Umbrella Term Research Articles

Reinforcing the aneurysmal aorta by additional layering: old and new strategies to prevent rupture

Adventitial crosslinking is a method in current investigational stage for preventing the rupture of aortic aneurysms. It is based on the photochemical crosslinking of adventitial collagen by exposure to ultraviolet A radiation. Essentially, an adventitial top layer is generated that displays enhanced mechanical properties and imparts additional strength and stiffness to the aneurysmal wall. Looking back upon the history of aortic surgery during 1940s, the aortic film wrapping, then dubbed “cellophane wrapping”, also was a procedure employed for delaying the aneurysmal rupture. In principle, the two procedures are similar in that both result in laminar composites, although the top layers differ fundamentally from each other. This review discussed in some detail the use and clinical outcomes of the aortic wrapping with artificial films, also mentioning the contemporary procedures still grouped under this umbrella term. The focus of the review was a comparative view on two procedures, the aortic film wrapping and adventitial crosslinking. It was concluded that the methods are different in many aspects, including the mechanisms of action. In fact, the promoters of adventitial crosslinking were not aware of the prior existence of aortic film wrapping. However, the achievements of the classical wrapping, by now regarded as merely historical episodes, did not discard prior knowledge, but repurposed it in a process that led to innovative strategies.

Human Autonomy at Risk? An Analysis of the Challenges from AI

Autonomy is a core value that is deeply entrenched in the moral, legal, and political practices of many societies. The development and deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) have raised new questions about AI’s impacts on human autonomy. However, systematic assessments of these impacts are still rare and often held on a case-by-case basis. In this article, I provide a conceptual framework that both ties together seemingly disjoint issues about human autonomy, as well as highlights differences between them. In the first part, I distinguish between distinct concerns that are currently addressed under the umbrella term ‘human autonomy’. In particular, I show how differentiating between autonomy-as-authenticity and autonomy-as-agency helps us to pinpoint separate challenges from AI deployment. Some of these challenges are already well-known (e.g. online manipulation or limitation of freedom), whereas others have received much less attention (e.g. adaptive preference formation). In the second part, I address the different roles AI systems can assume in the context of autonomy. In particular, I differentiate between AI systems taking on agential roles and AI systems being used as tools. I conclude that while there is no ‘silver bullet’ to address concerns about human autonomy, considering its various dimensions can help us to systematically address the associated risks.

Performing Hunger in Taiwan: Images, Objects, and Reflections

In 1982, Hungarian-American artist Agnes Denes planted and harvested two acres of wheat on the Battery Park landfill, Manhattan, to draw attention to mismanagement, waste, and world hunger. More recently, from 2014 to the present, American environmental activist Rob Greenfield addressed food waste and demonstrated food freedom by dumpster diving and foraging. The ethos of these two examples align with Environmental Art, a general education course that I teach at Chung Yuan Christian University (CYCU), Taiwan. Environmental Art is an umbrella term for art that interacts with or comments on the environment. Among its subgenres, Ecological Art emphasizes the preservation and remediation of life, resources, and ecosystems of Earth. This article explores the online teaching pedagogy for the Environmental Art course final assignment, The Hunger Project, and its ramifications in relation to performance. Using Ecological Art and hunger statistics as a springboard, students examine hunger in Taiwan and in the global context. They consider various dimensions of hunger, such as access and distribution of food, and the question: why do the lack and the excess of food coexist? Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, I and students realized the entire “The Hunger Project” online. The pedagogical methods facilitated the “The Hunger Project Website,” where students staged texts, images, and objects to visualize their reflections on hunger. Working in groups, students addressed metaphorical “hungers”, such as the hunger for being healthy, linked social class to food consumption, and proposed education as an antidote to poverty and food deficiency. This essay considers the performative and educational significance of this learning process in relation to hunger action.

