Ultrasound-assisted Solvent Extraction Research Articles

Impact of extraction method on the lipids of Himalayan marmot oil with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis.

Himalayan marmot oil (SPO) has been used for pharmaceutical purposes for centuries, but its composition is still unclear. The bioactivity of SPO highly depends on the techniques used for its processing. This study focused on the comprehensive lipidomics of SPO, especially on the ones derived from dry rendering, wet rendering, cold pressing, and ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction. We performed lipid profiling of SPO acquired by different extraction methods using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry, and 17 classes of lipids (2 BMPs, 12 LysoPCs, 9 LysoPEs, 41 PCs, 24 PEs, 23 Plasmenyl-PCs, 10 Plasmenyl-PEs, 10 MGs, 63 DGs, 187 TGs, 2 MGDGs, 3 Cer[NDS]s, 22 Cer[NS]s, 2 GlcCer[NS]s, 14 SMs, 14 CEs, and 6 AcylCarnitines) were characterized. Fifty-five lipids were differentially altered (VIP > 1.5, p < 0.05) between the extraction techniques, which can be used as potential biomarkers to differentiate SPO extracted by various methods. Additionally, the contents of oleic acid and arachidic acid were abundant in all samples that may suggest their medicinal values and are conducive to in-depth research. These findings reveal the alterations of lipid profile and free fatty acid composition in SPO obtained with different extraction methods, providing a theoretical foundation for investigating its important components as functional factors in medicines and cosmetics.

Optimization and analysis of ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction of bioactive compounds from Boerhavia diffusa Linn. using RSM, ANFIS and machine learning algorithm

Optimization and analysis of ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction of bioactive compounds from Boerhavia diffusa Linn. using RSM, ANFIS and machine learning algorithm

Development and Evaluation of Ultrasound-Assisted Solvent Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Membrane-Packed Biota Samples Followed by GC–MS/MS Analysis

Development and Evaluation of Ultrasound-Assisted Solvent Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Membrane-Packed Biota Samples Followed by GC–MS/MS Analysis

Application of ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanin from Syzygium cumini Fruit

This research investigated the effect of extraction temperature and duration on the total anthocyanin (TA) yield from Syzygium cumini fruit through the application of ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction. The research used a Randomized Block Design with two variables: the extraction temperature, i.e., 30, 40, and 50 °C, and the extraction duration, i.e., 30, 45, and 60 minutes. The finding demonstrated that the temperature of extraction significantly affected the TA and vitamin C levels. Still, they did not affect the antioxidant activity of Syzygium cumini fruit extract. The TA extract rose as the extraction temperature increased, but the vitamin C content decreased. The extraction duration significantly affected the resulting extract’s TA and antioxidant activity. Increasing the extractionduration was in line with the TA and antioxidant activity of Syzygium cumini fruit extract. Considering the TA and antioxidant activity, the best treatment was attained when the extraction process was conducted at 50 °C for 60 minutes, with the characteristics of the Syzygium cumini fruit extract obtained, which had a TA of 176.73 mg/L, vitamin C content of 33.27 mg/100g of material, antioxidant activity of 45.49%. The TA value and antioxidant activity were higher than the maceration method extraction extraction.

Maximizing Yield of Phenolic Compounds Extracted from White Turmeric Through Extraction Process Design

Designing the extraction process and the condition is very important for the extraction of phenolic compounds from the solid phase to obtain the highest yield. This is necessary due to the sensitivity of phenolic compounds to factors such as heat, oxidation, and degradation during the extraction process. The main objective of this study is to optimize the extraction process for phenolic compounds from raw materials and determine the ideal extraction conditions that result in a high yield of these compounds. White turmeric was selected as the investigated raw material and ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extraction (UAE) was used as the extraction technique. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken was applied for designing the UAE process in terms of three parameters (solid-to-solvent ratio, extraction time, and extraction temperature). Within the designed levels of solid-to-solvent ratio (0.2 to 1.0 g/10 ml), extraction time (20 to 180 min), and extraction temperature (20 to 70 °C), it is noticed that the extraction yield of phenolic compounds varied depending on the levels of those extraction process conditions. The extraction yield of phenolic compounds was low at the solid-to-solvent ratio of 1.0 g/10ml, the temperature at 20 °C, and extraction time at 20 min and it was high at the solid-to-solvent ratio (1.0 to 1.8 g/10ml), temperature (45 to 70 °C), and extraction time (100 to 180 min). However, based on the statical data and confirmation experiment, it was possible to obtain the highest yield of phenolic compounds of 9.0 mg GAE/g DW, extracting from white turmeric at UAE condition of 1.1 g/10 ml for solid-to-solvent ratio, 100 min for extraction time, and 45 °C for temperature. The result of this study may be helpful for the intensification of ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction for phenolic compounds from agricultural products.

