Ultrasound-assisted Aqueous Extraction Research Articles

Assessment of antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiobesity, and anti-inflammatory properties of a Tannat winemaking by-product

Winemaking industry produces large amounts of by-products (grape pomace or marc) every year, making necessary a sustainable management of such waste. Among red wines, Tannat variety possesses a unique polyphenolic profile. Consequently, the study of the bioactive properties of its by-product and the extraction optimization of its bioactive compounds is of great interest to state its health promoting potential. In this study, different extraction processes were tested: maceration with ethanol (95%), ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extraction optimization with surface methodology, ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction, and hydro-alcoholic-acid extraction (EHAA). Using this last extraction procedure, higher polyphenolic content (11.459 ± 1.048 g GAE/100 g of dry extract), monomeric anthocyanins (2.030 ± 0.085 g Cyd/100 g of dry extract), antioxidant capacity (0.474 ± 0.036 mg/mL for ABTS and 0.715 ± 0.063 µmol TE/mg of dry extract for ORAC-FL), α-glucosidase (IC50 888.5 ± 79.3 µg/mL), and pancreatic lipase inhibition capacity (IC50 2431.0 ± 79.9 µg/mL) were found on Tannat grape skin. Considering as a whole, these results may imply a great antidiabetic and antiobesity potential. Moreover, EHAA showed to have anti-inflammatory capacity (IC50 587 µg/mL) on RAW 264.7 cells. In summary, EHAA possesses great potential as a functional ingredient for prevention and/or treatment of chronic diseases.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction of polyphenols from Psidium guajava leaves using response surface methodology

ABSTRACTThe ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction of polyphenols from Psidium guajava leaves was investigated using response surface methodology. The total polyphenols yield was significantly affected by the process parameters (ultrasonic power, extraction time, and temperature) and the experimental polyphenols yield at optimal conditions (390.68 W, 38.38 min, 63.23°C) was well agreed with the predicted value (59.82 mg GAE/g). Meanwhile, the aqueous extracts had strong scavenging activity to DPPH. The HPLC analysis showed that gallic acid was the main phenolic component in guava leaves. It was also found that this ultrasound procedure could be successfully applied in industrial production.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted water extraction of flavonoids from Psidium guajava leaves by response surface analysis

Psidium guajava leaves are rich in health-promoting flavonoids compounds. For better utilization of the resource, the ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction was investigated using Box-Behnken design under response surface methodology. A high coefficient of determination (R2 = 97.8%) indicated good agreement between the experimental and predicted values of flavonoids yield. The optimal extraction parameters to obtain the highest total flavonoids yield were ultrasonic power of 407.41 W, extraction time of 35.15 min, and extraction temperature of 72.69 °C. The average extraction rate of flavonoids could reach 5.12% under the optimum conditions. Besides, HPLC analysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy indicated that the ultrasonic treatment did not change the main component of flavonoids during extraction process and the higher flavonoids content was attributed by the disruption of the cell walls of guava particles. Thus, the extraction method could be applied successfully for large-scale extraction of total flavonoids from guava leaves.

A green approach for alginate extraction from Sargassum muticum brown seaweed using ultrasound-assisted technique

Ultrasound assisted aqueous extraction of alginate from Sargassum muticum was proposed to minimize the use of chemicals, high temperatures and prolonged times, with comparable extraction yields to conventional acid/alkali procedures. The alginate, precipitated from the liquors obtained after ultrasound assisted extraction of fucoidan and phlorotannin fractions, and converted to alginic acid sodium salt by a green treatment was characterized by FTIR-ATR, 1H NMR, HPSEC, MALDI-TOF, rheology and citotoxitity. A clear influence of the sonication time was observed on the alginate molar mass, block structure, thermo-rheological and tumoral cell growth inhibition features. All tested hydrogels featured stable and thermo-reversible characteristics.