Exploring Cyber Fraud within the South African Cybersecurity Legal Framework

All countries are globally struggling with the challenges cybercrime presents to the cybersecurity legal framework. Fraud is not a new crime and existed long before the internet. The internet provides a threat actor access to a lot of potential victims and the use of various threat vectors to gain access to personal information by means of social engineering. It is therefore not surprising that cyber fraud has become a serious threat which continues to escalate globally. In 2021, around $100 million was lost in Canada due to online fraud. The United Kingdom (UK) Finance indicated that cyber fraud costs consumers more than £1.2 billion in 2022. The South African (SA) Fraud Prevention Services noted a 356% surge in identity fraud between April 2022 and April 2023. The cybersecurity threat landscape is ever-evolving with the UK Finance warning that the number of cyber frauds could surge out of control as threat actors begin to incorporate the use of Artificial intelligence (AI) to make their operations far more sophisticated and not as easily detected. In 2023 the United States (US) also warned that the irresponsible use of AI could exacerbate societal harms such as fraud. Cyber fraud, also referred to as a “white collar” or commercial crime, is an umbrella term to describe the commission of different types of cyber fraud by means of the use of various threat vectors. The threat vector used to commit the different type of fraud is continuously evolving, such as the use of sophisticated phishing to quishing and deep fakes which are aimed at deceiving the recipient in sharing information. The information obtained from a data breach may be used to commit cyber fraud. Irrespective of the threat vector used to commit fraud, all types of fraud present with the same elements, namely a threat actor who unlawfully and intentionally deceives a victim to benefit and cause harm. The discussion focuses on cyber fraud in general and not a specific type of cyber fraud. The purpose of the discussion is to provide an overview of the challenges cyber fraud present to the South African cybersecurity legal landscape.

Brain-Computer Interface Integration With Extended Reality (XR): Future, Privacy And Security Outlook

The Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a rapidly evolving technology set to revolutionize our perception of the Internet of Things (IoT). BCI facilitates direct communication between the brain and external devices, enabling the control or interaction of devices without physical intervention. BCI technology is becoming more sophisticated, allowing third-party software embedded in emerging technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR) to access sensors that read brain activity. These can be grouped under the umbrella term Extended Reality (XR). While BCI technology is disrupting the way data is collected, interpreted, and utilized within IoT networks, it is important to consider the potential privacy and security threats that it poses. Previous and not-so-recent cybersecurity research only scratched the surface in terms of security and privacy aspects of the then-emerging neural and brain-connecting technologies. However, recent advances in reconstructing language, music tracks, and imagery solely based on decoding neural signals pose a significant risk of mental privacy invasion and cybersecurity abuse. In this paper, we present an analysis of the potential threats posed by the integration of BCI with VR, AR, and MR. We analyze the involvement of major technological players in shaping BCI and XR advancements, examining the potential for these technologies to create detailed user profiles and reshape the monetization of user data in the ever-more-aggressive data-driven economy. We also outline a position view on the cybersecurity aspects that are not related to privacy and profiling per se, for example, cybersecurity attacks on the brain (e.g., ``brain rewriting'' attacks) facilitated by potentially vulnerable XR-BCI devices and software. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for further research on the privacy and security implications of XR-BCI integration and inviting deeper exploration of the topic beyond theoretical papers and toward a more applied experimental setup.