Value-added green biorefinery co-products from ultrasonically assisted DES-pretreated Chlorella biomass

This study pursued the goal of creating value-added co-products through an environmentally friendly biorefinery approach, employing ultrasonically assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES)-pretreated Chlorella biomass. The primary focus was on generating enriched biodiesel feedstock with exceptional fuel properties and developing hydroponic biofertilizer. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of a two-step process involving a 5-minute ultrasound-assisted DES pretreatment followed by ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction, which efficiently extracted lipids from Chlorella biomass, yielding biodiesel-quality lipids with good cetane number (59.42) and high heating value (40.11 MJ/kg). Notably, this two-step approach (78.04 mg-lipid/g-microalgal biomass) led to a significant 2.10-fold increase in lipid extraction compared to a one-step process (37.15 mg-lipid/g-microalgal biomass) that combined ultrasound-assisted DES pretreatment and solvent extraction. Importantly, the aqueous extract derived from lipid-extracted microalgal biomass residues (LMBRs) showed promise as a component in hydroponic biofertilizer production, supporting lettuce growth in hydroponic deep water culture system. Consequently, microalgae biorefinery co-products hold tremendous potential in enhancing the profitability and sustainability of interconnected sectors, encompassing renewable energy, agriculture, and the environment.

An effective method for the simultaneous extraction of 173 contaminants of emerging concern in freshwater invasive species and its application

A robust and efficient extraction method was developed to detect a broad range of pollutants of emerging interest in three freshwater invasive species: American red crab (Prokambarus clarkii), Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea), and pumpkinseed fish (Lepomis gibbosus). One native species, “petxinot” clam (Anodonta cygnea), was also evaluated. Invasive species are often more resistant to contamination and could be used in biomonitoring studies to assess the effect of contaminants of emerging concern on aquatic ecosystems while preserving potentially threatened native species. So far, most extraction methods developed for this purpose have focused on analyzing fish and generally focus on a limited number of compounds, especially analyzing compounds from the same family. In this sense, we set out to optimize a method that would allow the simultaneous extraction of 87 PhACs, 11 flame retardants, 21 per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, and 54 pesticides. The optimized method is based on ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction. Two tests were performed during method development, one to choose the extraction solvent with the best recovery efficiencies and one to select the best clean-up. The analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. The method obtained recoveries between 40 and 120% and relative standard deviations of less than 25% for 85% of the analytes in the four validated matrices. Limits of quantification between 0.01 ng g−1 and 22 ng g−1 were obtained. Application of the method on real samples from the Albufera Natural Park of Valencia (Spain) confirmed the presence of contaminants of emerging concern in all samples, such as acetaminophen, hydrochlorothiazide, tramadol, PFOS, carbendazim, and fenthion. PFAS were the group of compounds with the highest mean concentrations. C. fluminea was the species with the highest detection frequency, and P. clarkii had the highest average concentrations, so its use is prioritized for biomonitoring studies.Graphical abstract

Quality analysis of oil recovered from used locomotive engine oil using ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction

Herein, we present a process for recovering used locomotive engine oil using ultrasound-assisted extraction and sustainable organic solvents. We evaluated the quality of the oil recovered from used locomotive engine oil through ultrasound-assisted extraction or mechanical stirring. The extraction process involved the direct application of ultrasound (25 °C, 24 kHz, amplitude 20%) or mechanical stirring (225 rpm, 25 °C) to a mixture of used locomotive engine oil and alcoholic solvents (ethanol, propan-2-ol, 2-methlypropan-1-ol, and butan-1-ol) for 0.5, 1, and 5 min. With ultrasound (5 min), the yield of butan-1-ol was the highest (91.4 wt%), followed by that of 2-methylpropan-1-ol (79.4 wt%), propan-2-ol (12.1 wt%), and ethanol (3.6 wt%). With mechanical stirring (5 min), the yield of butan-1-ol was the highest (88.3 wt%), followed by that of 2-methylpropan-1-ol (59.8 wt%), propan-2-ol (9.54 wt%), and ethanol (2.3 wt%). The kinematic viscosities of the recovered oils extracted with 2-methylpropan-1-ol and butan-1-ol were 126.0 and 132.7 mm2 s−1, respectively, which were close to the kinematic viscosity of fresh locomotive engine oil (150.6 mm2 s−1). The recovered oil had decreased Ca, Cr, Fe, Mo, and Na concentrations. The proposed recovery is a promising approach for the support and intensification of used locomotive engine oil treatment.

Kinetics of ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction of vanadium with methyltrioctylammonium chloride (MAC)

The ultrasound-assisted extraction process of vanadium from the aqueous phase to the organic phase by methyltrioctylammonium chloride (MAC) was studied. The factors that influence the vanadium extraction rate such as stirring speed, temperature, and ultrasound power were investigated. The rate expression of vanadium extraction with ultrasound was established. The extraction process could consist of diffusion and chemical capturing steps at the aqueous-organic interface. This study demonstrated that the diffusion resistance could be eliminated by increasing the stirring speed and ultrasound power. The vanadium extraction process without diffusion resistance conformed to the first-order kinetic model. The activation energy (Ea) of this extraction process was determined as 36.7 kJ mol−1 along with a pre-exponential factor k0a as 3.27 × 105 s−1, while the ultrasound enhancement factor can be expressed as ε = 1 + 1.40 × 10−2P - 6.61 × 10−5P2. The optimal extraction kinetics are identified by examining the factors affecting the vanadium extraction rate (rextr), which are stirring speed ≥ 200 rpm, ultrasound power (P) = 90 W, extraction temperature (T) = 318.15 K. This study provides a theoretical basis for the extraction process of vanadium and aids the design of ultrasound-assisted extraction applications.

TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITYBY DIFFERENT DRYING AND EXTRACTION METHODS OF Clinacanthus nutans LEAVES

This report presents a study on the total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Clinacanthus nutans leaves from different drying and extraction methods. The C. nutans leaves were subjected through three different drying methods: oven (40°C, 60°C and 80°C), vacuum oven and air drying. Afterwards, extraction on the dried leaves was performed using three different extraction techniques: soxhlet, maceration and ultrasoundassisted solvent extraction. Finally, total flavonoid and antioxidantactivity was determined spectrophotometrically by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay and 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) method respectively. The results showed that the choice of drying and extraction methods had a significant influence on total flavonoid and antioxidant content of C. nutans extract. The combination of drying C. nutans leaves using laboratory oven at 60°C and soxhlet extraction obtained the highest amount of total flavonoid and antioxidant content at 24.53 ± 0.95 mg RU/g and 89.73 ± 4.39mg TE/ g respectively. The highest antioxidant activity for C. nutansfromair-dried samples and vacuum oven-dried samples were obtained through maceration extraction at 85.46 mg TE/ g and 83.96 mg TE/ g respectively.

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Porous Membrane Packed Dried Fish Samples: Method Development and Greenness Evaluation

In this work, ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction was utilized for extraction of organochlorine pesticides from membrane-protected dried fish samples. The dried fish samples were packed inside a porous membrane bag which was immersed in a solvent and subjected to ultrasonication. After the extraction process, the sample-containing bag was separated from the extract. Since samples were packed inside the membrane, their separation did not require centrifugation or filtration. Moreover, the complex components of the biota matrix may also retain inside the porous membrane bag, alleviating the requirement of extract cleanup before analysis. The parameters that can affect the ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction of membrane-protected dried fish samples were suitably optimized. These parameters include the extraction solvent and its volume, the sample amount, ultrasound intensity and extraction time. Under the optimum extraction conditions, good linearity was achieved for all the tested organochlorine pesticides, with the coefficients of determination (R2) higher than 0.9922 for the linear ranges from 5–1000, 10–1000 and 20–1000 ng/g. The values of intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were ≤13.8%. The limit of detection ranged from 1.5 to 6.8 ng/g. The spiked relative recoveries were in the range of 87.3–104.2%. This method demonstrated excellent figures of merit and could find potential applications in routine analytical laboratories. Finally, the greenness of this method was evaluated using the green analytical procedure index and analytical greenness calculator metrics.