Characterization of Virgin Avocado Oil Obtained via Advanced Green Techniques

The quality characteristics, bioactive phytochemicals, volatile compounds, and antioxidant capacities of virgin avocado oil extracted using a couple of green methods, namely, subcritical CO2 extraction (SCO2) and ultrasound‐assisted aqueous extraction (UAAE), are compared with the oil extracted using the conventional solvent extraction. Results indicate the quality properties of avocado oil are unaffected by extraction methods. The total phenolic content of avocado oil is in the range of 111.27–130.17 mg GAE/100 g and the major phytosterol is β‐sitosterol (1.91–2.47 g kg−1). Avocado oil extracted using SCO2 exhibits two to four times greater levels of α‐ and γ‐tocopherols than solvent extraction and UAAE. The volatile components associated with nutty and grassy flavors are only detected in avocado oil extracted under low‐temperature extraction conditions such as SCO2 and UAAE. Based on the antioxidant capacity tests, avocado oil obtained by SCO2 exhibits the strongest antioxidant capacity compared with solvent extraction and UAAE.Practical Applications: Virgin avocado oil extracted using subcritical CO2 method exhibits superior levels of tocopherols content and antioxidant capacity than ultrasound‐assisted aqueous and conventional solvent methods. Subcritical CO2 is a promising oil extraction technique to obtain solvent‐free avocado oil with potential uses in functional foods and health care products.Virgin avocado oil is extracted using subcritical CO2 and ultrasound‐assisted aqueous techniques. The properties of the oil are compared with conventional solvent‐extracted oil. The percentage of antioxidant activity decreases in the order of SCO2‐extracted oil > solvent‐extracted oil > UAAE‐extracted oil.

Comparison of conventional and ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction of soluble matter and phenolic compounds from apple flesh

The extraction of soluble matter (°Brix), catechin and total phenolic compounds (TPC) from apple flesh was studied. A conventional aqueous extraction (CE) was done at different temperatures (50, 60, and 75 °C). A pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was done at fixed temperature, T = 50 °C, and different specific energy input and total duration. The main attention was focused on correlations between oBrix, concentration of catechin, C, TPC, and selectivity of phenolics extraction. For UAE, the significant acceleration in extraction of catechin was observed for the short duration protocol as compared with long duration one. The maximum (saturation) levels for concentrations of catechin, Cm, and total phenolic compounds, TPCm, were compared. In correlation between Cm and TPCm, the two distinctive branches were observed for CE protocols and UAE protocols. Moreover, the relative contents of catechin in TPC were noticeably higher for UAE protocols as compared with CE protocols.

Selectivity of ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction of valuable compounds from flesh and peel of apple tissues

Ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction (UAE) of soluble matter (°Brix), catechin and total phenolic contents (TPC) from flesh and peel of apple tissues were studied. The commercial green (Granny Smith) and red (Red delicious) apples were used in the investigation. All extractions were done at fixed temperature, T = 50 °C, and protocols with different specific energy inputs, S1 (W = 0 kJ/kg), S2(W ≈ 6.5 kJ/kg), S3(W ≈ 10.6 kJ/kg), S4(W ≈ 21.3 kJ/kg), and S5(W ≈ 26.8 kJ/kg) during the initial period of extraction (first 300–350 s). The total aqueous extraction time was up to 3 h. The kinetics of extractions, and correlations oBrix and concentration of catechin, C, were compared for flesh and peel tissues. The increase of energy resulted in increase of oBrix and C values. For both green and red apples, the values of °Brix and C were noticeably higher for peel as compared to flesh. The distinct correlations between saturation levels of Cm and TPCm at the long extraction time (≈3 h) were observed. However, the relative content of catechin in TPC (i.e., ratio Cm/TPCm) evidenced the presence of selectivity in extraction of catechin. This selectivity depends from the type of tissue (flesh or skin), apple variety (green or red) and applied treatment protocols.

Composition, characteristics and antioxidant activities of fruit oils from Idesia polycarpa using homogenate-circulating ultrasound-assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction

An efficient approach to isolate fruit oil from Idesia polycarpa using homogenate-circulating ultrasound-assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction (H-CUAEE) was developed. An enzyme cocktail comprising cellulase, hemicellulase, and pectinase proved to be the most effective in extracting oils. Nine potential variables that possibly affected the extraction yields – the liquid-solid ratio, incubation temperature, incubation time, amount of enzyme, homogenate time, ultrasound irradiation power, mark-space ratio of ultrasound irradiation, rate of agitation, and pH – were investigated using a Plackett–Burman design in order to screen out the significant variables. The liquid-solid ratio, incubation temperature, and incubation time were significant on a statistical basis and these three parameters were studied through a Box–Behnken design for the prediction of the best experimental conditions that maximize extraction yield of the fruit oil. A maximum fruit oil recovery of 79.36% with an error of 0.17% was achieved under the optimal extracting conditions: liquid-solid ratio of 7.13, the incubation time of 2.94 h, and the incubation temperature of 48.74 °C. The H-CUAEE process has expansive prospects for the preparation of oils from oil plants.

