Ultrasound-assisted Extraction Research Articles

Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) polysaccharides: Extraction efficiency, antioxidant activity, and structure features

This study investigated the effect of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) on the extraction efficiency, antioxidant activity, and structural properties of jujube polysaccharide (JPS), with hot water extraction (HWE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and enzymatic-assisted extraction (EAE) serving as controls. Optimal extraction conditions were determined through a multi-index weighted scoring method that comprehensively accounted for yield, duration, and antioxidant activity. Results demonstrated that the JPS yield obtained by UAEE at 22/33 kHz was 10.5 % to 16.3 % higher than those achieved by the other methods, significantly enhancing antioxidant activity. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that UAEE increased the content of key mono-sugars in JPS. Additionally, assessments of molecular weight distribution, zeta potential, and rheological properties showed that UAEE reduced the molecular weight and apparent viscosity of JPS, resulting in a looser structural configuration. These structural modifications were observed in scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, which revealed a filamentous branched morphology in JPS obtained through UAEE. Further observations using the atomic force microscope (AFM) indicated that the polysaccharide chains extracted by UAEE were shorter in length, lower in height, and free from aggregation

Designing sustainable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredients from seaweeds for functional gummies

Atlantic wakame (AW) and sea lettuce (SL) are edible seaweeds commonly produced in Asia and Europe, typically consumed as fresh or dried biomass. Because of the short shelf life, developing new post-harvest treatments, such as the extraction of bioactive compounds, is essential for establishing reliable macroalgae supply chains for food applications. This study aims to develop a sustainable and functional seaweed-based food ingredient rich in bioactive compounds for functional food applications. The results indicated that ultrasound-assisted extraction using 70% ethanol for 10 minutes was optimal for both SL (410±23 mg of gallic acid equivalent [GAE] per kg) and AW (666±63 mg GAE/kg). Both extracts exhibited chemical antioxidant activity and inhibited the protection of human plasma against chemically induced oxidation. SL extract did not exhibit free radical scavenging activity (DPPH). Importantly, no cytotoxicity (IC50>250 µg/mL) was observed in human-derived THP-1, HUVEC, HT-29, and HepG2 cell lines, ensuring the relative safety of these extracts for potential food technology applications. AW and SL extracts (100 µg/mL) reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species generation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged THP-1 cells by 66% and 30%, respectively, highlighting the higher antioxidant activity of AW extract. AW and SL extracts did not modulate TNF-α and IL-6 secretion to show anti-inflammatory activity. Gummies infused with AW and SL extracts had a higher total phenolic content than commercial products, but their antioxidant activity was lower. Sensory evaluation revealed that gummies containing seaweed extracts received lower scores for colour, taste, overall impression, and purchase intention than those without extracts.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of essential oils from Madhuca Longifolia flowers and its characterization

Madhuca longifolia (mahua), a deciduous tree growing throughout the subtropical region of the India is a potential source of differentiated essential oils (EOs) with distinct bioactives. The study aimed to assess the effect of extraction methods on the quantitative and qualitative divergence in the chemical composition of flavor compounds of mahua flower EO. The advanced supercritical CO2 extraction (SCFE) and ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UAE) was compared to the conventional extraction techniques such as hydrodistillation (HD), enzyme-assisted hydrodistillation (HDE) and soxhlet (SOX) for their high-quality essential oil (EO) extraction efficiency. The maximum EO yield of 2.074% was obtained by SCFE followed by HD (1.64%). The presence of significant amount of terpenoids, including 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, γ-terpinene, myrcene, α-terpineol, limonene, and L-linalool in EO was noticed with chemical profiling using GC-MS and E-Nose. SCFE method yielded EOs with best terpenoids as compared to other extraction methods. Furthermore, EO extracted using SCFE had higher total phenol and flavonoid content of 92.56mg GAE/g, 62.18mg QE/g respectively, and DPPH (100.06µg/mL), FRAP (91.52µM Fe(II)/g) antioxidant activity as compared to other extraction methods. A significantly (p<0.05) higher α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition of 37.16% and 43%, respectively, was shown by SCFE EOs. Total carotenoid content of EOs produced using all the extraction techniques ranged from 9.94 (HDE) to 29.673 (SCFE) mg/100g β-carotene. The “van krevelen” plots of CHNS analysis revealed ‘core metabolites’. This study illustrates that SCFE is a more effective method for EO extraction of high quality from low fat plant materials such as mahua flowers as compared to HD, HDE, SOX, and UAE.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of triterpenoids from Chaenomeles speciosa leaves: Process optimization, adsorptive enrichment, chemical profiling, and protection against ulcerative colitis.