The Extraction and High Antiproliferative Effect of Anthocyanin from Gardenblue Blueberry.

Blueberries are rich in flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and other bioactive substances. Anthocyanins are important functional components in blueberries. We collected 65 varieties of blueberries to investigate their nutritional and functional values. Among them, Gardenblue had the highest anthocyanin content, with 2.59 mg/g in fresh fruit. After ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction and macroporous resin absorption, the content was increased to 459.81 mg/g in the dried powder. Biological experiments showed that Gardenblue anthocyanins (L1) had antiproliferative effect on cervical cancer cells (Hela, 51.98 μg/mL), liver cancer cells (HepG2, 23.57 μg/mL), breast cancer cells (MCF-7, 113.39 μg/mL), and lung cancer cells (A549, 76.10 μg/mL), and no apparent toxic effects were indicated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, especially against HepG2 cells both in vitro and in vivo. After combining it with DDP (cisplatin) and DOX (doxorubicin), the antiproliferative effects were enhanced, especially when combined with DOX against HepG2 cells; the IC50 value was 0.02 μg/mL. This was further evidence that L1 could inhibit cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis. The detailed mechanism might be L1 interacting with DNA in an intercalation mode that changes or destroys DNA, causing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. The findings of this study suggest that L1 extract can be used as a functional agent against hepatoma carcinoma cells.

Direct Determination of 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline in Rice by Ultrasound-Assisted Solvent Extraction Coupled with Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

In this paper, we present a novel direct detection method for the characteristic fragrant component 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) in rice by using ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UASE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). No tedious derivatization procedures and toxic solvents were involved in the sample preparation process. 2-AP was extracted with ethanol by UASE from rice samples, and remained good stability within 27 h. By direct injection to UPLC-MS/MS, accurate results were obtained through matrix-matched internal standard calibration. Under optimized conditions, good repeatability (2.8%), reproducibility (7.6%), and recoveries (83.9–108%) were achieved with the limit of detection down to 0.3 μg/kg. The results of 2-AP in 13 rice samples determined by the present method were in the range of 19.4–124.0 μg/kg. The sensitivity and reliability of the developed UASE UPLC-MS/MS method are comparable with previously published SPME GC–MS/MS methods or derivatization-based HPLC–MS/MS method. High analysis throughput, low laboriousness, excellent accuracies, and low toxic solvent consumption are the main characteristics of the newly presented method.

Research on Anthocyanins from Rubus "Shuofeng" as Potential Antiproliferative and Apoptosis-Inducing Agents.

Blackberries have high nutritional value and strong biological activities, such as antiproliferative activity. Anthocyanins are important functional components in blackberries. We collected 25 kinds (lines) of blackberries from our nursery to investigate antiproliferative agents in natural foods. Among them, the Shuofeng variety had the highest anthocyanin content, with 2.54 mg/g of fresh fruit, which increased to 357.75 mg/g of dried powder through ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction and macroporous resin adsorption. Additional experiments showed that Shuofeng's anthocyanin content had high anti-HepG2 activity in vitro and in vivo, as well as activity against Hela (68.62 μg/mL), HepG2 (55.85 μg/mL), MCF-7 (181.21 μg/mL), and A549 cells (82.01 μg/mL), as determined by MTT assay. It also had no apparent toxic effects. The combination of DDP and DOX significantly enhanced the antiproliferative activity of the four cell lines. The IC50 value of Shuofeng's anthocyanin content combined with DOX in HepG2 cells was the lowest at only 0.08 μg/mL, indicating that the combination of drugs had additive and synergistic effects. Shuofeng's anthocyanin content might intercalate into DNA and alter or destroy DNA, causing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. Our results show that blackberry anthocyanins can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and their possible mechanisms. However, we must study the deeper mechanism and explore its targeting effects in the future.

