches of government in Ukraine, including the executive, legislature and judiciary, should be involved in the implementation of the Declaration by creating new mechanisms for human rights practices in land regulation and a system for monitoring the rights of peasants in the free land market at national and local levels

The human future. Space exploration, cooperation, and challenges ahead

AbstractThe year 2022 marks the 60th anniversary of the United Nations Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space. This could be a good opportunity to reflect upon the challenges that the developments of science and technology have presented to the theological thinking in the last decades. First, I would like to consider the historical context of the UN Declaration, then I will move to our present considering the challenges we face, to conclude with some implications for the theological thinking in a Catholic perspective.

Communication disability in Bangladesh: issues and solutions

ABSTRACT Context The UN declaration of Human Rights (1948) included people's right to be able to communicate. This gave all countries the responsibility to provide services for those with communication disabilities. However Speech Language Therapy (SLT) is largely a Minority (developed) World construction, leaving a question about how SLT could or should be constructed in Majority World (developing) countries. Solutions embedded within their context and culture are needed, rather than reproducing Minority World systems. Bangladesh is a Majority World country with a very large population. It has both issues and potential solutions in common with other Majority World countries, but also unique features of its own. Issues SLT services in Bangladesh began only 15 years ago. Social, geographic, economic, historical and political barriers mean they are often unavailable or inaccessible to those in need. There is low public awareness of SLT, but if this were to increase it would be faced by inadequate numbers of qualified Speech Language Therapists. There is a rural-urban divide and high amounts of poverty presenting challenges about how to fund such a service equitably. Potential Solutions The fledgeling SLT profession in Bangladesh has adapted to address local needs, culture, and circumstances, however more solutions are needed. This paper considers ways of raising awareness, improving background information on which to base decisions about distribution and funding of SLT, and taking advantage of a growing number of local tertiary training institutions to provide a solid professional base for SLT services to grow from.

КОДИФІКАЦІЯ КРИМСЬКОТАТАРСЬКОЇ МОВИ: ДОСВІД ЗАГРОЖЕНИХ МОВ ЄВРОПИ ТА СВІТУ

The article is devoted to the codification of the Crimean Tatar language on the example of the endangered languages of Europe and the world. The problem of codification of the codification of the Crimean Tatar language, in particular the normalization of the alphabet and the return to Latin script, requires the adoption of a number of laws and regulations at the national legislative level, as the success of codification depends not only on community perception but also state support. The issue of the preservation and development of endangered languages can be addressed not only at the national level, but also regionally and internationally. Thus, at the European regional level, the Council of Europe has adopted «The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages», which sets out the principles for the protection of regional and minority languages, including endangered languages. At the international legislative level, the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples regulates the protection and support of indigenous languages. In particular, for the Crimean Tatar language, it is advisable to take into account the experience in supporting and protecting the indigenous languages of Europe or the world (in Finland and Norway «The Sámi Language Act», Mexico’s General Law on the Linguistic Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2003), «The Welsh Language Act» (1993). It will be appropriate to choose a framework linguistic academy or commission on language and spelling, which would professionally address language issues, including codification, transition to the Latin alphabet, Crimean Tatar spelling, lexicographic and terminological codification, etc. The attention should also be paid to the experience of language codification via the Internet, mass media or YouTube channels, where forums gather to discuss language issues, standardization of certain norms, as wells as the Ukrainian experience in codification of Romani in the Council of Europe project