For the valorization of Chaenomeles speciosa leaves, this study focused on extraction, enrichment, chemical profiling, and investigation of the biological activity of its abundant triterpenoid components. Initially, the total triterpenoids in C. speciosa leaves were extracted by ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method, with the extraction process optimized through response surface methodology (RSM). Under the optimal conditions of extraction solvent 93% EtOH, ultrasound power 390W, extraction time 30min, extraction temperature 70°C, liquid-to-solid ratio 25mL/g, and 2 extraction cycles, the maximum total triterpenoids yield (TTY) reached 36.77±0.40mg/g. The total triterpenoids in the crude extract were subsequently enriched by X-5 resin column chromatography, resulting in a fourfold increase in purity, reaching 73.27±0.84%. Thirteen compounds in the triterpenoid-rich fraction (TRF) were identified through UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, and five major triterpenoids (oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, maslinic acid, and pomolic acid) were simultaneously quantified by HPLC-QQQ-MS. Furthermore, TRF demonstrated a notable amelioration against dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mice, indicating its promise as a potent intervention for this condition. In summary, this study will contribute to enhancing the utilization efficiency of Chaenomeles speciosa leaves.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Tenebrio molitor

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Tenebrio molitor

Effects of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Gelatin Derived from Hilsha (Tenualosa ilisha) Scales

Effects of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Gelatin Derived from Hilsha (Tenualosa ilisha) Scales

Analytical Quality by Design Assisted Ecofriendly RP-HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Artificial Sweeteners in Commercial Food Samples Utilizing Green Ultrasound Assisted Extraction Technique: Greenness, Blueness and Whiteness Appraisal.

Acesulfame K (E950) and Saccharin Na (E954) are commonly utilized synthetic sweeteners that are added to various processed food products to improve the sweet flavor. It is essential to give priority to environmentally friendly technology while assessing them, as overuse of these sweeteners presents serious health hazards. The main aim of this study was to develop an AQbD aided ecofriendly RP-HPLC technique that can detect both Acesulfame K and Saccharin Na simultaneously incorporating green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles and white analytical chemistry (WAC); using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technique on commercial food samples. The usage of ethanol was in accordance with eco-friendly ideals due to its ease of use, speed, and lack of environmental impact. Rotatable central composite designs (rCCD) was used for method optimization and a mobile phase consisting of a 50:50 (v/v) mixture of ethanol and 1% aqueous acetic acid (v/v), the separation was carried out on a Zorbax column (SB-C18, 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a flow rate of 1 ml/min and a detection wavelength of 217 nm. Acesulfame K had retention duration of 1.134 minutes and Saccharin Na of 2.134 minutes. Acesulfame K and Saccharin Na recovery rates varied among different commercially available food samples, ranging from 65-102% and 75-101%, respectively. At the defined operating point, the developed procedure displays conformity with the previously defined requirements for linearity, accuracy, sensitivity, and repeatability. The most accurate assessments of greenness were produced by the GAPI, AES, and AGREE tools. Results from the Red-Green-Blue 12 (RGB 12) algorithm for whiteness and BAGI for blueness indicate that the method is very practical, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. The results of this study could pave the way for more eco-friendly and effective AQbD methods to be used in the future for evaluating various sweeteners using green solvents.