Ultrasonic-assisted Aqueous Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Oil from Clanis bilineata.

Ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction (UAAE) was used to extract oil from Clanis bilineata (CB), a traditional edible insect that can be reared on a large scale in China, and the physicochemical property and antioxidant capacity of the UAAE-derived oil (UAAEO) were investigated for the first time. UAAE conditions of CB oil was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and the highest oil yield (19.47%) was obtained under optimal conditions for ultrasonic power, extraction temperature, extraction time, and ultrasonic interval time at 400 W, 40°C, 50 min, and 2 s, respectively. Compared with Soxhlet extraction-derived oil (SEO), UAAEO had lower acid (AV), peroxide (PV) and p-anisidine values (PAV) as well as higher polyunsaturated fatty acids contents and thermal stability. Furthermore, UAAEO showed stronger antioxidant activities than those of SEO, according to DPPH radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching tests. Therefore, UAAE is a promising process for the large-scale production of CB oil and CB has a developing potential as functional oil resource.

Ultrasound-assisted Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Corn Germ Oil: Analysis of Quality and Antioxidant Activity.

An efficient method of ultrasound-assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction of corn germ oil was established, and its quality and antioxidant activity were studied. The optimum auxiliary extraction conditions with ultrasound were as follows: the ultrasonic treatment time was 20 minutes, and the ultrasonic temperature was 40°C. The corn germ oil extracted by the aqueous enzymatic method had better quality indexes in comparison with that exacted by the solvent. The fatty acid compositions of corn germ that was oil-extracted by two kinds of methods had almost no significant differences. The tea polyphenols (TP) exhibited remarkable antioxidant effects on corn germ oil during a storage stability test. Meanwhile, we focused on the antioxidant activity of corn germ oil, and the results showed that corn germ oil could effectively scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH), hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion free radicals. Thus, corn germ oil is a kind of functional oil with excellent antioxidant activity and could be used as a free radical scavenger in the food or other industries.

Ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction, LC-MS/MS analysis and radiomodulating capability of autochthonous Italian sweet cherry fruits.

The current cancer treatment scenario lacks drugs acting as both radiosensitizer and radioprotector agents. In this context, the radiomodulatory properties exerted by an aqueous extract from the fruits of the Italian Prunus avium cv. Della Recca (PaDRw) were investigated. The extract, obtained through an environmentally-friendly ultrasound-assisted extraction, seemed to act as a radioprotector at lower tested doses (25 and 50 μg mL-1) and a radiosensitizer at 400 and 500 μg mL-1 dose levels towards the neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line, irradiated with four graded X-ray doses (0, 0.5, 2, and 4 Gy). The fractionation of PaDRw by Amberlite XAD-4 non-ionic polymeric resin, coupled to LC-UV-MS/MS techniques, proved to be efficient also in the disclosure of lower constituents. About 63% of the whole PaDRw extract was constituted of hexitol, followed by fructose (∼22.8%) and glucose (∼10.7%). Chlorogenic acids and flavonoids, which accounted only for ∼2.2%, were hypothesized to be the main actors in PaDRw-induced radiomodulation.

Comparison of subcritical CO2 and ultrasound-assisted aqueous methods with the conventional solvent method in the extraction of avocado oil

Avocado (Persiana americana Mill) belongs to the Lauraceae family. High level of lipids in the avocado pulp can be served as an important raw material for edible oil extraction. In the present study, the physicochemical properties of avocado oil extracted using subcritical CO2 extraction (SCO2) and ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction (UAAE) were compared with the conventional solvent extraction. In comparison to solvent extraction, the oils extracted using SCO2 and UAAE were found to have higher iodine values, but lower slip melting points, free fatty acid contents and saponification values. Regardless of the extraction methods, the major fatty acids in avocado oils were oleic (40.73-42.72%) and palmitic (28.12-34.48%) acids whereas the major triacylglycerols in avocado oils were palmitoyl-dioleoyl-glycerol (POO; 22.48-23.01%) and palmitoyl-oleoyl-linoleoyl-glycerol (POL; 17.64-18.23%). SCO2 and UAAE are effective “solvent-free” methods to extract avocado oils and potentially other edible oils.