Bioevaluation, Pharmacokinetics and Molecular docking study of Phenylpropanoid rich rhizome essential oil of understudied Zingiber neesanum from Konkan region of India

Zingiber neesanum a species from the Zingiberaceae family exhibits convincing medicinal applications and is available vastly in the Konkan region. Its anti-inflammatory potential is an unexplored part. This work presents a Bioevaluation, Pharmacokinetics and Molecular docking study emphasizing the anti-inflammatory potential of rhizome oil of this species. An ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction method was employed to isolate oil and characterized by GC/FID and GC/HRMS techniques. The antimicrobial efficacies were checked by the Broth and Agar dilution protocols while the DPPH and ABTS assays were employed to test antioxidant potency. The anti-inflammatory potentials were tested by 3 methods-Heat-induced hemolysis, Inhibition of albumin denaturation and Proteinase inhibitory action. ADMET study was performed by the Swiss-ADME server while the docking was performed with AutoDock 4.2 software with a major component, [E]-3,4-Dimethoxy cinnamic acid methyl ester ([E]-3,4-DCME) using trypsin receptor. A pale yellow-colored essential oil was dominated by Phenylpropanoids (62.09%). Excellent antimicrobial potentials were observed versus Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans while excellent antioxidant activities were observed in both assays. But best anti-inflammatory action was documented in the albumin denaturation method. The pharmacokinetic properties of [E]-3,4-DCME, like high GI absorption, zero Lipinski violation with good bioavailability score etc., were promising. The docking results revealed that [E]-3,4-DCME has substantial binding affinity due to ‘H’ bonding interactions, and non-bonded Van der Waals and ?-alkyl type interactions with the active site residues of a receptor. So, this study concludes that the rhizome oil of this underexplored species could be utilized in developing novel phytopharmaceuticals after further study.

Physicochemical and antioxidative properties of ultrasound-assisted extraction of mahua (Madhuca longifolia) seed oil in comparison with conventional Soxhlet and mechanical extractions.

Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UAE) was applied to extract underutilized Madhuca longifolia seed oil. The effect of extraction time, temperature, solvent type, solvent/sample ratio, and amplitude on the oil yield and recovery were investigated. Approximately 56.97% of oil yield and 99.54% of oil recovery were attained using mild conditions of 35min, 35°C, 40% amplitude, isopropanol to acetone (1:1), and solvent to sample (20mL/g). UAE oil yield and recovery were comparable with Soxhlet extraction (SXE) whilst mechanical pressing (ME) yielded<50% of UAE recovery. UAE does not affect the fatty acids composition (46% C18:1; 22% C16:0; 21% C18:0, 10% C18:2), and triacylglycerol profile (23% POO, 17% POS, 16% SOO, and 14% POP). Interestingly, UAE extracted oil conferred remarkably (P<0.05) higher antioxidant capacity (IC50 of DPPH 106.60mg/mL and ABTS 39.80mg/mL) than SXE (IC50 of DPPH 810.40mg/mL and ABTS 757.43mg/mL) or ME (IC50 of DPPH 622.38mg/mL and ABTS 392.87mg/mL).

Exploring the chemical composition and coloring qualities of cacao fruit epicarp extracts.

Cacao pod husks (CHs), the most abundant by-product of cacao beans production, can potentially become a source of functional ingredients for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Three pigment samples (yellow, red, and purple) from lyophilized and ground cacao pod husk epicarp (CHE), were isolated by ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction, with yields between 11 and 14 wt%. The pigments exhibited UV-Vis flavonoid-related absorption bands at 283 nm and 323 nm and, only for the purple extract, reflectance bands in the 400-700 nm range. As per the Folin-Ciocalteu method, the CHE extracts contain high yields of antioxidant phenolic compounds amounting to 161.6, 153.9, and 167.9 mg GAE per g extract for the yellow, red, and purple samples, respectively. Phloretin, quercetin, myricetin, jaceosidin, and procyanidin B1 were among the main flavonoids identified by MALDI-TOF MS. A biopolymeric bacterial-cellulose matrix can effectively retain up to 541.8 mg of CHE extract per g of cellulose in dry weight. Also, MTT assays revealed that CHE extracts are non-toxic and increase viability in cultured VERO cells.