Ultrasound-Assisted Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) Procedure for Heavy Metal Removal in Sewage Sludge

Sewage sludge (SS) resulting from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is commonly applied worldwide as a fertilizer in agriculture. This can be done following a rigorous analysis of the sewage sludge composition. Due to its toxic potential, heavy metal ion content is one of the key parameters to test when evaluating SS sample usage as fertilizer. The distribution of metals present in SS samples produced by five municipal WWTPs in Romania was studied. To obtain information regarding metal distribution in SS, a modified ultrasound-assisted extraction procedure of the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) was employed for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Co quantitation. Concentrations of these metals were measured using ICP-EOS spectrometry. Method extraction accuracy was verified using CRM-483 certified reference material. Results show that extraction efficiency was lowest for the exchangeable fraction for all studied metals. The detected ion metals were found distributed in fractions (F) 2 and 3, which are unavailable for plants and groundwater under natural environmental conditions. One noteworthy finding was that using ultrapure water for the leachate test resulted in low metal solubility, indicating slight metal desorption in real environmental samples. Furthermore, maize stalk bio-adsorbent was used to minimize metal ion content in WWTP leachate samples produced by the storage of SS in terms of metal ion adsorption.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted anthocyanin extraction from agricultural waste purple corn silk for multifunctional hemp finishes

The utilization of agricultural wastes for textile dyeing has gained popularity due to their safe and environmentally friendly properties, as well as the resource sustainability. Natural dye extraction is usually achieved through solvent extraction, which is time-consuming, requires a lot of solvent, and degrades desired compounds at high temperatures. Thus, this study investigated ultrasound-assisted anthocyanin extraction from agricultural waste purple corn silk as natural functional colorants for hemp finishes, given the numerous health benefits associated with anthocyanin. In order to optimize the extraction processes and evaluate the synergistic impact of these conditions, response surface methodology was implemented. The optimum conditions were 1:15 material-liquid ratio, 47% ethanol concentration, 60°C, and 20 min, yielding 240.25 mg·L‒1 anthocyanin. The extracted anthocyanin was used for dyeing hemp fabrics and demonstrated satisfactory colorfastness, antibacterial action on both S.aureus and E.coli, with E.coli being more effective, and strong antioxidant (&gt;80%). The dyed fabrics also exhibited their great UV shield (UPF value &gt; 40+). Anthocyanin derived from purple corn silk could therefore be utilized as a natural functional color for medical and health products. Also, purple corn silk contains more anthocyanin than other natural sources, making it a promising natural anthocyanin resource in textile industry.

Trends in extraction techniques for the determination of organic micropollutants in liver tissues of vertebrates.

Determining organic micropollutants in liver samples of apex species is of foremost importance for biomonitoring studies, as it can provide evidence of environmental pollution and exposure of living organisms to chemicals. This review aims to provide a 4-year overview and summarize the trends in the extraction methodologies to determine both polar and non-polar organic micropollutants in liver samples from organisms of higher trophic levels. The dominant extraction techniques including ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), Soxhlet, and QuEChERS, as well as additional steps and/or modifications applied in the reviewed studies, are presented and critically discussed. The latest trends in these methods as well as a comparison between them considering elapsed time, robustness, cost, and environmental fingerprint are also provided.

Effect of various culinary treatments on the glycoalkaloid content of potato peel