Optimization of ultrasound‐assisted aqueous extraction to produce virgin avocado oil with low free fatty acids

AbstractVirgin avocado oil has been suggested to be used as functional oil due to its high nutritional value. The quality and edibility of plant oils are affected by the level of free fatty acids (FFA). As the environmental safety and health concerns arise, the use of “solvent‐free” extraction is highly warranted. Current study investigated ultrasound‐assisted aqueous extraction (UAAE) of low FFA‐virgin avocado oil. Response surface methodology with the Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the experimental variables, namely sonication time (10–30 min), sonication temperature (20–40 °C), and water‐to‐powder ratio (4–6 mL/g) on the responses of oil recovery and FFA. Best‐fitting models with backward elimination of the multiple linear regression were generated for the responses of oil recovery (R2 = 0.9092, p < .0001) and FFA (R2 = 0.9799, p < .0001). The optimum UAAE parameters to produce the highest recovery of low FFA virgin avocado oil were 6 mL/g of water‐to‐powder ratio, 30 min of sonication time, and 35 °C of sonication temperature. The oil recovery and FFA level of virgin avocado oil under these optimum conditions were 72.79 and 0.297%, respectively. Compared to Soxhlet‐extracted avocado oil, virgin avocado oil was lighter in color and contained a higher level of unsaturated fatty acids.Practical applicationsThere has been an increasing research trend focusing on the application and development of virgin avocado oil as a functional product, however, the physicochemical properties of avocado oil are affected by extraction conditions. The edibility and quality of edible oil are influenced by the level of free fatty acids. This study provides an optimization of low free fatty acids virgin avocado oil using ultrasound‐assisted aqueous method. Low free fatty acid virgin avocado oil is useful in developing a diverse array of functional foods, food supplements and health care products.

Ultrasound-assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction of oil from perilla seeds and determination of its physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity

Ultrasound-assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction of oil from perilla seeds and determination of its physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity

Physicochemical, microstructural and functional characterization of dietary fibers extracted from lemon, orange and grapefruit seeds press meals

The aim of this study was to characterize dietary fibers extracted from defatted press meals of lemon, orange and grapefruit seeds. After an ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction, the fibers were investigated for proximate composition, soluble/insoluble fiber contents, color, viscosity, degradation temperature and enthalpy, near infrared (NIR) spectra, X-ray diffraction patterns, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and functional (water and oil holding capacity, swelling capacity) properties. The fibers contain 2.0–3.45mg/g phytate, 1.36–2.26% ash, 4.95–7.95% soluble fiber, 75.95–82.24% insoluble fiber. NIR spectra showed the presence of cellulose and lignin as main components with corresponding bands. Major peak at 22–23Å X-ray diffraction also indicated presence of cellulose crystals. Crystallinity values of 33–80% were measured. SEM images showed the microfibrillar structures present in the samples. Water and oil holding capacities (4.79–7.76g/g and 3.44–4.19g/g), and swelling capacities (22.44–24.55mL/g) proved that the fibers are functional, and especially good for oil containing foods. The utilization of these new fiber sources would be important in terms of by-product valorisation. The data presented in this study may provoke further studies and/or applications of these new dietary fibers.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of fucoidan from Sargassum muticum

Ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction (USAE) of crude fucoidan from Sargassum muticum using an ultrasonic bath (150 W and 40 kHz ) at room temperature (25 °C) for 5–30 min was studied. Fucoidan-containing extracts were separated by centrifugation and characterized by HPLC, HPSEC, FT-IR, and MALDI-TOF spectrometry. Crude fucoidan on the best conditions was composed by oligosaccharides of fucose:galactose:glucose:xylose:mannose:rhamnose in a mass ratio of 1:0.70:0.33:0.27:0.22:0.10. The maximum sulfate content was 39.54 ± 0.001-mg sulfate ion g−1 extract. Furthermore, extract contained 25-mg phlorotannins g−1 extract and showed an ABTS radical scavenging activity equivalent to 40-mg Trolox g−1 extract measured with the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) assay. The cell viability of selected tumoral human cell lines was reduced up to 30% in the presence of crude extracts at 500 mg L−1.