Comparison of microwave, ultrasound and ultrasound-microwave assisted solvent extraction methods on phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of extracts from jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) pulp

This study aimed to investigate the impact of different solvents (water, 60% methanol, 60% ethanol and 60% acetone) and methods (conventional solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound-microwave assisted extraction) on the phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) pulp. The Folin-Ciocalteu assay was used to determine the total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH and ABTS assays. The phenolic profiles in different extracts were identified using the UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS technique. The results showed that significant differences (p < 0.05) in TPC were found among different extraction methods, the microwave-assisted extraction with 60% ethanol had the highest TPC (2.40 mg GAE/g) compared with the extracts obtained from other methods. Meanwhile, the highest DPPH radical and ABTS radical cation was found in the 60% ethanol-MAE extracts. Correlation analysis further showed a significant positive correlation between TPC and antioxidant activity (R2 > 0.8, p < 0.001). Seventy-eight phenolic compounds were identified by UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis. The most abundant phenolic compounds in jackfruit pulp were identified in negative mode, with 60% ethanol-MAE being the most effective. The quantity of phenolic compounds extracted varied with different extraction methods indicated that the extraction methods had effects on the phytochemical characteristics.

Comparison of chemical characterization and oxidative stability of Lycium barbarum seed oils: A comprehensive study based on processing methods

Five different processing methods (cold pressing, hot pressing, solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction) were evaluated to extract oils from Lycium barbarum (L. barbarum) seeds based on the lipid composition, minor bioactive components, and oxidative stability of oils. A large proportion of unsaturated fatty acids was detected in the L. barbarum seed oil, especially linoleic acid (65.24-66.26%). Minor bioactive components were abundant in L. barbarum seed oils, including tocopherols (292.65-488.49mg/kg), phytosterols (9606.31-166,684.77mg/kg), polyphenols (35.65-113.87mg/kg), and carotenoid (4.17-46.16mg/100g). Specifically, the phytosterol content was higher than that of other common oils. Comparing the different processing techniques, ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction provided the highest extraction yield and recovery. The quantities of tocopherols, phenols, and phytosterols in hot-pressed oil were higher than those in oils extracted from other methods, and thus it had the best oxidative stability. L. barbarum seed oils extracted by different techniques showed various characteristics and could be distinguished through principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: L. barbarum seed oil is a potentially underutilized oil resource with abundant essential fatty acid and phytosterol, which owns great value to apply in the nutritional, cosmetic, and medicinal fields. Hot pressing is an efficient method to produce L. barbarum seed oil for health care with high nutritional value and good quality, which can also be easily implemented on an industrial scale.

Ultrasound–assisted solvent extraction combined with magnetic ionic liquid based-dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the extraction of mycotoxins from tea samples

In this work, for the first time, a combination of ultrasound–assisted mixed solvent extraction method with magnetic ionic liquid-based effervescent tablet–assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction has been employed as an efficient method for the extraction of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 and ochratoxin A from tea samples. In the extraction process, first the analytes were effectively extracted into a mixture of the solvents optimized by simplex centroid design with the aid of sonication process. Then, the extracted phase was used in the microextraction step to preconcentrate the analytes for obtaining high enrichment factors and low detection limits. Effervescent tablet eliminated the use of disperser solvent. Also magnetic ionic liquids usage as the extraction solvent directed the method towards a green approach. Various parameters that can affect the efficiency of the introduced method were evaluated and under the best experimental situations, satisfactory data including acceptable extraction recoveries (76–88%) and enrichment factors (304−352), low limits of detection (0.15–0.28 ng g–1) and quantification (0.49–0.92 ng g–1), and good repeatability (relative standard deviations equal to or less than 3.1% and 3.5% for intra– and inter-day precisions, respectively) were obtained. Lastly, the proposed method was utilized for the determination of the studied mycotoxins in different tea samples sold in Tabriz city (Iran).