Potatoes are one of the most consumed foods worldwide. During germination, glycoalkaloids (GAs) with potential bioactive properties are produced, which, at high concentrations, may have adverse health effects. Potato peels, a byproduct generated in large quantities but increasingly used in contemporary cuisine, contain significant levels of these GAs. This paper examines GA levels in potato peels after various culinary treatments (boiling, steaming, baking, air frying, conventional deep frying, and double frying) to provide new data and ensure food safety. An optimized extraction method using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was employed, followed by purification with mesostructured SBA-15 silica functionalized with octadecylsilane (C18) chains as sorbent in solid-phase extraction, prior to HPLC-DAD determination of α-solanine and α-chaconine levels in the samples. The method was validated, obtaining excellent recovery values (88 – 96 %) and low detection and quantification limits (0.3 and 1 mg/L, respectively). Upon application of the validated analytical method to the samples culinarily treated using the most common cooking techniques (boiling, steaming, baking, air frying, conventional deep frying, and double frying) at various times and temperatures, the obtained results demonstrated significant reductions (between 52 % and 84 %) in GAs content in the treated potato peels, compared to fresh samples. Statically significant degradation of these compounds was observed through baking at elevated times and temperatures (74 – 84 %), as well as both conventional deep frying and double frying (76 – 83 %).

The Effectiveness of Extracts of Spent Grape Pomaces in Improving the Oxidative Stability of Grapeseed Oil

Spent grape pomace is a by-product of Grappa production that is usually considered waste. Therefore, in this study, in order to promote the sustainable use of by-products from the food industry, we aimed to optimize the extraction of antioxidants from spent grape pomace and their use to improve the oxidative stability of grapeseed oil. Ultrasound-assisted extraction maximized the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, with the latter measured according to the ferric reducing antioxidant power. The best extraction conditions identified for spent grape pomace from red and white grapes were an amplitude of 40%, a duration of 22 min and a ratio of 1:37 and an amplitude of 40%, a duration of 25 min and a ratio of 1:45, respectively. Grapeseed oil, which is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and susceptible to rancidity, fortified with 10%, 20% and 30% of these extracts was evaluated in terms of its oxidative stability using the Rancimat method and compared with a control oil and an oil fortified with the synthetic antioxidant BHT at the highest legal level (200 ppm). For oil fortified with 30% of the extracts obtained from red and white pomace under the best conditions, increases in the induction time of 39% and 25% compared to the control and 23.01% and 10.62% compared to the BHT-fortified oil, respectively, were reported. This study highlights the potential of using grape pomace extracts as eco-friendly antioxidants to stabilize oil and contribute to the sustainability of the food industry at the same time.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction, characterization, and bioactivities of polysaccharide from Plantaginis Semen

Plantaginis Semen (PS) are the dried mature seeds of Plantago asiatica L. or Plantagodepressa Willd. in the Plantago family. Its polysaccharides are important components of PS. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction process of PS polysaccharides (PSP). The results showed that the optimal extraction parameters were a solid-liquid ratio of 1:35 g/mL, an extraction time of 73 min, and a molar ratio of 2:1. The yield of PSP was 0.64% and 1.20% by water immersion and ultrasonic water extraction, respectively, indicating that the DES extraction method (2.21 ± 0.06%) is superior to these two methods, and the optimization effect is good. Through the α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition activities experiment, it was found that the IC50 values of PSPs-1 were 1122 and 220.5 μg/mL. DPPH·and ABTS+ scavenging activity experiments showed that the IC50 values of PSPs-1 were 19.2 and 4.3 μg/mL, respectively. Its molar ratio of monosaccharide composition is rhamnose: galactose: galacturonic acid: glucose: glucuronic acid: arabinose: mannose: xylose = 33.6:13.3:6.5:3:2.6:2:1.4:1. Therefore, this study can provide an experimental basis for the establishment of an industrialized production process of polysaccharides and the study of their biological activities.

Optimization of curdlan production and ultrasound assisted extraction processes from Priestia megaterium

In this study, the upstream and downstream production processes of curdlan from Priestia megaterium were optimized to enhance its yield. Additionally, a novel extraction method was developed for curdlan recovery. Optimization studies were conducted using Central composite design (CCD). Curdlan yield improved from 0.15 g/L (unoptimized) to 0.46 g/L (3-fold increase) when fermentation was carried out in CCD-optimized media of (w/v) sucrose 20%, urea 0.1%, KH2PO4 0.02%, agitation speed 250 rpm. To further enhance curdlan yield during extraction, ultrasonication was incorporated as a novel step into the conventional method of acid/alkali-assisted curdlan recovery. A two-step optimization was chosen for extraction, namely, one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and CCD, wherein the optimized extraction parameters were determined to be 25 s sonication, 1 N NaOH, and 2 h solubilization time. The curdlan yield improved by 1.5-fold (0.70 g/L) post optimization, in comparison with unoptimized conventional extraction step. Finally, the biopolymer was validated through characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) which showed characteristic curdlan spectra in the13C and1H NMR studies. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first documented report on curdlan extraction using this novel method of ultrasonication.