Ultrasound-Assisted Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Oil from Pomegranate Seeds

Pomegranate seed oil presents nutraceutical properties. Industrial processes for extraction of edible oils from seeds generally involve a solvent extraction step. Safety considerations on the use of organic solvents prompted attempts to develop aqueous extraction. However, aqueous extraction processes are usually characterized by low oil yields. The objective of this work was to overcome these low yields by using enzymes. The pomegranate seeds were treated with two enzymes—cellulase and Peclyve V. The extraction temperature, the time, the enzyme concentration, and the water/seeds ratio were varied between 35 and 55 °C, 2 and 8 h, 2 and 4 % w/w, and 2/1 and 6/1 mL/g, respectively. The optimum yield accomplished (15.33 g oil/100 g dry seeds at 2 h or 81 % oil recovery) was comparable to the yields obtained by other extraction methods, such as normal stirring, cold pressing, superheated fluid extraction, indirect ultrasound-assisted extraction and supercritical extraction, (4.29–25.11 g oil/100 g seeds) at similar or longer extraction times (10 min–72 h). In addition, this work studies the enhancement of aqueous enzymatic extraction of pomegranate seed oil by ultrasound probe. It was found that only 10 min in water are needed to recover oil with a yield of 18.15 g oil/100 g dry seeds, a value similar to or higher than those of the conventional procedures. Thus, the use of ultrasounds increased the yield of enzymatic extraction by 18.4 % and reduced the extraction time by 91.7 %.

Determination of phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of pistachio hull using high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector–electro-spray ionization–mass spectrometry as affected by ultrasound and microwave

ABSTRACTThe phytochemicals content and radical scavenging activity of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) hull extract obtained by different solvents (water, ethanol, and butanol) were measured and compared. Water was selected as superior solvent. Ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction of the hull by power ultrasound (35 kHz) was more efficient in ascending the phytochemicals content than the sonochemical ultrasonication (130 kHz). High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry showed increased amounts of vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, naringenin, and catechin in ultrasound-assisted extracts. Post-extraction sonication declined significantly the phenolics amount and antioxidant property of the aqueous extract. Microwave-assisted extraction increased the phenolics and flavonoids content at extract in a power-dependent trend.

Drying temperature effect on powder physical properties and aqueous extract characteristics of Fucus vesiculosus

The effect of air drying temperature on physical properties of dried Fucus vesiculosus seaweed and the antiradical capacity and composition of its aqueous extracts were studied. Air drying was performed in a tray dryer employing different temperatures (35, 40, 60 and 75 °C). Dried seaweed (12.2 g water (100 g)−1 dry solid) was milled and particle size characterization and colour analysis of obtained powder were performed. Seaweed powder dried at different temperatures showed significant differences regarding colour properties. Lower brightness and yellowness values were determined in samples dried at 50 and 60 °C in comparison to those dried at 35 °C; greenness at 50 °C was enhanced. Nevertheless, particle size distributions of powders were invariant with drying temperature. Dried seaweed powders (<500 μm) were subjected to ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction (for 4 min and liquid/solid ratio of 30). Total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity (using DPPH• radical scavenging activity) decreased with increasing drying temperature. A linear relationship between both properties was found. Extracts obtained from seaweed dried at 35 °C and sieved to obtain several particle size fractions showed that the maximum polyphenol content was achieved with the intermediate size fractions (80–200 μm). High drying temperatures had a positive effect on alginate extraction yield, but carbohydrate content was not affected (both content referred to raw seaweed powder).

The ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction of rice bran oil

In this work, aqueous extraction of rice bran oil was done without and with ultrasound pretreatment. Key factors controlling the extraction and optimal operating conditions were identified. The highest extraction efficiency was found at pH=12, temperature of 45°C, agitation speed of 800rpm and agitation time of 15min, ultrasound treatment time of 70min and ultrasound treatment temperature of 25°C. Moreover, extraction yields were compared to ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction and Soxhlet extraction. The results showed that the yield of rice bran oil at ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction was close to the yield of oil extracted by hexane Soxhlet extraction. This result implied that the yield of rice bran oil was significantly influenced by ultrasound. With regard to quality, the oil extracted by ultrasound-assisted aqueous process had a lower content of free fatty acid and lower color imparting components than the hexane-extracted oil. Also, effect of parboiling of paddy on hexane and ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction was studied. Both extraction methods gives higher percentage of oil from par boiled rice bran compared with raw rice bran. This may be due to the fact that parboiling releases the oil.