The eco-social aspects of the European Green Deal and the Farm to Fork

With the publication of the European Green Deal (EGD) in December 2019, the European Union (EU) has recognised a link between environmental and social challenges and the need to tackle them together. A body of literature publishing under the umbrella concept of sustainable welfare and the term eco-social policies has acknowledged the environmental and social nexus and has been characterised by six prominent eco-social aspects namely, the integration between environmental and social policy goals, their link with economic growth, just transition, redistribution and compensation, citizens’ participation, and the state’s role. However, an in-depth analysis of the eco-social aspects contained in recent European policy documents that can be traced back to the eco-social literature is missing. To address this gap, this article focuses on two policy documents considered at the heart of the European ambition of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050, namely the EGD Communication and the Farm to Fork (F2F) Strategy. The article applies a document content analysis of these two documents and uses the six eco-social aspects as a heuristic to analyse and provide descriptive examples of the EGD and the F2F. The content analyses of these documents reveal several elements that advance the understanding of recent EU policies from an eco-social perspective. The study provides knowledge of envisaged compensatory and redistributive measures to the groups and entities affected by the socio-ecological transition and initiatives to enhance a global just transition. Both documents also recognise the primary role of citizens in driving the transition, complementing ongoing eco-social research on participatory processes. The EGD and the F2F reveal also some distinctions in the way the eco-social literature discusses states’ role in eco-social policy-making, the relationship between environmental and social policies and economic growth and intergenerational justice.

Contextual factors and intentional rounding in acute hospitals: understanding what works, for whom, in what settings: a realist synthesis protocol.

This study aims to understand and explain the influence of contextual factors on the implementation of Intentional Rounding in acute hospitals using the realist synthesis methodology.Falls of hospital admitted patients are one of the most frequent concerns for patient safety in the acute hospital environment. The reasons why people fall are complex. International guidelines recommend a multifactorial assessment and effective prevention and management of identified risk factors in order to reduce the number of falls. Intentional Rounding (IR) is one approach for delivering this. IR is an umbrella term, understood as a structured process whereby nurses or care staff carry out regular checks with individual patients using a standardised protocol to address such issues as positioning, pain, personal needs and placement of possessions. This study will use realist synthesis to understand what works, for whom, in what circumstances, and in what settings. Realist synthesis is a theory driven interpretive approach to evidence synthesis. It is our intention to analyse IR as an intervention, which aims to enhance patient care and safety in hospital settings. The synthesis forms part of a larger implementation study examining interventions that reduce the number of falls that occur in hospitals. Search terms will include intentional rounding, purposeful rounding, comfort rounding and hourly rounding and will encompass search terms beyond IR and falls rates to avoid limiting the synthesis. This synthesis will conform to the RAMESES (realist and meta-narrative evidence synthesis group) publication and reporting quality standards. The findings will inform the next phase of an implementation study on IR in acute hospital settings, to address evidence informed enablers and barriers to IR. The results will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal and through presentations.

INITIATION OF THE FORMATION OF FIT VILLAGE AS AN EFFORT TO PREVENT METABOLIC DISEASES IN SINGOTRUNAN VILLAGE, BANYUWANGI

Metabolic disease is an epidemic phenomenon that affects both men and women from various ages, ethnic, and socio-economic groups. The term metabolic disease itself is an umbrella term that includes, among others: hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lifestyles such as poor nutrition, physical activity, and habits are risk factors that can increase the incidence of metabolic disease. Therefore, prevention of metabolic diseases is necessary, including for ordinary people. Metabolic disease, namely hypertension, is in 3rd place and diabetes is in 10th place, the most common disease suffered by residents of Singotrunan Village, Banyuwangi. In this regard, it is important to make efforts to prevent metabolic disease and even death due to complications from metabolic disease. This community service program is designed to create a fit village as a sustainable healthy lifestyle, initiated through health checks for screening, exercise training, education and discussions as encouragement to do regular exercise. The participants' pre-test and post-test results showed a significant increase in their level of knowledge (p=0.01). The results of the participant satisfaction test showed that 80.9% of participants said they were very satisfied and the rest (19.1%) said they were satisfied. It is hoped that the PKM activity to initiate a fit village in Singotrunan Village, Banyuwangi will provide motivation for residents to exercise regularly and can become a model village for residents of other areas.