Activity of Bambara Groundnut Seed Coat Extract Against Shewanella Species: Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action.

The Bambara groundnut is the indigenous legume in the southern part of Thailand. It contains a seed coat rich in polyphenols, which can serve as natural antimicrobial agents. The extracts from red and white seed coats of Bambara groundnuts, namely RSC and WSC, respectively, were prepared using an ultrasound-assisted extraction process. The extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), and antimicrobial activity of both extracts were examined. The RSC extract demonstrated a significantly higher extraction yield (8.35%) than WSC extract (2.34%) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the TPC of RSC extract (420.98 ± 0.27 mg of gallic acid/g dry extract) was higher than that of WSC extract (28.29 ± 0.91 mg of gallic acid/g dry extract). The RSC extract exhibited stronger inhibition against Shewanella putrefaciens and S. algae than its WSC counterpart. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF/MS) analysis indicated that the RSC extract was rich in flavonoids and polyphenols, while the WSC extract contained more triterpenoid saponins. Time-kill kinetics showed that the RSC extract reduced bacterial loads in a dose-dependent manner. Scanning electron microscopic images revealed that drastic bacterial cell membrane damage with a rough surface and the deformation of cells was caused by the extract. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopic (CLSM) images confirmed the inhibition of S. algae biofilm formation by RSC extract. RSC extract also suppressed bacterial motility, induced protein leakage, and reduced extracellular protease activity, thus highlighting its potent bactericidal effects. These findings suggested that the RSC extract rich in phenolic compounds could serve as an antimicrobial agent and hold promise as a natural preservative for perishable foods, especially seafoods.

Optimization of green extraction technologies for recovering bioactive compounds from Ixora coccinea waste flower biomass: A comparative response surface methodology and artificial neural network modeling

Red pigment from Ixora coccinea waste flower biomass was extracted using water as a cost-effective solvent for a sustainable source of organic color. The significant effect of selected variables on the method of extraction was studied for the green-extraction techniques, i.e., microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and conventional technique, i.e., heat-assisted extraction (HAE). Optimization of the pigment extraction was examined using response surface methodology (RSM) for each extraction technique. The parameters considered for MAE were power (W), time (s), pH, and solvent-to-sample ratio (mL/g) while temperature (°C), time (min), pH, and solvent-to-sample ratio (mL/g) were studied for both UAE and HAE. A training set for an artificial neural network (ANN) was created using the same design obtained from RSM. The modeling techniques (ANN and RSM) were then statistically differentiated by the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean square error (MSE) which revealed the superiority of the RSM regression design over the ANN model. It was found that the energy consumption of pigment extraction was minimal for MAE. The obtained pigment was further characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to reveal functional groups and a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to define its bioactive constituents.

Efficient Simultaneous Isolation of Pinostrobin and Panduratin A from Boesenbergia rotunda Using Centrifugal Partition Chromatography.