Towards a New Criminal Offence of Intimate Intrusions

This article suggests a new approach to tackling women’s experiences of harm and abuse, particularly online, namely a criminal law of ‘intimate intrusions’. It seeks to reinvigorate Betsy Stanko’s (1985) concept of intimate intrusions, developing it particularly in the context of the ever-increasing prevalence of online abuse against women and girls, as well as establishing how this conceptualisation might manifest in law reform. Intimate intrusions, it is argued, provides a valuable umbrella concept that may better encompass both the range and nature of existing harms, as well as, crucially, the yet-to-be-imagined modes of abuse. Further, in suggesting a new criminal offence of intimate intrusions, this article challenges the common process of piecemeal criminal law reform, with each new manifestation of abuse resulting in a specific offence tackling that specific behaviour. While such an approach provides new redress options, it remains limited. Following an examination of recent reforms in Northern Ireland, where three distinct new criminal offences were adopted covering downblousing, upskirting and cyberflashing, this article suggests that the concept of ‘intimate intrusions’ provides a better foundation for a new criminal offence and outlines its potential nature and scope.

Employers’ request for employee independence: analysis of vacancies on recruiting sites

Effective independent action of a person in various areas of the economy is an important condition for personal success and well-being of the household, and the broader socio-economic environment, when the risk of reduction or deprivation of income becomes the most widespread. The authors investigated the request of Russian employers for independent behavior of employees in the context of categories of personnel, positions and branches of economic activity based on the analysis of job databases. Independence is most appreciated by employers in industries such as retail and information technology. These industries are key in the request for independence, both in the segment of low and high wages. Specific characteristics related to independence and requested in job descriptions are closely related to the position and the amount of the proposed salary. The authors of the article discuss the hypothesis about the heterogeneous structure of the skill of “independence” as an umbrella concept covering various manifestations. In the segment of low wages, the demand for characteristics that imply a conscious action of the employee and the ability to solve current tasks dominates. At the level of high salaries, employers additionally request the need for employees to demonstrate leadership competencies, generate ideas, determination, autonomy, multitasking, strategic planning, organizational management of teams and the launch of new independent projects (corporate entrepreneurship).

Qualitative research: Understanding its underlying philosophies

In the realm of research, it is emphasized that research must be grounded in a clearly stated research philosophy and set out early in the research process. It is significant because research philosophy enables researchers to promote clarity and decisions about the research design and guide them in identifying a suitable design. Therefore, understanding the underlying philosophies of qualitative research is crucial for researchers, especially those who are just starting their journey in this field. This paper aims to provide beginning researchers with a basis for the development of key philosophical understandings related to qualitative research. A descriptive analysis of the philosophies of ontology and epistemology and the subsets of philosophies under these two umbrella terms is presented as an introduction to the philosophical foundation of qualitative research. The paper serves as a basis for novice researchers to distinctively identify the philosophical underpinnings of qualitative research and as a resource that enables and guides them towards designing and conducting qualitative studies.

What's in a Name? Global Englishes—An Umbrella Term to Address Silo Mentality or a Misunderstood Paradigm Reinforcing Silos?

AbstractIn this article, I explore growing scholarship in various sub‐fields of Applied Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition (SLA) that explore the use of English in an increasingly globalized and multilingual world. With different, yet overlapping, conceptual frameworks to guide research, scholarship in various fields provide a growing evidence base on the need for change in TESOL curricula to better reflect the global use of English, and other languages, in an ever‐increasingly globalized world. I explore the introduction of Global Englishes (GE), an umbrella term and inclusive paradigm that was introduced to unite scholarship across the fields of World Englishes (WE), English as an International Language (EIL), English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), and to draw parallels with translanguaging and multilingualism. I provide clarity on the introduction of this broader paradigm, which aimed to unite such scholarship into a comprehensible framework to guide and facilitate a paradigm shift in TESOL curricula away from outdated “native” English norms. I end with a call to focus less on terminology and for scholars to work flexibly across academic boundaries to connect scholarship, particularly when it has a shared goal of achieving a more equitable English language education.

Understanding Dushta Vrana: An Ayurvedic Perspective on Various Characteristics of Chronic and Complex Wounds

In the realm of Ayurveda, an ancient Indian system of medicine, the understanding of Vrana (wounds) extends far beyond mere physical injuries. Ayurvedic texts delve into the complex nature of chronic wounds and classify them under the umbrella term "Dushta Vrana". Dushta Vrana refers to non-healing, stagnant wounds resistant to conventional treatments, often requiring a multifaceted approach to facilitate the healing process. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of Dushta Vrana, shedding light on its diverse manifestations and underlying causative factors explained by Acharya Sushruta and Acharya Dalhana. By exploring the profound wisdom of Ayurveda, we can unlock potential solutions for the challenges posed by these persistent wounds.

The "Road" to Malignant Transformation from Endometriosis to Endometriosis-Associated Ovarian Cancers (EAOCs): An mTOR-Centred Review.

Ovarian cancer is an umbrella term covering a number of distinct subtypes. Endometrioid and clear-cell ovarian carcinoma are endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers (EAOCs) frequently arising from ectopic endometrium in the ovary. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a crucial regulator of cellular homeostasis and is dysregulated in both endometriosis and endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer, potentially favouring carcinogenesis across a spectrum from benign disease with cancer-like characteristics, through an atypical phase, to frank malignancy. In this review, we focus on mTOR dysregulation in endometriosis and EAOCs, investigating cancer driver gene mutations and their potential interaction with the mTOR pathway. Additionally, we explore the complex pathogenesis of transformation, considering environmental, hormonal, and epigenetic factors. We then discuss postmenopausal endometriosis pathogenesis and propensity for malignant transformation. Finally, we summarize the current advancements in mTOR-targeted therapeutics for endometriosis and EAOCs.

Understanding AI innovation contexts: a review and content analysis of artificial intelligence and entrepreneurial ecosystems research

PurposeAn emerging research stream focuses on the place-based ecosystems where artificial intelligence (AI) innovations emerge and develop. This literature builds on the contextual turn in management research and, specifically, work on entrepreneurial ecosystems. However, as a nascent research area, the literature on AI and entrepreneurial ecosystems is fragmented across academic and practitioner boundaries and unconnected disciplines because of disparate and ill-defined concepts. As a result, the literature is disorganized and its main insights are latent. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize research on AI ecosystems and identify the main insights.Design/methodology/approachWe first consolidate research on the “where” of AI innovation through a scoping review. To address the fragmentation in the literature and understand how entrepreneurial ecosystems are associated with AI innovation, we then use content analysis to explore the literature.FindingsWe identify the main characteristics of the AI and ecosystems literature and the key dimensions of “AI entrepreneurial ecosystems”: the local actors and factors in geographic territories that are coordinated to support the creation and development of AI technologies. We clarify the relationships among AI technologies and ecosystem dimensions and uncover the latent themes and underlying structure of research on AI entrepreneurial ecosystems.Originality/valueWe increase conceptual precision by introducing and defining an umbrella concept—AI entrepreneurial ecosystem—and propose a research agenda to spur further insights. Our analysis contributes to research at the intersection of management, information systems, and entrepreneurship and creates actionable insights for practitioners influenced by the geographic agglomeration of AI innovation.

Formation, organization and function of invadosomes in cell motility and tumor invasion

Invadosome is an umbrella term used to describe a family of cellular structures including podosomes and invadopodia. They serve as contact zones between the cell plasma membrane and extracellular matrix, contributing to matrix remodeling by locally enriched proteolytic enzymes. Invadosomes, which are actin-dependent, are implicated in cellular processes promoting adhesion, migration, and invasion. Invadosomes, which exist in various cell types, play crucial roles in physiological phenomena such as vascularization and bone resorption. Invadosomes are also implicated in pathological processes such as matrix tissue remodeling during metastatic tumor cell invasion. This review summarizes basic information and recent advances about mechanisms underlying podosome and invadopodia formation, their organization and function.