The bioactive flavonoids pinostrobin (PN) and panduratin A (PA) from Boesenbergia rotunda are essential for research and therapeutic applications. This study introduces an innovative method utilizing ultrasound-assisted extraction with n-hexane pre-treatment, followed by one-step centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) purification. Extraction efficiency was evaluated using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), and the isolated compounds were characterized through 1H-NMR and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), adhering to AOAC validation guidelines. Optimal extraction conditions comprised a particle size of 125 μm, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:30 g/mL, and a 10 min extraction time, yielding a crude extract of 6.96 ± 0.07%. Using an n-hexane/MeOH/water (5/3.4/1.6, v/v) solvent system in ascending mode, PN (2.16 mg, 98.78% purity) and PA (0.4 mg, 99.69% purity) were isolated from 67 mg of crude extract within 30 min. This streamlined approach enhances purification efficiency, allowing for faster extraction and higher purity, making it a suitable method for commercial applications.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of astaxanthin from black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) shells using deep eutectic solvent and ethanol as a co-solvent

The study aimed to enhance the extraction of astaxanthin (ASX) from black tiger shrimp shells by combining Deep eutectic solvent (DES) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UADE). The DES used in the research consisted of choline chloride (Ch) and citric acid (CA) in a 1:2 molar ratio with 20% water. Response surface methodology (RSM) utilizing a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the UADE conditions, considering ultrasound power (200 – 400 W), ethanol concentration in the DES (5 – 65 %), and extraction time (5 – 45 min). The optimal UADE parameters identified by BBD were 330 W ultrasound power, 35% ethanol content, and 33 min of extraction, resulting in the highest ASX content of 47.42 μg/g, closely matching the predicted value of 48.65 μg/g. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed structural alterations in samples treated with DES-based UAE, setting it apart from soxhlet extraction, maceration, and ethanol-based DES extraction. The outcomes indicated that UADE outperformed traditional extraction methods like soxhlet extraction, maceration, and ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction (UAET) regarding ASX yield and antioxidant activity, while also needing shorter extraction durations. These results underscore UADE as a productive and eco-friendly approach for extracting ASX from shrimp shells.

Enhancement of antioxidant properties of Eisenia bicyclis extracts through combination of green extractions: parameter optimization and comparison

We compared and optimized combined green extraction (CGE) technologies to maximize the antioxidant activity of Eisenia bicyclis through response surface methodology (RSM). Firstly, conventional extraction (CE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), and supercritical fluid extraction by carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2) were applied to extract and compare antioxidant activities of E. bicyclis. The antioxidant activity results indicated that MAE and SFE-CO2 were superior to CE alone. Based on the optimum conditions for MAE and SFE-CO2, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and high-pressure processing (HPP) were combining to increase antioxidant activity. SFE-CO2+UAE was selected as the optimum CGE technology. The DPPH-radical scavenging activity and the total phenolic content of E. bicyclis extracts using SFE-CO2+UAE were approximately 2 and 5-fold higher than those of extracts using CE with almost 9-fold higher dieckol content. We demonstrated that E. bicyclis has substantial potential as a natural antioxidant and that CGE is more effective than CE and GE in enhancing antioxidant yields.

High-intensity ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction of soy protein: Optimization, modeling, physicochemical and functional properties

This study examined the effect of high-intensity ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction (HUAE) on the extraction yield and the physicochemical and functional properties of soy protein (SP) using the two-pot multivariate method for the first time. Plackett-Burman Design (PBD) coupled with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was systematically utilized to select and subsequently optimize the HUAE parameters. Based on PBD results, the significant extraction factors were liquid to solid ratio (LSR), temperature, ultrasonic amplitude, and extraction time. The optimum conditions for the maximal extraction yield and minimal energy consumption were 50:1 mL/g LSR, 50 °C, 48 % ultrasonic amplitude, and 10 min extraction time. At optimum conditions, the extraction yield (35.28 %) was significantly improved compared to traditional extraction (26.39 %). Besides, HUAE resulted in modification of the protein secondary and tertiary structures due to the unfolding of protein molecules and the exposure of hydrophobic groups or regions as shown by FTIR spectroscopy, free sulfhydryl analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. These structural changes led to decreased solubility and emulsifying activity but improved emulsion stabilization and antioxidant properties. With future development, HUAE could potentially produce soy protein for targeted applications, broadening its utilization and meeting the need for more sustainable alternative processing.