The Elusive Concept of ‘Tradition Science’ in the Nordic Institute of Folklore Under Lauri Honko’s Directorship

Abstract The Nordic Institute of Folklore, internationally well known by its abbreviation NIF, left a lasting imprint on the history of Nordic and international folkloristics despite its relatively short operation period of less than four decades. The present article, first in a series of forthcoming articles on NIF, examines Lauri Honko’s directorship in the 1970s and 1980s and focuses on the changing of the institute’s field of operation from folkloristics to ‘tradition science’. The term ‘tradition science’ (traditionsvetenskap in Swedish, perinnetiede in Finnish) was never clearly defined in NIF, but was used – and it has continued to be used in folkloristics and ethnology in Finland – in three meanings: an approximate synonym for folkloristics, a joint term for folkloristics and ethnology, and (in plural) an umbrella term for an unspecified number of fields in the study of history, vernacular religion, and culture. The possible earlier history of the term is beyond the scope of this research, but there are indications that the term came into use in both Finnish-language and Swedish-language folklore research in the early 1970s, while the similar term ‘tradition research’ (traditionsforskning in Swedish, perinteentutkimus in Finnish) has a longer history. The term ‘tradition science’ was adopted into NIF’s statutes around the same time as the Nordic Council of Ministers – through which the inter-governmental funding of NIF was administered – initiated the expansion of NIF’s profile to cover folk culture “in its entirety”, suggesting specifically the extension of NIF’s field of operation to include ethnology. Whether NIF implemented this expansion or not, and to what extent, is a matter of debate, and the topic of this article.

Redefining Digital Twins – A Wind Energy Operations and Maintenance Perspective

Digital Twin (DT) technology has seen an explosion in popularity, with wind energy no exception. This is particularly true for Operations & Maintenance (O&M) applications. However, this expanded use has been accompanied by loose, conflicting, definitions that threaten to reduce the term to a buzzword and prevent the technology from meeting its full potential. A number of attempts have been made to better define and classify DTs, however, these either oversimplify the term or tighten criteria, leading to the exclusion of many DT applications. A new definition framework dubbed the Digital Twin Family Tree is therefore proposed. This widens “Digital Twin” to a general umbrella term for the technology, accompanied by specific definitions. DT Tags are also used to provide individualised characteristics for implementations. A sector-specific definition was devised for component and system monitoring and predictions in wind energy O&M dubbed a CS-DT and suitable DT Tags created. The proposed framework was used to review existing research in literature, demonstrating the potential for increased understanding, explainability, and accessibility of DTs for expert and non-expert stakeholders.

‘Greek Gypsies’, Greek dress and a blockade in the 1886 British press

Ninety-nine Roma from the periphery of Europe arrived in Britain in July 1886. They were called the ‘Greek Gypsies’ in the contemporary press and hailed from all parts of Greece and European Turkey, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and the Asia Minor coast, at a time when Europe was under a ‘Balkan crisis’. The ‘Greek’ epithet affixed to the foreign travellers in the 1886 British press was effectively an umbrella term for the ‘Graeco-Turkish corner of Europe’. It also associated a transnational group with Greece, a single, defiant nation over which the Powers had already asserted their dominance with a naval blockade in the spring of 1886. This article explores the political climate of 1886 in regards to Greece, the narrative of the ‘Greek Gypsies’ in the British press and the depiction of modern Greeks in the same year to show that, like the ‘Gypsies’, the Greeks physically and culturally represented at the time an Other both familiar, exotic and a supposed threat to Europe’s stability that Victorian Britain could not accommodate.

Living Capsules: Reflections on an Ongoing Art-Sociology Collaboration

Abstract Living Capsules is the umbrella name the authors give their art pieces, which are born from an ongoing collaboration between an artist and a sociologist who share interest in the relations between senses, bodies, and technologies. This reflective paper tells the story of the works’ cocreation. The authors first introduce the notion of biohybrid systems as their sociotechnical inspiration. Second, they mark out the conceptual space in which they began to prototype Living Capsules. Third, they reflect on how and why they blend their disciplinary practices. And finally, they share and discuss prototype pieces, sketching future directions for their continued collaboration.